13 research outputs found

    Koululasten suhde kasvillisuuteen Suomessa: sukupuolen ja paikkakunnan vÀliset vertailut

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    There is considerable evidence that children in modern society are losingtheir contact with nature and, more precisely, with green plants. Is this also the case in Finland, a northern country famous for its forests and wild nature? This study examines the relationship of 9- to 10-year-old Finnish schoolchildren with the green environment and plants. The data were gathered by a questionnairecomprising structured and open-ended questions. The focus of the research was on two comparisons: first, on the nature and child relationship in rural and urban neighborhoods and, second, among boys and girls. Participants in the study amounted to a total of 76 children, 42 in the Helsinki suburb area and 34 in Paltamo. The results suggested that the children in rural surroundings had closer contact with nature than their urban associates. For example, the children of Paltamo reported to know the trees better, and considered human beings to be part of nature more often (100% vs. 76% of the pupils in Helsinki, P = 0,003). Similarly, the results showed that girls in the study (N = 48) were more interested in plants than boys (N = 28). For the girls, the beauty and joy of plants was important, whereas the boys appreciated plants as the source of life. After the pre-questioning, the children of Helsinki participated in an in-class horticultural intervention and 10 days later, answered a similar questionnaire again. The results of the open-ended questions revealed that equally to children in other Western countries, Finnish children may also be in danger of losing their direct contact with the natural environment. It was common to pass free time in organized sports such as hockey or football (boys), or by just walking and talking with friends (girls). Rural children told that they still built huts, pick berries, and climb trees, whereas urban children played in parks and city groves. The results suggest that it is essential to researchfurther the children’s own experiences if we are to understand, and subsequently, to enhance, the crucial role of the green environment in their lives. Horticultural interventions can be effective starting points to add to children’s knowledge, affection, and interest toward greenery, but it is highly recommended that they take place outdoors rather than indoors.VertaisarvioimatonnonPeerReviewe

    Lapsi-kasvisuhteen tukeminen : ovi kestÀvÀÀn kehitykseen peruskoulussa : Opetuskokeilu HedelmÀpommi

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    This masters thesis examines ten year old student’s relationship to plants and growing them. Second aim for this study was to evaluate classroom garden project “Fruit bomb” if it is suitable for education for sustainability. Comparisons were made between boys and girls and between urban (n=42 Helsinki) and rural children ( n=34 Paltamo, Kainuu) focusing their child-plant relationship. Comparison group from Paltamo took part only to the pre inquiry. The study took place during the spring 2006. The research was done by using qualitative methods. First, children were observed during the teaching. Second, a questionnaire was held before and after the plant growing project. Finally both children and teachers took part in themed interviews. The data was analyzed by using triangulation method which means the use of different analyses methods in the same study. The data was analyzed statistically with SPSS programmed cross tabulation Chi-Square ?2 tests (comparisons between boys/girls, rural/urban, before/after education). The program was also analysed inductively in order to understand children’s perceptions about plants in their lives. The plant growing project “Fruit bomb” itself was evaluated basing on children’s feedback and by using two theoretical models. One of the models used is known as the sustainable