Proteomic study of low-birth-weight nephropathy in rats

The hyperfiltration theory has been used to explain the mechanism of low birth weight (LBW)-related nephropathy. However, the molecular changes in the kidney proteome have not been defined in this disease, and early biomarkers are lacking. We investigated the molecular pathogen-esis of LBW rats obtained by intraperitoneal injection of dexamethasone into pregnant animals. Nor-mal-birth-weight (NBW) rats were used as controls. When the rats were four weeks old, the left kidneys were removed and used for comprehensive label-free proteomic studies. Following uninephrectomy, all rats were fed a high-salt diet until 9 weeks of age. Differences in the molecular composition of the kidney cortex were observed at the early step of LBW nephropathy pathogenesis. Untargeted quantitative proteomics showed that proteins involved in energy metabolism, such as oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the TCA cycle, and glycolysis, were specifically downregu-lated in the kidneys of LBW rats at four weeks. No pathological changes were detected at this early stage. Pathway analysis identified NEFL2 (NRF2) and RICTOR as potential upstream regulators. The search for biomarkers identified components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, namely, ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase complex subunits (UQCR7/11) and ATP5I/L, two components of mitochondrial F1FO-ATP synthase. These findings were further validated by immunohistology. At later stages of the disease process, the right kidneys revealed an increased frequency of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis lesions, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. Our findings revealed proteome changes in LBW rat kidneys and revealed a strong downregulation of specific mitochon-drial respiratory chain proteins, such as UQCR7

Genetic Structuring and Parentage Analysis for Evolutionary Studies in Grapevine: Kin Group and Origin of the Cultivar Sangiovese Revealed

Genetic structuring and parentage analysis were performed on a very large database comprising 2786 unique multilocus genotypes [20 nuclear simple sequence repeats (nSSRs)] of Vitis vinifera L. ssp. sativa (DC.) Hegi with a special focus on Tuscan cultivars to reveal the parentage and history of the cultivar Sangiovese, the most important cultivar of Italy. For this cultivar, the authors also analyzed clones and synonyms, investigating its genetic origin and intracultivar diversity. Known synonyms of 'Sangiovese' were confirmed and new ones were revealed with cultivars outside Tuscany. Some synonyms were invalidated, and unexpected homonyms were identified. The absence of true intracultivar variability leads to the rejection of a polyclonal origin for 'Sangiovese'. The existence of an Italian genetic pool composed of ancient cultivars including Sangiovese was demonstrated by analyzing the entire set of 2786 cultivars. Ten individuals compose the kin group of 'Sangiovese', including two offspring: 'Ciliegiolo' and 'Catarratto bianco faux'. Despite the large presence and long history of 'Sangiovese' in the Tyrrenian area, its kin group is unexpectedly composed of a majority of ancient cultivars that are largely diffused in far southern Italy, which leads to the hypothesis of a Sicilian origin for 'Sangiovese'. Analysis of the Tuscan pool revealed large kin groups for cultivars Mammolo and Garganega, demonstrating their contribution to the genetic diversification in the Tyrrenian area. This work contributes to the understanding of grapevine diversification, evolution, and history in Italy and Europe

Dopachrome tautomerase variants in patients with oculocutaneous albinism

Purpose: Albinism is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition. Despite analysis of the 20 known genes, ~30% patients remain unsolved. We aimed to identify new genes involved in albinism. Methods: We sequenced a panel of genes with known or predicted involvement in melanogenesis in 230 unsolved albinism patients. Results: We identified variants in the Dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) gene in two patients. One was compound heterozygous for a 14-bp deletion in exon 9 and c.118T>A p.(Cys40Ser). The second was homozygous for c.183C>G p.(Cys61Trp). Both patients had mild hair and skin hypopigmentation, and classical ocular features. CRISPR-Cas9 was used in C57BL/6J mice to create mutations identical to the missense variants carried by the patients, along with one loss-of-function indel. When bred to homozygosity the three mutations revealed hypopigmentation of the coat, milder for Cys40Ser compared with Cys61Trp or the frameshift mutation. Histological analysis identified significant hypopigmentation of the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) indicating that defective RPE melanogenesis could be associated with eye and vision defects. DCT loss of function in zebrafish embryos elicited hypopigmentation both in melanophores and RPE cells. Conclusion: DCT is the gene for a new type of oculocutaneous albinism that we propose to name OCA8

