Interleaved reception method for restored vector quantization image

The transmission of image compression by vector quantization produce wrong blocks in received image which are completely different to the original one that makes the restoration process too hard because we don’t have any information about the original blocks. As a solution of this problem we try to keep the maximum of pixels that form the original block by building new blocks. Our proposition is based on decomposition and interleaving. For the simulation we use a binary symmetric channel with different BER and in the restoration process we use simple median filter just to check the efficiency of proposed approach

Data analysis for image transmitted using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Vector Quantization compression

In this paper we are going to study the effect of channel noise in image compressed with vector quantization and discrete wavelet transform. The objective of this study is to analyze and understand the way that the noise attack transmitted data by doing lot of tests like dividing the indices in different levels according to discrete wavelet transform and dividing  each level in frames of bits. The collected information well helps us to propose solutions to make the received image more resistible to the channel noise also to benefit from the good representation obtained by using vector quantization and discrete wavelet transform

The Noise Reduction over Wireless Channel Using Vector Quantization Compression and Filtering

The transmission of compressed data over wireless channel conditions represents a big challenge. The idea of providing robust transmission gets a lot of attention in field of research. In this paper we study the effect of the noise over wireless channel. We use the model of Gilbert-Elliot to represent the channel. The parameters of the model are selected to represent three cases of channel. As data for transmission we use images in gray level size 512x512. To minimize bandwidth usage we compressed the image with vector quantization also in this compression technique we study the effect of the codebook in the robustness of transmission so we use different algorithms to generate the codebook for the vector quantization finally we study the restoration efficiency of received image using filtering and indices recovery technique

Early diagnosis of the growth recovery of Holm oak (Quercus rotundifolia Lam.) seedlings from eleven Algerian origins: Consequences for forestation

The present study examines the rate of germination of acorns of Holm oak at the laboratory, then the growth recovery of the seedlings in seed bed, and the rate of survival in natural environment of transplanted young individuals. Acorns were collected under 5 carrying trees in each of 11 localities (sources) distributed over the Algerian area of the Holm oak. Results show that certain sources are characterized by high death rates, which may attain 60 %. These losses are more significant in the phases of nursery development and recovery in forest than during the phase of germination. This suggests that to produce vigorous and viable transplantable seedlings into full forest, it is necessary on the one hand to select the best sources of acorns and on the other hand to control the phase of development in nursery. So in order to maximize successful transplantations, the selection of the best sources of acorns must be done both at the source level and at the individual oneLa présente étude examine le taux de germination des glands de Chêne vert au laboratoire puis la reprise des plants en pépinière ainsi que le taux de survie en milieu naturel des jeunes individus qui en dérivent. Les glands ont été récoltés sous 5 arbres porteurs dans chacune des 11 provenances réparties dans l'aire algérienne du Chêne vert. Les résultats obtenus montrent que certaines provenances sont caractérisées par des taux de mortalité élevés, pouvant atteindre 60 %. Ces pertes sont plus significatives en phases de levée en pépinière et de reprise en forêt que durant la phase de germination. Ceci suggère que, pour produire des plants vigoureux et viables transplantables en pleine forêt, il faut d'une part sélectionner les meilleures sources de glands et d'autre part maîtriser la phase de développement en pépinière. Ainsi, pour limiter les échecs après transplantation, la sélection des meilleures sources de glands doit se faire tant au niveau provenance qu'au niveau individuel

PHENYLPROPANOIDS AND FATTY ACIDS LEVELS IN ROOTS AND LEAVES OF DATURA STRAMONIUM AND DATURA INNOXIA

Objective: The aim of this research was to determine and compare phenylpropanoids and fatty acids composition in two plant species, Datura innoxia and Datura stramonium.Methods: Phenylpropanoids and fatty acids composition in leaves and roots extracted from Datura innoxia and Datura stramonium, grown under greenhouse conditions, was analyzed by gas chromatography–electron impact/time of flight-mass spectrometry (GC-EI/TOF-MS) chromatography techniques. Analyses were carried out at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology of Golm (Germany).Results: We revealed that Datura stramonium (DS) contains hydroxy-hexanedioic acid while hexanoic acid was found in Datura innoxia (DI). Also, two fatty acids are common to both Datura species, hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid, with an almost equal rate between leaves and roots. However, phenylpropanoids composition revealed eight compounds; luteolin, quercetin, trans-caffeic acid, trans-ferulic acid, cis-caffeic acid, cis-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid, trans-4-hydroxy-cinnamic acid and trans-sinapic acid in DI. However, in DS, five compounds were detected: luteolin, quercetin, trans-caffeic acid, trans-ferulic acid and dihydroferulic acid. Also in both Datura species, phenylpropanoids concentration in leaves was significantly higher than in the roots.Conclusion: Our results showed a difference in phenylpropanoids and fatty acids compositions between the two Datura species, with a significantly higher concentration of phenylpropanoids in Datura innoxia than in Datura stramoniu