development triangle: ecological, economical and social-cultural dimension. The different parts of the educational project were classified to these dimensions. The other model used was J. PalmerÂŽs tree model, the best known environmental education model. Educational activities were evaluated based on how well they correspond to the demands of the models. The results show some clear differences in the child-plant relationship between girls and boys and between rural and urban children. For girls, the beauty and joy of plants is important whereas the boys appreciate plants as a source of life. To grow plants from seeds was pleasurable but unfamiliar. However children became inspired and started their own growing experiments. Girls were more interested in plants than boys. Rural children seemed to have more activities with vegetation during their spare time, and they also recognised more tree species than urban kids. The rural children considered people to be part of the nature whereas 24 % of the urban children disagreed. The results show that growing plants in the classroom can be used as an introduction to the themes of sustainable education but acting for the environment (as in PalmerÂŽs tree model) comes true only if the children’s immediate surroundings are included. Nurturing child-plant relationship in school may nevertheless be important for the childÂŽs normal growth and for the formation of environmental friendly values.TĂ€ssĂ€ pro gradu työssĂ€ tutkittiin lasten suhdetta kasveihin ja kasvien kasvatukseen sekĂ€ kasvien kasvatusta sisĂ€ltĂ€vĂ€n opetuskokonaisuuden (”HedelmĂ€pommi”) soveltuvuutta koulun kestĂ€vĂ€n kehityksen aihekokonaisuuden opiskeluun. Lapsi-kasvisuhdetta verrattiin tyttöjen ja poikien ja helsinkilĂ€isten lĂ€hiölasten sekĂ€ Paltamon Kainuulaistaajamassa elĂ€vien lasten vĂ€lillĂ€. VerranneryhmĂ€ Paltamosta (n=34) osallistui ainoastaan kyselyyn. Tutkimus suoritettiin neljĂ€ttĂ€ luokka kĂ€yville Mustakiven ala-asteen koululaisille (n=42) kevÀÀllĂ€ 2006. Tutkimus hyödynsi menetelmĂ€triangulaatiota ollen pÀÀosin kvalitatiivinen. Tutkimuksen aineisto koottiin kyselylomakkeiden, havainnoinnin ja teemahaastatteluiden avulla. Kyselylomakkeet teetĂ€tettiin helsinkilĂ€islapsille ennen ja jĂ€lkeen opetuskokonaisuuden. Vastaava ennakkokysely lĂ€hetettiin myös Paltamoon. KyselyssĂ€ oli sekĂ€ strukturoituja ettĂ€ vapaamuotoisia kysymyksiĂ€. Opetuskokonaisuuden aikana lapsia havainnoitiin ja opetuksen jĂ€lkeen heitĂ€ teemahaastateltiin. Kaksi viikkoa opetuksen pÀÀttymisestĂ€ luokan opettajia haastateltiin ja haastattelut tallennettiin. Opetuksen jĂ€lkeinen kyselylomake teetettiin helsinkilĂ€isillĂ€ oppilailla noin 10 pĂ€ivÀÀ opetuskokonaisuuden pÀÀttymisestĂ€. Aineiston analysoinnissa kĂ€ytettiin triangulaatiomenetelmÀÀ. EnsinnĂ€ lasten kĂ€yttĂ€ytymisestĂ€ tehtiin havaintoja, joita tulkittiin. Toiseksi aineistoa analysoitiin tilastollisesti SPSS ohjelmiston ?2 -testillĂ€ (tytöt/pojat, Helsinki/Paltamo, ennen/jĂ€lkeen) sekĂ€ kolmanneksi kyselyaineiston perusteella tehdyn luokittelevan tulkinnan perusteella. Kasvienkasvatuskokeilua, opetuskokonaisuus HedelmĂ€pommia, analysoitiin kestĂ€vĂ€n kehityksen kolmijaon mukaisen jaottelun avulla, jossa toimintatutkimuksen eri osa-alueet taulukoitiin sosiaaliseen, taloudelliseen ja ekologiseen ulottuvuuteen. Analyysin toinen apuvĂ€line oli Palmerin ympĂ€ristökasvatuksen puumalli, jota hyödyntĂ€en arvioitiin opetuskokonaisuuden teemojen ja työtapojen toimivuutta oppimisympĂ€ristön ja ympĂ€ristöherkkyyden osalta. TĂ€ltĂ€ osalta analyysitapa oli teoriasta lĂ€htevĂ€ ja luokitteleva. Tulokset osoittavat lapsi-kasvisuhteessa eroja sekĂ€ tytöillĂ€ ja pojilla ettĂ€ HelsingissĂ€ ja Paltamossa. Tytöille kasvien kauneus ja niiden tuottama ilo on tĂ€rkeÀÀ, pojilla korostui kasvien merkitys elĂ€mĂ€n antajana. Kasvien kasvattamien oli lapsille mieluisaa mutta vierasta. TyttöjĂ€ kasvit kiinnostivat poikia enemmĂ€n. Oman kasvin kasvattaminen sai lapset innostumaan ja aloittamaan omia