Clinical description and mutational profile of a moroccan series of patients with rubinstein taybi syndrome

Background: Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RSTS; OMIM 180849) is a rare autosomal dominant developmental disorder with an estimated prevalence of one case per 125,000 live births. RSTS is characterized by typical face, broad thumbs and halluces, short stature, and intellectual disability. Facial dysmorphy is characteristic with microcephaly, low frontal hairline, arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, convex profile of nose, narrow palate, and micrognathia. RSTS is mainly due to mutations or microdeletions of the CREBBP gene (about 60%) and more rarely of the EP300 gene (8%). Objective: Clinical description and identification of mutations of patients with Rubinstein Taybi syndrome Methods: PCR and direct sequencing of CREBBP gene. Results: We report here, the clinical and molecular data of a series of six Moroccan patients with a phenotype of RSTS. The molecular study of the major gene CREBBP (by Sanger Sequencing followed by CGH array, if sequence normal) revealed point mutations in five patients. For the sixth patient, CGH array revealed a microdeletion carrying the CREBBP gene. Through this work, we emphasize the importance of clinical expertise in the diagnosis, management and genetic counseling in Rubinstein Taybi syndrome

Mutation screening of ASMT, the last enzyme of the melatonin pathway, in a large sample of patients with intellectual disability.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Intellectual disability (ID) is frequently associated with sleep disorders. Treatment with melatonin demonstrated efficacy, suggesting that, at least in a subgroup of patients, the endogenous melatonin level may not be sufficient to adequately set the sleep-wake cycles. Mutations in ASMT gene, coding the last enzyme of the melatonin pathway have been reported as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which are often comorbid with ID. Thus the aim of the study was to ascertain the genetic variability of ASMT in a large cohort of patients with ID and controls. METHODS: Here, we sequenced all exons of ASMT in a sample of 361 patients with ID and 440 controls. We then measured the ASMT activity in B lymphoblastoid cell lines (BLCL) of patients with ID carrying an ASMT variant and compared it to controls. RESULTS: We could identify eleven variations modifying the protein sequence of ASMT (ID only: N13H, N17K, V171M, E288D; controls only: E61Q, D210G, K219R, P243L, C273S, R291Q; ID and controls: L298F) and two deleterious splice site mutations (IVS5+2T>C and IVS7+1G>T) only observed in patients with ID. We then ascertained ASMT activity in B lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients carrying the mutations and showed significantly lower enzyme activity in patients carrying mutations compared to controls (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: We could identify patients with deleterious ASMT mutations as well as decreased ASMT activity. However, this study does not support ASMT as a causative gene for ID since we observed no significant enrichment in the frequency of ASMT variants in ID compared to controls. Nevertheless, given the impact of sleep difficulties in patients with ID, melatonin supplementation might be of great benefit for a subgroup of patients with low melatonin synthesis

Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome: Delineation of the spectrum in 42 cases