On the Intriguing Problem of Counting (n+1,n+2)-Core Partitions into Odd Parts

Tewodros Amdeberhan and Armin Straub initiated the study of enumerating subfamilies of the set of (s,t)-core partitions. While the enumeration of (n+1,n+2)-core partitions into distinct parts is relatively easy (in fact it equals the Fibonacci number F_{n+2}), the enumeration of (n+1,n+2)-core partitions into odd parts remains elusive. Straub computed the first eleven terms of that sequence, and asked for a "formula," or at least a fast way, to compute many terms. While we are unable to find a "fast" algorithm, we did manage to find a "faster" algorithm, which enabled us to compute 23 terms of this intriguing sequence. We strongly believe that this sequence has an algebraic generating function, since a "sister sequence" (see the article), is OEIS sequence A047749 that does have an algebraic generating function. One of us (DZ) is pledging a donation of 100 dollars to the OEIS, in honor of the first person to generate sufficiently many terms to conjecture (and prove non-rigorously) an algebraic equation for the generating function of this sequence, and another 100 dollars for a rigorous proof of that conjecture. Finally, we also develop algorithms that find explicit generating functions for other, more tractable, families of (n+1,n+2)-core partitions.Comment: 12 pages, accompanied by Maple package. This version announces that our questions were all answered by Paul Johnson, and a donation to the OEIS, in his honor, has been mad

Effects of gamma irradiation on the alkaloid content in seeds of Datura stramonium and the radiosensitivity of derived seedlings

Tropane alkaloids are a group of secondary metabolites occurring naturally in Solanaceae family as Atropa belladona, Datura stramonium, Mandragora officinalis, and Hyoscyamus niger. These molecules have valuable therapeutic applications, for example, atropine and hyoscyamine are utilized as antimuscarinic besides being stomach and intestinal diseases drugs. Plants of the Solanaceae family can provide a natural yet less expensive source of these compounds. Hitherto, in order to emphasize these metabolites biosynthesis, D. stramonium seeds were irradiated using a cobalt-60 source of gamma rays of 5 to 80 Gy and germinated in vitro on MS medium in growth controlled chamber. Mutagenesis of D. stramonium seeds was attempted aiming at obtaining plants from in vitro source that are genetically variable for enhancing the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids. Results indicated that D. stramonium seeds exhibited a good radiosensitivity and the mutagen damage index GR (30-50) for D. stramonium was determined at 80 Gy. The Characterization of alkaloids (Atropine and hyoscyamine) was done by infrared spectroscopy which showed that alkaloids content of the irradiated seeds is altered by irradiation as the reference bands were not found with all doses used. In addition, seedlings grown from irradiated in vitro seeds exhibited remarkable morphological variations that varied based on the employed dose of gamma rays. These findings permitted the selection of the optimal irradiation dose (80 Gy) to induce mutations that are likely to prompt changes at genetic and metabolic level of the targeted alkaloids

Quantification of critical factors affecting fitness of the sugary1 mutant in maize

Fitness of sugary1 (su1) is affected by some critical traits that depend on the genotypes and environments, while their effects have not been quantified with convincing statistical methods. The objective of this work was to identify and quantify the critical factors of su1 fitness with different genotypes and environments. We used two pairs of field corn inbreds that differentially affected su1 viability to develop F1, F2, BC1 and BC2. After selfing, Su1 and su1 kernels were evaluated under controlled environmental conditions and in field trials. Multiple regressions showed that dry weight of juvenile plant was affected by early vigour (plant size, colour and health) and emergence in cold conditions; ear weight by plant appearance, number of plants and chlorophyll content; number of ears by plant appearance, number of plants, chlorophyll content and female flowering; and kernel weight by ear weight, number of plants, row number and ear length. The main critical factors for su1 fitness were early vigour and emergence under cold conditions at initial stages, while several adult traits were related with final fitness.Research was supported by the Spanish Plan for Research and Development (project code AGL2007-64218/AGR and AGL2010-22254) and the Diputación Provincial de Pontevedra. A Djemel acknowledges his fellowship from the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC).MICINNDiputación Provincial de PontevedraCSICPeer reviewe