kasvatuskokeilujaan. Aineiston helsinkilĂ€islapset erosivat paltamolaisista puiden tunnistamistaidoissa sekĂ€ vapaa-ajanviettotottumusten osalta. Paltamossa vietettiin enemmĂ€n vapaa-aikaa metsissĂ€ esim. majoja rakentaen. Paltamossa kaikki lapset kokivat ihmisen olevan osa luontoa kun HelsingissĂ€ neljĂ€nnes oli eri mieltĂ€. Kasvien kasvatus luokkahuoneessa voi toimia johdatuksena kestĂ€vĂ€n kehityksen teemoihin, mutta toimiminen ympĂ€ristön puolesta voi toteutua vasta, kun puutarhatoimintaa harjoitetaan lapsen lĂ€hiympĂ€ristössĂ€ ulkona. Lapsen kasvisuhteen tukeminen kouluissa monipuolisesti voi kuitenkin olla tĂ€rkeÀÀ ympĂ€ristövastuullisten arvojen kehittymiseen ja lapsen normaalin kehityksen turvaamiseksi

    Puut tarjoumina paikkasuhteen muotoutumiseen - viitekehys lasten luontosuhteen tukemiseen

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    This study, informed by phenomenology and ethnography, explores urban children’s relationship with trees in a garden camp context: what are trees for urban children? Studying Finnish 7- to 12-year-old children, the research employed triangulation: participant and non-participant observation methods with mixed data collection over the course of three years. Engaging in grounded theory analysis after an intermission, the study unites the theoretical constructs of affordance and connectedness to place. Based on empirical observations, this study provides a theoretical framework to clarify the phased process of how urban children’s connectedness to place is evolving. Exploitation of tree affordances during place-based play reflected connectedness to place; utilization of trees became more versatile over time. The results showed trees to be intriguing and multifaceted, satisfying many of the children’s private and social needs. Trees provided the materials, space and often purpose and contents for the actual play that could not have thrived without them. In addition, children learned to manage possible tree-related risks mainly from experience and through scaffolding with peers. Recommendations for supporting beneficial nature contact emphasize allowing child-directed, place-based play time and planning biodiverse, low-maintenance spaces with a wide variety of trees that will invite children to use green spaces according to their needs.This study, informed by phenomenology and ethnography, explores urban children’s relationship with trees in a garden camp context: what are trees for urban children? Studying Finnish 7- to 12-year-old children, the research employed triangulation: participant and non-participant observation methods with mixed data collection over the course of three years. Engaging in grounded theory analysis after an intermission, the study unites the theoretical constructs of affordance and connectedness to place. Based on empirical observations, this study provides a theoretical framework to clarify the phased process of how urban children’s connectedness to place is evolving. Exploitation of tree affordances during place-based play reflected connectedness to place; utilization of trees became more versatile over time. The results showed trees to be intriguing and multifaceted, satisfying many of the children’s private and social needs. Trees provided the materials, space and often purpose and contents for the actual play that could not have thrived without them. In addition, children learned to manage possible tree-related risks mainly from experience and through scaffolding with peers. Recommendations for supporting beneficial nature contact emphasize allowing child-directed, place-based play time and planning biodiverse, low-maintenance spaces with a wide variety of trees that will invite children to use green spaces according to their needs.Peer reviewe

    Mielenterveysvaikutusten ennakkoarviointi : MIVA kÀyttöön

