2,580 research outputs found
Physics of Proximity Josephson Sensor
We study the proximity Josephson sensor (PJS) in both bolometric and
calorimetric operation and optimize it for different temperature ranges between
25 mK and a few Kelvin. We investigate how the radiation power is absorbed in
the sensor and find that the irradiated sensor is typically in a weak
nonequilibrium state. We show in detail how the proximity of the
superconductors affects the device response: for example via changes in
electron-phonon coupling and out-of-equilibrium noise. In addition, we estimate
the applicability of graphene as the absorber material.Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures, submitted to Journal of Applied Physics, v2:
Addition of a new section discussing the radiation coupling to the device,
several minor change
Theory of temperature fluctuation statistics in superconductor-normal metal tunnel structures
We describe the statistics of temperature fluctuations in a SINIS structure,
where a normal metal island (N) is coupled by tunnel junctions (I) to two
superconducting leads (S). We specify conditions under which this structure
exhibits manifestly non-Gaussian fluctuations of temperature. We consider both
the Gaussian and non-Gaussian regimes of these fluctuations, and the current
fluctuations that are caused by the fluctuating temperature. We also describe a
measurement setup that could be used to observe the temperature fluctuations.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, final versio
Vacancy Defects In O-Doped Gan Grown By Molecular-Beam Epitaxy: The Role Of Growth Polarity And Stoichiometry
Development of high-speed directly-modulated DFB and DBR lasers with surface gratings
The conventional distributed feedback and distributed Bragg reflector edge-emitting lasers employ buried gratings, which require two or more epitaxial growth steps. By using lateral corrugations of the ridge-waveguide as surface gratings the epitaxial overgrowth is avoided, reducing the fabrication complexity, increasing the yield and reducing the fabrication cost. The surface gratings are applicable to different materials, including Al-containing ones and can be easily integrated in complex device structures and photonic circuits. Single-contact and multiple contact edge-emitting lasers with laterally-corrugated ridge waveguide gratings have been developed both on GaAs and InP substrates with the aim to exploit the photon-photon resonance in order to extend their direct modulation bandwidth. The paper reports on the characteristics of such surface-grating-based lasers emitting both at 1.3 and 1.55 ÎĽm and presents the photon-photon resonance extended small-signal modulation bandwidth (> 20 GHz) achieved with a 1.6 mm long single-contact device under direct modulation. Similarly structured devices, with shorter cavity lengths are expected to exceed 40 GHz smallsignal modulation bandwidth under direct modulatio
Negotiation of entitlement in proposal sequences
Meetings are complex institutional events at which participants recurrently negotiate institutional roles, which are oriented to, renegotiated, and sometimes challenged. With a view to gaining further understanding of the ongoing negotiation of roles at meetings, this article examines one specific recurring feature of meetings: the act of proposing future action. Based on microanalysis of video recordings of two-party strategy meetings, the study shows that participants orient to at least two aspects when making proposals: 1) the acceptance or rejection of the proposal; and 2) questions of entitlement: who is entitled to launch a proposal, and who is entitled to accept or reject it? The study argues that there is a close interrelation between questions of entitlement, aligning and affiliating moves, and the negotiation of institutional roles. The multimodal analysis also reveals the use of various embodied practices by participants for the local negotiation of entitlement and institutional roles
Ambient aromatic hydrocarbon measurements at Welgegund, South Africa
Aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with direct adverse human health
effects and can have negative impacts on ecosystems due to their toxicity,
as well as indirect negative effects through the formation of tropospheric
ozone and secondary organic aerosol, which affect human health, crop
production and regional climate. Measurements of aromatic hydrocarbons were
conducted at the Welgegund measurement station (South Africa), which is
considered to be a regionally representative background site. However, the
site is occasionally impacted by plumes from major anthropogenic source
regions in the interior of South Africa, which include the western Bushveld
Igneous Complex (e.g. platinum, base metal and ferrochrome smelters), the
eastern Bushveld Igneous Complex (platinum and ferrochrome smelters), the
Johannesburg–Pretoria metropolitan conurbation (> 10 million
people), the Vaal Triangle (e.g. petrochemical and pyrometallurgical
industries), the Mpumalanga Highveld (e.g. coal-fired power plants and
petrochemical industry) and also a region of anticyclonic recirculation of
air mass over the interior of South Africa. The aromatic hydrocarbon
measurements were conducted with an automated sampler on Tenax-TA and
Carbopack-B adsorbent tubes with heated inlet for 1 year. Samples were
collected twice a week for 2 h during daytime and 2 h during
night-time. A thermal desorption unit, connected to a gas chromatograph and
a mass selective detector was used for sample preparation and analysis.
