The split-and-drift random graph, a null model for speciation

We introduce a new random graph model motivated by biological questions relating to speciation. This random graph is defined as the stationary distribution of a Markov chain on the space of graphs on $\{1, \ldots, n\}$. The dynamics of this Markov chain is governed by two types of events: vertex duplication, where at constant rate a pair of vertices is sampled uniformly and one of these vertices loses its incident edges and is rewired to the other vertex and its neighbors; and edge removal, where each edge disappears at constant rate. Besides the number of vertices $n$, the model has a single parameter $r_n$. Using a coalescent approach, we obtain explicit formulas for the first moments of several graph invariants such as the number of edges or the number of complete subgraphs of order $k$. These are then used to identify five non-trivial regimes depending on the asymptotics of the parameter $r_n$. We derive an explicit expression for the degree distribution, and show that under appropriate rescaling it converges to classical distributions when the number of vertices goes to infinity. Finally, we give asymptotic bounds for the number of connected components, and show that in the sparse regime the number of edges is Poissonian.Comment: added Proposition 2.4 and formal proofs of Proposition 2.3 and 2.

The Frog Vestibular System as a Model for Lesion-Induced Plasticity: Basic Neural Principles and Implications for Posture Control

Studies of behavioral consequences after unilateral labyrinthectomy have a long tradition in the quest of determining rules and limitations of the central nervous system (CNS) to exert plastic changes that assist the recuperation from the loss of sensory inputs. Frogs were among the first animal models to illustrate general principles of regenerative capacity and reorganizational neural flexibility after a vestibular lesion. The continuous successful use of the latter animals is in part based on the easy access and identifiability of nerve branches to inner ear organs for surgical intervention, the possibility to employ whole brain preparations for in vitro studies and the limited degree of freedom of postural reflexes for quantification of behavioral impairments and subsequent improvements. Major discoveries that increased the knowledge of post-lesional reactive mechanisms in the CNS include alterations in vestibular commissural signal processing and activation of cooperative changes in excitatory and inhibitory inputs to disfacilitated neurons. Moreover, the observed increase of synaptic efficacy in propriospinal circuits illustrates the importance of limb proprioceptive inputs for postural recovery. Accumulated evidence suggests that the lesion-induced neural plasticity is not a goal-directed process that aims toward a meaningful restoration of vestibular reflexes but rather attempts a survival of those neurons that have lost their excitatory inputs. Accordingly, the reaction mechanism causes an improvement of some components but also a deterioration of other aspects as seen by spatio-temporally inappropriate vestibulo-motor responses, similar to the consequences of plasticity processes in various sensory systems and species. The generality of the findings indicate that frogs continue to form a highly amenable vertebrate model system for exploring molecular and physiological events during cellular and network reorganization after a loss of vestibular function

Suicide et délinquance juvénile : phénomènes distincts ou manifestations d’une même problématique ?

Cet article examine la relation entre suicide et délinquance chez les jeunes. Une revue des recherches suggère que les comportements suicidaires sont exceptionnellement fréquents chez les jeunes Québécois qui présentent des comportements délinquants ou perturbateurs. Ainsi, au moins 32 % des jeunes de 18 ans et moins décédés par suicide au Québec au cours des années 1995-96 avaient reçu des services des Centresjeunesse, organismes responsables de l'intervention auprès des jeunes contrevenants et des jeunes en besoin de protection. Parmi ces victimes, les jeunes contrevenants et les jeunes qui ont des troubles sévères du comportement, qui constituent environ 33 % de la clientèle des Centresjeunesse, avaient commis 69 % des suicides. L'examen des recherches récentes propose trois ensembles d'hypothèses pour tenter d'expliquer les taux élevés de comportements suicidaires chez ces jeunes, hypothèses portant respectivement sur 1) la psychopathologie et les trajectoires de vie, 2) l'impulsivité, l'agressivité et la réaction au stress et 3) l'impact à plus ou moins long terme des événements de vie négatifs. Certains facteurs organisationnels liés aux milieux d'intervention destinés aux jeunes délinquants sont aussi discutés. En conclusion, nous faisons des recommandations pour améliorer la prévention du suicide dans ces milieux.This article examines the relation between juvenile delinquency and suicide in adolescents. A review of the research suggests that suicidal behavior is extremely frequent among Quebec delinquent or severely disruptive adolescents. At least 32 % of Quebec adolescents who committed suicide in 1995 and 1996 had been involved with the "Centres jeunesse" (CJ), a governmental organization in charge of juvenile delinquents and youths in need of protection. Among those suicide victims, juvenile delinquents and severely disruptive adolescents, who represent 33 % of CJ customers, committed 69 % of all suicides. A review of recent research suggests three sets of hypotheses for explaining the high level of suicidal behaviors among délinquant and disruptive adolescents, in terms of 1) psychopathology and Life history, 2) impulsivity, aggressivity, and stress adjustment, and 3) the short and long term impacts of negative life events. Certain organizational factors of the intervention environments for delinquent and disruptive adolescents are also discussed. In conclusion, we recommend strategies for improving suicide prevention in those environments