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    HyvÀ mielenterveys on keskeistÀ yksilöiden, yhteisöjen ja yhteiskunnan hyvinvoinnille ja menestykselle. Kunnat ja hyvinvointialueet voivat pÀÀtöksillÀÀn ja toimillaan tukea monin tavoin asukkaidensa mielenterveyttÀ. Mielenterveyden edistÀminen ja mielenterveyshÀiriöiden ehkÀisy edellyttÀvÀt, ettÀ mielenterveyskysymykset huomioidaan paitsi sosiaali- ja terveysalan pÀÀtöksissÀ hyvinvointialueilla, myös esimerkiksi kunnan koulutus-, asunto- ja ympÀristöpolitiikkaan, yhteisöllisyyteen ja kestÀvÀÀn kehitykseen liittyvissÀ pÀÀtöksissÀ. Mielenterveysvaikutusten ennakkoarviointi tuottaa tietoa pÀÀtöksen mahdollisista ja todennÀköisistÀ vaikutuksista asukkaiden mielenterveydelle. Tietoon perustuvilla pÀÀtöksillÀ voidaan lisÀtÀ asukkaiden hyvinvointia, vaikuttaa kunnan ja hyvinvointialueen toimivuuteen, vakauteen ja kustannuksiin. Suomessa on toistaiseksi arvioitu mielenterveysvaikutuksia kuntapÀÀtösten valmistelussa verrattain vÀhÀn, eikÀ yhtenÀistÀ toimintamallia ole olemassa. Arviointeja on tehty esimerkiksi kuraattoripalveluihin, kehitysvammahuollon asuinpalveluihin, mielenterveyspalveluiden resurssointiin ja kouluihin liittyvien pÀÀtösten valmistelussa. TÀssÀ raportissa esitellÀÀn konkreettinen toimintamalli, jonka tarkoituksena on yhdenmukaistaa, selkeyttÀÀ ja helpottaa kuntien ja hyvinvointialueiden mielenterveysvaikutusten ennakkoarviointia.TÀmÀ julkaisu on toteutettu osana valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimussuunnitelman toimeenpanoa.(tietokayttoon.fi) Julkaisun sisÀllöstÀ vastaavat tiedon tuottajat, eikÀ tekstisisÀltö vÀlttÀmÀttÀ edusta valtioneuvoston nÀkemystÀ

    Koululasten suhde kasvillisuuteen Suomessa : sukupuolen ja paikkakunnan vÀliset vertailut

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    There is considerable evidence that children in modern society are losingtheir contact with nature and, more precisely, with green plants. Is this also the case in Finland, a northern country famous for its forests and wild nature? This study examines the relationship of 9- to 10-year-old Finnish schoolchildren with the green environment and plants. The data were gathered by a questionnairecomprising structured and open-ended questions. The focus of the research was on two comparisons: first, on the nature and child relationship in rural and urban neighborhoods and, second, among boys and girls. Participants in the study amounted to a total of 76 children, 42 in the Helsinki suburb area and 34 in Paltamo. The results suggested that the children in rural surroundings had closer contact with nature than their urban associates. For example, the children of Paltamo reported to know the trees better, and considered human beings to be part of nature more often (100% vs. 76% of the pupils in Helsinki, P = 0,003). Similarly, the results showed that girls in the study (N = 48) were more interested in plants than boys (N = 28). For the girls, the beauty and joy of plants was important, whereas the boys appreciated plants as the source of life. After the pre-questioning, the children of Helsinki participated in an in-class horticultural intervention and 10 days later, answered a similar questionnaire again. The results of the open-ended questions revealed that equally to children in other Western countries, Finnish children may also be in danger of losing their direct contact with the natural environment. It was common to pass free time in organized sports such as hockey or football (boys), or by just walking and talking with friends (girls). Rural children told that they still built huts, pick berries, and climb trees, whereas urban children played in parks and city groves. The results suggest that it is essential to researchfurther the children’s own experiences if we are to understand, and subsequently, to enhance, the crucial role of the green environment in their lives. Horticultural interventions can be effective starting points to add to children’s knowledge, affection, and interest toward greenery, but it is highly recommended that they take place outdoors rather than indoors.Non Peer reviewe