Morphological diversity and hyoscyamine/scopolamine contents in twelve Algerian samples of Datura stramonium L. of different origin

Morphological diversity was estimated on 15 phenotypic characters of Datura stramonium from twelve samples of different origin; the Algerian distribution of that species extends from Nedroma (extreme western Algeria : semi-arid bioclimatic stage) to El Kala (at the Algerian-Tunisian border: humid bioclimatic stage). Seeds from these twelve samples were collected and then grown in similar pedoclimatic conditions. Measurements were carried out 60 days after sowing. Results show that these twelve samples were significantly different for the measured traits (leaf area, length of the flowers, number of ramifications, number and biometrics of the capsules and height of the plants). Principal component analysis (PCA ) and Factorial discriminant analysis (FDA) were used to discriminate the origins of the samples from their studied characters. The canonical averages of the twelve samples were significantly different, especially in the biometric traits including mature plants, capsules and seeds. The alkaloid content (hyoscyamine and scopolamine) of the twelve samples seems to be influenced by the geographical and bioclimatic distribution. In addition, the most alkaloid productive samples were generally those that invest more in biomass production (leaf area, height and collar diameter of plants)La diversité morphologique a été estimée sur 15 caractères phénotypiques de douze provenances de Datura stramonium L. dont la répartition s'étend de Nedroma (extrême Ouest algérien: étage bioclimatique semi-aride) jusqu'à El Kala (à la frontière algéro-tunisienne: étage bioclimatique humide). Pour ce faire, les graines des 12 provenances ont été récoltées puis cultivées dans des conditions pédoclimatiques similaires. Le suivi a ensuite été fait depuis la germination de la graine jusqu'à la maturité des capsules. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les douze provenances sont significativement différentes pour les caractères mesurés (surface foliaire, longueur des fleurs, nombre de ramifications, nombre de capsules par plant, biométrie des capsules, hauteur et diamètre au collet des plantes). L'analyse en composantes principales (ACP) et l'analyse factorielle discriminante (AFD) ont été appliquées pour discriminer les provenances à partir des caractères étudiés. Les moyennes canoniques des douze provenances sont significativement différentes notamment pour les caractères biométriques des capsules, des graines et des plantes matures. La teneur en alcaloïdes (hyoscyamine et scopolamine) des 12 provenances semble être influencée par la répartition géographique et bioclimatique. Par ailleurs, les provenances les plus productrices en alcaloïdes sont généralement celles qui investissent le plus dans la production de biomasse (surface foliaire, hauteur et diamètre au collet des plantes)

Seed dormancy breaking of an endangered medicinal tree species (Taxus baccata L.) using embryo culture

Natural regeneration of Taxus baccata L. is constrained due to the depth of seed dormancy requirements (often taking two or more years) and low seed germination. Further, the conventional method of vegetative propagation by cuttings is associated with difficulties in rooting. Hence, for the first time, this study describes an efficient and reproducible in vitro protocol for breaking the dormancy of seeds from the endangered forest tree T. baccata L. via zygotic embryo culture. Embryos isolated from 100% sterile seeds were cultured on DCR medium that contains sucrose (30 g/l), agar (8 g/l), and activated charcoal (5 g/l), fortified with different concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs), and held at a temperature of 25 ± 2 ºC in a growth room. The results revealed that the in vitro embryo germination percentage was mostly affected by gibberellic acid (GA3) and thidiazuron (TDZ). Among the nine treatments, the treatments with 0.5 mg/l TDZ and 1 mg/l GA3 showed the highest germination (100%), while the other treatments all increased the germination percentages significantly compared to the control (37.5%). The 1/2 DCR medium with the addition of 0.1 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) resulted in the highest rooting ratio (94%). However, the greatest root and hypocotyl elongation (59.37 ± 3.77 and 62.75 ± 4.43 mm, respectively) occurred when seedlings were cultured on 1/2 DCR medium containing 0.5 mg/l BA. Plantlets were transplanted into plastic pots containing an autoclaved garden soil, sand, and vermiculite mixture (1:1:1) and held at a temperature of 25 ± 2 ºC in a growth room for 4 weeks before being transplanted into the greenhouse. These results indicated that the protocol developed during the current study will be useful to overcome seed dormancy and for multiplication and conservation of the species T. baccata L