Combinatorial and stochastic properties of ranked tree-child networks

Tree-child networks are a recently-described class of directed acyclic graphs that have risen to prominence in phylogenetics (the study of evolutionary trees and networks). Although these networks have a number of attractive mathematical properties, many combinatorial questions concerning them remain intractable. In this paper, we show that endowing these networks with a biologically relevant ranking structure yields mathematically tractable objects, which we term ranked tree-child networks (RTCNs). We explain how to derive exact and explicit combinatorial results concerning the enumeration and generation of these networks. We also explore probabilistic questions concerning the properties of RTCNs when they are sampled uniformly at random. These questions include the lengths of random walks between the root and leaves (both from the root to the leaves and from a leaf to the root); the distribution of the number of cherries in the network; and sampling RTCNs conditional on displaying a given tree. We also formulate a conjecture regarding the scaling limit of the process that counts the number of lineages in the ancestry of a leaf. The main idea in this paper, namely using ranking as a way to achieve combinatorial tractability, may also extend to other classes of networks

Competitiveness Level of Photovoltaic Solar Systems in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso): Study Based on the Domestic Electric Meters Calibration

The mean cost price of electricity in Burkina Faso at the end of the last quarter of 2012 was 158 FCFA/kWh for a country where more than 46% of the population lives below the national poverty threshold. To look for solution to that problem, the resort to photovoltaic solar energy is justified for that country. The purpose of this study is to promote the integration of both technical and economical surveys in solar energy preliminary projects in Ouagadougou. To reach that, investigations were carried out in some households and attention was paid from the calibration of the domestic electric meters. Energy demands collected within each household allow us to design a corresponding solar kit through optimization rules. An estimate was edited and financial viability study for each household was also carried out thereafter. In this study, only households using the national electricity network calibration meter on their disadvantage favorably answered to all financial indicators and appear as the only one that could profit from such project. This work is helpful to note that photovoltaic solar energy still stays at a primitive level of competitiveness compared to conventional energy resources for small systems in Ouagadougou

Caractérisation et délimitation des sous-espèces de Gesneria viridiflora (Gesneriaceae) dans les Antilles