    Lasten puutarha : tarjoumat paikkasuhteen muodostumisessa : aineistopohjainen teoria

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    Nature contact has been acknowledged as beneficial for children’s development and wellbeing, as it is for all humans. At the same time, children’s free play in nature and independent mobility, ‘free-ranging,’ has been declining in Western societies in recent decades. One solution to this dilemma, nature clubs and camps with the aim of introducing and promoting children’s nature contact, are becoming increasingly common. Nature programmes aim to (re-)connect children and nature through educational goals. One example of such a place, the children's garden, is becoming increasingly recognized as a place where adults hope that children will learn various skills and subjects, while simultaneously hoping the children will improve their relationship with nature. Despite the known educational and health benefits of gardening, children's interactions with the actual physical elements of a place are less understood and examined. By recognizing more factors that affect children's process in forming a close, durable and meaningful relationship with natural places like the garden, adults become more capable of appropriately supporting children. The aim of this research was to unravel how children connect with such a natural space, the garden by looking at the place-specific affordances. The concept of affordances is the key to this study; it refers to the physical elements of the environment that reveal opportunities for interaction once they have been perceived. The research comprises two parts. The first phase of the study evaluated Finnish primary school children’s relationship with plants and nature, by comparing rural/suburban and boys’/girls’ attitudes and knowledge about plants and favourite places. The comparison was conducted through a survey of 76 children. Using mixed methods, the statistical analysis included paired cross tabulation, and chi-square-tests (χ2) to measure the significance of differences among the groups rural/suburban, and boys/girls. The second part of the study consisted of qualitative fieldwork with ethnographic participant and non-participant observations throughout summers 2008-2010 in the Kumpula School Garden in Helsinki. In order to study the phenomenon of how children make their connection to nature through place-based affordances, the study leans on an interpretivist ontology that views reality as understandable by observing actors within their social context. To assess the child-centred potential of a garden environment for building connection to nature, I examined the affordances in a garden camp context, focusing on 6- to 11-year-old, inexperienced children (~40 participants for each year of the study). The long-term fieldwork generated outstanding data: field reports and notes, videos, photographs and children’s drawings and interviews. Grounded theory method (GT) was applied in studies II and III. Analysis followed the GT analytical procedure of open coding, selective coding and theoretical coding. In GT, the initial basis for the study is to understand a particular social phenomenon in order to build a theory upon it. Inductive and repeated analysis focused on the children’s actions in combination with the actual natural affordances. In formulating the theory, the findings of garden affordances for children were evaluated relatively with these theoretical concepts: environmental child-friendliness (ECF), the zone of proximal development (ZPD), behavioural insideness, and connectedness to nature/place. Firstly, the results in study I showed that the relationship between nature and greenery differs according to residence and gender. The children living in a rural area (N= 34 in Paltamo, Kainuu) were more likely to mention natural places as their favourites than did their suburban counterparts (N=42 in Helsinki). Illustratively, rural children claimed to know the forest trees by