Baraitser-Winter, Fryns-Aftimos and cerebrofrontofacial syndrome types 1 and 3 have recently been associated with heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in one of the two ubiquitous cytoplasmic actin-encoding genes ACTB and ACTG1 that encode β- and γ-actins. We present detailed phenotypic descriptions and neuroimaging on 36 patients analyzed by our group and six cases from the literature with a molecularly proven actinopathy (9 ACTG1 and 33 ACTB). The major clinical anomalies are striking dysmorphic facial features with hypertelorism, broad nose with large tip and prominent root, congenital non-myopathic ptosis, ridged metopic suture and arched eyebrows. Iris or retinal coloboma is present in many cases, as is sensorineural deafness. Cleft lip and palate, hallux duplex, congenital heart defects and renal tract anomalies are seen in some cases. Microcephaly may develop with time. Nearly all patients with ACTG1 mutations, and around 60% of those with ACTB mutations have some degree of pachygyria with anteroposterior severity gradient, rarely lissencephaly or neuronal heterotopia. Reduction of shoulder girdle muscle bulk and progressive joint stiffness is common. Early muscular involvement, occasionally with congenital arthrogryposis, may be present. Progressive, severe dystonia was seen in one family. Intellectual disability and epilepsy are variable in severity and largely correlate with CNS anomalies. One patient developed acute lymphocytic leukemia, and another a cutaneous lymphoma, indicating that actinopathies may be cancer-predisposing disorders. Considering the multifaceted role of actins in cell physiology, we hypothesize that some clinical manifestations may be partially mutation specific. Baraitser-Winter cerebrofrontofacial syndrome is our suggested designation for this clinical entity

Erratum: Evaluation of DNA Methylation Episignatures for Diagnosis and Phenotype Correlations in 42 Mendelian Neurodevelopmental Disorders (The American Journal of Human Genetics (2020) 106(3) (356–370), (S0002929720300197), (10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.01.019))

(The American Journal of Human Genetics 106, 356–370; March 5, 2020) In the version of this paper originally published, the underlying cause for Hunter McAlpine syndrome was incorrectly described in Table 1. The relevant description has been changed to read “Chr5q35-qter duplication involving NSD1” in the updated Table 1 reflected here. The authors apologize for this error

PLoS One

Compared to the general population, HIV-infected patients are at higher risk of developing non-AIDS-defining cancers. Chronic HCV infection has also been associated with a higher risk than that of the general population of developing cancers other than hepatocarcinoma. Evaluation of the impact of HCV-related factors on non-AIDS-defining and non HCV-liver (NANL) related cancers among HIV/HCV co-infected patients are scarce. The aim of this study was to identify the impact of HIV/HCV clinical characteristics on NANL related cancers in a large cohort of HIV/HCV-coinfected patients followed from 2005 to 2017. Cox proportional hazards models with delayed entry were used to estimate factors associated with NANL related cancer. Among 1391 patients followed for a median of 5 years, 60 patients developed NANL related cancers, yielding an incidence rate of 8.9 per 1000 person-years (95% CI, [6.6-11.1]). By final multivariable analysis, after adjustment for sex, tobacco or alcohol consumption, baseline CD4 cell count and HCV sustained viral response (SVR), age and a longer duration since HIV diagnosis were independently associated with a higher risk of NANL related cancer (aHR for each additional year 1.10, 95% CI 1.06-1.14, p<0.0001 and 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.11, p = 0.02, respectively). Duration of HCV infection, cirrhosis, HCV viral load, genotype and SVR were not associated with the occurrence of NANL related cancer. Among HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, age and the duration of HIV infection were the only characteristics found to be associated with the occurrence of NANL related cancer. In contrast, no association was observed with any HCV-related variables

Mutations in TUBG1, DYNC1H1, KIF5C and KIF2A cause malformations of cortical development and microcephaly.

International audienceThe genetic causes of malformations of cortical development (MCD) remain largely unknown. Here we report the discovery of multiple pathogenic missense mutations in TUBG1, DYNC1H1 and KIF2A, as well as a single germline mosaic mutation in KIF5C, in subjects with MCD. We found a frequent recurrence of mutations in DYNC1H1, implying that this gene is a major locus for unexplained MCD. We further show that the mutations in KIF5C, KIF2A and DYNC1H1 affect ATP hydrolysis, productive protein folding and microtubule binding, respectively. In addition, we show that suppression of mouse Tubg1 expression in vivo interferes with proper neuronal migration, whereas expression of altered γ-tubulin proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae disrupts normal microtubule behavior. Our data reinforce the importance of centrosomal and microtubule-related proteins in cortical development and strongly suggest that microtubule-dependent mitotic and postmitotic processes are major contributors to the pathogenesis of MCD