Une taxonomie révisée et une connaissance des limites d’espèces demeurent toujours importantes dans les points chauds en biodiversité comme les Antilles où de nombreuses espèces endémiques sont retrouvées. Des limites d’espèces divergentes impliquent un différent nombre d’espèces retrouvées dans un écosystème, ce qui peut exercer une influence sur les décisions prises face aux enjeux de conservation. Les genres Gesneria et Rhytidophyllum qui forment les principaux représentants de la famille des Gesneriaceae dans les Antilles comprennent plusieurs taxons aux limites d’espèces ambigües et quelques espèces qui ont des sous-espèces reconnues. C’est le cas de Gesneria viridiflora (Decne.) Kuntze qui comprend quatre sous-espèces géographiquement isolées et qui présentent des caractères végétatifs et reproducteurs similaires et variables. Une délimitation d’espèces approfondie de ce complexe d’espèce est effectuée ici à partir d’une approche de taxonomie intégrative considérant des données morphologiques, génétiques et bioclimatiques. Les données morphologiques quantitatives et qualitatives obtenues à partir de spécimens d’herbier sont utilisées pour délimiter des groupes morphologiques à l’aide d’une analyse en coordonnées principales. Ces groupes sont ensuite testés à l’aide de séquences d’ADN de quatre régions nucléaires en utilisant une méthode bayesienne basée sur la théorie de la coalescence. Finalement, les occurrences et les valeurs de variables de température et de précipitation qui y prévalent sont utilisées dans une analyse en composantes principales bioclimatique pour comparer les groupes délimités morphologiquement et génétiquement. Les résultats de l’analyse morphologique multivariée supportent la distinction entre les groupes formés par les sous-espèces actuellement reconnues de G. viridiflora. Les résultats, incluant des données génétiques, suggèrent une distinction jusqu’ici insoupçonnée des populations du Massif de la Hotte au sud-ouest d’Haïti qui sont génétiquement plus rapprochées des populations de Cuba que de celles d’Hispaniola. Bioclimatiquement, les groupes délimités par les analyses morphologiques et génétiques sont distincts. L’approche de taxonomie intégrative a permis de distinguer cinq espèces distinctes plutôt que les quatre sous-espèces acceptées jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Ces espèces sont : G. acrochordonanthe, G. quisqueyana, G. sintenisii, G. sylvicola et G. viridiflora. Une carte de distribution géographique, un tableau de la nouvelle taxonomie applicable et une clé d’identification des espèces sont présentés. La nouvelle taxonomie déterminée dans cette étude démontre un endémisme insoupçonné dans plusieurs régions du point chaud en biodiversité des Antilles et souligne l’importance d’investiguer les limites d’espèces dans les groupes diversifiés comprenant des taxons aux limites d’espèces incomprises.An accurate taxonomy and knowledge of species limits is of great importance in endemic species-rich biodiversity hotspots like the Caribbean. Indeed, conflicting species limits can alter biodiversity estimates and influence the decisions taken on conservation issues. The genera Gesneria and Rhytidophyllum constitute the main representatives of the Caribbean Gesneriaceae and comprise a few species with unclear boundaries as well as species having several recognized subspecies. Gesneria viridiflora (Decne.) Kuntze is a good example of the latter and consists of four geographically isolated subspecies that possess similar but variable vegetative and reproductive characters. We conducted a thorough investigation of species delimitation in this species complex using an integrative taxonomic approach that includes morphology, genetics and bioclimatic data. Qualitative and quantitative morphological data obtained from herbarium specimens were used to circumscribe morphologically distinct groups using a principal coordinates analysis. These groups were then tested at the genetic level using a Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BPP) species delimitation approach based on four nuclear regions. Bioclimatic multivariate analyses of temperature and precipitation variables obtained from occurrence data were used to compare the groups delimited by morphological and genetic data. The results suggest the presence of five distinct species in this complex. Four of these broadly correspond to the actually defined subspecies: G. quisqueyana, G. sintenisii, G. sylvicola and G. viridiflora. An additional highly endemic species was recognized, G. acrochordonanthe, that consists of the populations found at the Massif de la Hotte in Southwestern Haiti. A distribution map, a table of the new taxonomy and an identification key to the species are provided. The new taxonomy proposed in this study shows an unsuspected species endemism in some regions of the Caribbean biodiversity hotspot and underlines the importance of investigating species boundaries in diversified groups containing taxa with poorly understood boundaries

On the galactic chemical evolution of sulfur

Sulfur abundances have been determined for ten stars to resolve a debate in the literature on the Galactic chemical evolution of sulfur in the halo phase of the Milky Way. Our analysis is based on observations of the S I lines at 9212.9, 9228.1, and 9237.5 A for stars for which the S abundance was obtained previously from much weaker S I lines at 8694.0 and 8694.6 A. In contrast to the previous results showing [S/Fe] to rise steadily with decreasing [Fe/H], our results show that [S/Fe] is approximately constant for metal-poor stars ([Fe/H] < -1) at [S/Fe] = +0.3. Thus, sulfur behaves in a similar way to the other alpha elements, with an approximately constant [S/Fe] for metallicities lower than [Fe/H] = -1. We suggest that the reason for the earlier claims of a rise of [S/Fe] is partly due to the use of the weak S I 8694.0 and 8694.6 A lines and partly uncertainties in the determination of the metallicity when using Fe I lines. The S I 9212.9, 9228.1, and 9237.5 A lines are preferred for an abundance analysis of sulfur for metal-poor stars.Comment: Accepted by A&A, 12 pages. Full article with figures in A&

Numerical and experimental assessment of a phase retrieval technique applied to planar near field distribution for wide band application

International audienceThe work presented in the following is devoted to the characterization of an harmonic source in a wide band of frequencies [0.5, 20 GHz] from the knowledge of the amplitude-only electric fields at near field measurement distance. Such a problem leads to the development of a “phase reconstruction” algorithm. In that paper a classical propagation/retro-propagation scheme has been applied. This is the first step of a study concerning the characterization of electromagnetic pulsed source from phaseless measurement techniques in near field conditions. The algorithm has been tested and validated using numerical and experimental data acquired at different frequencies and in different configurations