name more often than the suburban children. In addition, the rural children understood mankind as part of nature, whereas suburban children were more likely to disagree with this claim. The group differences reported were statistically significant. The girls were, in general, more interested in plants than the boys. Alarmingly, 36% of the boys did not understand that plants are essential for human life. The girls understood better that plants are vital for human life. Second, results in the following studies II and III in the garden camp context showed that the versatility of affordances offered plenty of opportunities for building the nature-child relationship. The garden fostered social interactions by offering plentiful materials in a varied space. The variability and abundance of affordances boosted ZPD through scaffolding – learning together and from more experienced peers while using the affordances proved noteworthy in learning and passing on new skills. The essential factors that had a contributory role in the process of becoming empowered players within the setting were: sufficient time, the possibility of child-directed play and a space with a versatility of affordances available for use. With these factors, the garden affordances brought about 14 various play types. Trees were the most significant elements of the research site in fostering a relationship with nature. They answered children’s situational and individual needs by offering ideas, challenge, materials, and space for play. Wooden material affordances offered props and loose parts for different play needs. The trees possessed qualities equivalent to children’s needs for building self-confidence and emotion regulation, competence and belonging, creativity, excitement and affection. Climbing trees offered the children the challenge of handling risks autonomously. Consequently, trees serve well as indicator plants in assessing the children's connectedness to place. The children’s whole process of connecting with the place was captured, and the actual phases of this evolving connectedness are presented. Along with the concept of behavioural insideness that represents the behaviour of a child when she/he feels connected with a place, this study identifies the preceding phases: the initial phase as outsiders, then searchers, and finally the proactive insiders. In the first phase, as an outsider, the still insecure children looked for comfort around the vegetation. Tall trees were visibly inviting, offering an asylum or a shield before the children gained the confidence to start the searcher phase. The searchers, as the name implies, were constantly exploring their surroundings and the phase also involved showing off one's skills to make friends. For the searchers, the garden affordances offered versatility for choosing suitable materials and space. The biodiversity of the place was key to satisfying children’s needs by offering suitable affordances; it successfully fostered the development of behavioural insideness within two weeks, and this ultimately led to a strong connectedness to place. In the last phase as insiders, long-term play utilizing a wide variety of natural materials was typical, and the children behaved both spontaneously and imaginatively. The adults and peers had an effect on the children's connection process and to the actualization of garden's affordances, affecting the ECF. Impetus, which triggered the use of affordances, was either personal or situational. Some of the obstacles came from personal shortcomings, such as lack of interest or experience, or from fears and/or dislikes. Common obstacles from adults included a desire to move forward with the planned programme or an appeal to safety and rules. The development of a grounded theory, the IAO theory, outlines possible combinations of place-based impetuses, obstacles and affordances, all of which have an effect on the children’s process of connecting to place. The theory is an equation, which makes it user-friendly in assessing and planning children’s nature-based activities and environments. In addition, the theoretical framework of ‘Affordances channel connectedness to place’ opens up the external and internal preconditions necessary for children before they start utilizing the existing affordances, their three-phased process towards connectedness to place, and the manifestations of the final stage, behavioural insideness. Finally, a child-centred implication, PIT (Place-based, Intention and Time), provides guidelines to help adults to plan and conduct place-based, situational-sensitive nature activities for children. With these three GT outcomes, children’s connection to nature can be well supported.Luontokontaktit tukevat lasten kehitystĂ€ ja hyvinvointia. Samaan aikaan kun tieto luontokontaktien hyödyistĂ€ lisÀÀntyy, lasten vapaan liikkumisen ja luonnossa vietetyn ajan on havaittu vĂ€henevĂ€n lĂ€nsimaissa. Jotta voimme paremmin tukea lasten luontosuhteen kehittymistĂ€ ja suunnitella lapsien tarpeita palvelevia viherympĂ€ristöjĂ€ ja luontotoimintaa, tarvitsemme lisÀÀ tietoa siitĂ€, miten lasten luontosuhde muotoutuu ja mitĂ€ lĂ€heisen luontosuhteen syntyminen edellyttÀÀ. Puutarha on tuttu ja monipuolinen viherympĂ€ristö, joka soveltuu hyvin niin oppimisympĂ€ristöksi koulutyössĂ€ kuin vapaa-ajan toimintaankin. Jotta puutarha toimisi paikkana, jossa lapsi voi rakentaa luontosuhdettaan, tarvitaan tietoa siitĂ€, miten he muodostavat omaehtoisesti suhteensa puutarhaympĂ€ristöön; mikĂ€ heitĂ€ kiinnostaa, millaista toimintaa puutarhan tarjoumat (affordances) mahdollistavat heille, miten ja millaisiin tarjoumiin lapset mieluiten tarttuvat ja mitĂ€ lĂ€heisen paikkasuhteen muodostuminen edellyttÀÀ? TĂ€mĂ€ vĂ€itöstutkimus selvitti alakouluikĂ€isten kaupunkilasten paikkasuhteen muotoutumista puutarhassa. Aluksi selvitettiin kaupunkilasten (Helsinki) ja maaseudun lasten (Paltamo) sekĂ€ tyttöjen ja poikien eroja suhtautumisessa kasveihin ja luonnosta löytyviin lempipaikkoihin kyselytutkimuksella. Maaseudun lapset nimesivĂ€t luontoympĂ€ristöjĂ€ lempipaikoikseen kaupunkilaislapsia useammin. He myös kertoivat tunnistavansa puut paremmin kuin kaupunkilaiset, ja vastasivat useammin ihmisen olevan osa luontoa. LisĂ€ksi tutkimuksessa havaittiin, ettĂ€ kasvit kiinnostivat tyttöjĂ€ enemmĂ€n kuin poikia ja pojat kokivat useammin, etteivĂ€t kasvit ole vĂ€lttĂ€mĂ€ttömiĂ€ ihmiselle. Vertailututkimuksen tulokset antoivat syyn tutkia aihetta empiirisesti kenttĂ€oloissa, havainnoiden lasten toimintaa suhteessa paikan luontoon. Toisessa vaiheessa tutkimusta tehtiin laadullisella grounded theory (GT) menetelmĂ€llĂ€. Tutkittavaa ilmiötĂ€ lĂ€hestyttiin avoimin kysymyksin, ilman ennakkoon asetettuja hypoteeseja, ja tavoitteena oli tuottaa aineistolĂ€htöinen uusi teoria. Havainnoinnin kohteena Kumpulan koulukasvitarhan puutarhaleireillĂ€ olivat lasten puutarhassa aktualisoimat tarjoumat eli ne luonnon elementit, jotka saivat lapsissa aikaan toimintaa; esimerkiksi puu, johon kiipeiltiin. Mittava aineisto kerĂ€ttiin etnografisesti tutkijapositiota vaihtamalla osallistuvasta ei-osallistuvaan havainnointiin kolmen kesĂ€n aikana. Aineisto, jonka keruuta suunnattiin vuosittain tarkentavin otoksin analyysin edetessĂ€, koostui kenttĂ€muistiinpanoista, valokuvista ja videoista, kyselyistĂ€, lasten puutarhapiirroksista ennen ja jĂ€lkeen leirin, sekĂ€ toisten ohjaajien leiripĂ€ivĂ€kirjoista. Aineiston triangulaatio tuotti moniulotteisen kĂ€sityksen lasten paikkasuhteen muotoutumisesta, sillĂ€ se perustui jatkuvan vertailun analyysiin ja aineistokeruu lopetettiin vasta, kun tutkimusintressiin nojannut teoreettinen otanta ei enÀÀ tuonut uusia nĂ€kökulmia. Aineiston perusteella havaittiin, ettĂ€ lasten paikkasuhteen muotoutuminen puutarhassa on kolmivaiheinen prosessi. Ulkopuolisina (outsiders) lapset kyselivĂ€t koska pÀÀsee kotiin, ja saattoivat osoittaa inhoa esimerkiksi multaa tai matoja kohtaan. Suojan hakeminen puiden lĂ€hettyviltĂ€ tai kasvinosien hermostunut hypistely oli tavallista. Pian siirryttiin etsijĂ€ (searchers) vaiheeseen, jota kuvaa parhaiten ympĂ€ristön tutkiminen, kyseleminen ja ystĂ€vystyminen omia taitoja esitellen. Kolmannessa vaiheessa lapsi oli sisĂ€piirilĂ€inen (insiders), jolloin puutarhan tarjoumien kĂ€yttö oli monipuolisinta, leikit mielikuvitusrikkaita ja pitkĂ€kestoisia. Kokonaisuudessaan lĂ€heisen paikkasuhteen syveneminen sisĂ€piirilĂ€iseksi kesti noin kaksi viikkoa, mutta prosessi oli yksilöllinen ja siihen vaikuttivat sekĂ€ ohjaajan toiminta ettĂ€ lapsen henkilökohtaiset tarpeet ja ominaisuudet. LĂ€heisen paikkasuhteen muodostuminen edellytti riittĂ€vĂ€sti vapaata leikkiaikaa sekĂ€ sopivia tarjoumia, joita sai vapaasti kĂ€yttÀÀ. Suosituin ja samalla monipuolisin puutarhan tarjoumista olivat puut, jotka toimivat paitsi leikkipaikkana, myös materiaalien lĂ€hteenĂ€ luoviin leikkeihin. Puut vastasivat tilannekohtaisiin ja lapsen henkilökohtaisiin tarpeisiin tarjoten ideoita, haastetta, suojaa ja vĂ€lineitĂ€ itsensĂ€ toteuttamiseen. Puiden tarjoamiin aktiviteetteihin tarttuminen muuttui eri vaiheissa paikkasuhteen muodostumista, tullen rikkaammaksi ja monipuolisemmaksi, mitĂ€ pidempÀÀn lapsi oli viettĂ€nyt aikaa puutarhassa. Lasten tarpeisiin vastaavana tarjoumana puita voi kĂ€yttÀÀ myös paikkasuhteen muotoutumisen indikaattorikasvina. Puu tarjoumat auttoivat laajentamaan lapsen optimaalisen kehityksen vyöhykettĂ€ (ZPD), kun tilanteita uusien taitojen oppimiseen yhdessĂ€ taitavampien ikĂ€tovereiden kanssa tarjoutui niiden avulla usein. Prosessista on julkaisussa teoreettinen malli ’Tarjoumat paikkasuhteen muotoutumisen kanavina’, jonka avulla tarjoumia voi tarkastella paikkasuhteen kehittymisen arvioinnissa. Tutkimuksen johtopÀÀtöksenĂ€ luotu IAO teoria (engl. Impetus + Affordances – Obstacles) kuvaa yhtĂ€lömuodossa sitĂ€, kuinka lapsen yksilökohtaiset ja tilanteeseen liittyvĂ€t yllykkeet yhdistettynĂ€ paikan tarjoumien mÀÀrÀÀn ja laatuun, miinus tarjoumiin tarttumisen esteet, vaikuttavat lapsen paikkasuhteen muotoutumisprosessiin ja sisĂ€piirilĂ€isyyden syntyyn. Aktualisoituneiden tarjoumien kautta kasvattajat voivat arvioida toiminnan lapsi- ja paikkalĂ€htöisyyttĂ€. KĂ€ytĂ€nnönlĂ€heinen PIT malli (engl. Place-based, Intention, Time) antaa kasvattajille evĂ€itĂ€ paikkalĂ€htöiseen ja tilanneherkkÀÀn kasvatustyyliin, jolla voidaan tukea lapsen omaehtoisen luontosuhteen kehittymistĂ€

    Mental Health and Mental Wellbeing Impact Assessment Frameworks—A Systematic Review

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    Mental health is largely shaped by the daily environments in which people live their lives, with positive components of mental health emphasising the importance of feeling good and functioning effectively. Promoting mental health relies on broad-based actions over multiple sectors, which can be difficult to measure. Different types of Impact Assessment (IA) frameworks allow for a structured approach to evaluating policy actions on different levels. A systematic review was performed exploring existing IA frameworks relating to mental health and mental wellbeing and how they have been used. A total of 145 records were identified from the databases, from which 9 articles were included in the review, with a further 6 studies included via reference list and citation chaining. Five different mental-health-related IA frameworks were found to be implemented in a variety of settings, mostly in relation to evaluating community actions. A Narrative Synthesis summarised key themes from the 15 included articles. Findings highlight the need for participatory approaches in IA, which have the dual purpose of informing the IA evaluation and advocating for the need to include mental health in policy development. However, it is important to ensure that IA frameworks are user-friendly, designed to be used by laypeople in a variety of sectors and that IA frameworks are operational in terms of time and monetary resources
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