Results indicated that the monthly median (mean) total aromatic hydrocarbon
concentrations ranged between 0.01 (0.011) and 3.1 (3.2) ppb. Benzene levels
did not exceed the local air quality standard limit, i.e. annual mean of
1.6 ppb. Toluene was the most abundant compound, with an annual median
(mean) concentration of 0.63 (0.89) ppb. No statistically significant
differences in the concentrations measured during daytime and night-time
were found, and no distinct seasonal patterns were observed. Air mass back
trajectory analysis indicated that the lack of seasonal cycles could be
attributed to patterns determining the origin of the air masses sampled.
Aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations were in general significantly higher in
air masses that passed over anthropogenically impacted regions.
Inter-compound correlations and ratios gave some indications of the possible
sources of the different aromatic hydrocarbons in the source regions
defined in the paper. The highest contribution of aromatic hydrocarbon
concentrations to ozone formation potential was also observed in plumes
passing over anthropogenically impacted regions
Ampumataulukoiden laatimisen automatisointi
Artikkelissa esitellään ulkoballistiikassa tapahtunutta matematiikan ja fysiikan sovellutusalueen hyödyntämistä ja sen kehittymistä eri aikakausina. Artikkelissa kuvataan muun muassa normaaliratamenetelmän käyttöön ja kehittämiseen liittyneitä tekijöitä. "Tarkoituksena on ollut muodostaa normaalirataverkko, josta voitaisiin saada interpoloimalla minkä tahansa koeammunnan tulosten käsittelyssä tarvittavat normaaliradat." Artikkelin loppuosassa käsitellään tietojenkäsittelyn nopean kehityksen mukanaan tuomia mahdollisuuksia ratalaskun kehittämisessä. "Tätä esitystä kirjoitettaessa on ampumataulukoiden laatimisen automaatio saavuttanut tietyn tavoitteen; ampumataulukoiden laatimiseen tarvittavat rutiinilaskelmat on saatu siirretyksi tietokoneelle." Kirjoittajat toteavat lopuksi, että "Kaikki mahdollisuudet tietokonetekniikan soveltamiselle ballistiikassa eivät suinkaan ole vielä loppuun käytetyt.
Interlayer Heat Transfer in Bilayer Carrier Systems
We study theoretically how energy and heat are transferred between the
two-dimensional layers of bilayer carrier systems due to near-field interlayer
carrier interaction. We derive general expressions for the interlayer heat
transfer and thermal conductance. Approximation formulas and detailed
calculations for semiconductor and graphene based bilayers are presented. Our
calculations for GaAs, Si and graphene bilayers show that the interlayer heat
transfer can exceed the electron-phonon heat transfer below (system dependent)
finite crossover temperature. We show that disorder strongly enhances the
interlayer heat transport and pushes the threshold towards higher temperatures.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures. Changes adopted during the review process: title
changed, introduction and abstract rearranged, section headings added, Figure
1 enhanced, more details and a new figure on graphene adde
Ambient sesquiterpene concentration and its link to air ion measurements
International audienceAmbient air ion size distributions have been measured continuously at the Finnish boreal forest site in Hyytiälä since spring 2003. In general, these measurements show a maximum of air ions below 1.0 nm in diameter. But this physical characterization does not provide any information about the ion's chemical composition, which is one key question regarding the explanation of nucleation events observed. In this study we propose a link of the observed maximum of negative air ions between 0.56 and 0.75 nm to the so-called stabilised Criegee biradical, formed in the reaction of biogenic sesquiterpenes with ozone and predominantly destroyed by its reaction with ambient water vapour. Calculations of the electron and proton affinities of 120 kJ mol?1 (1.24 eV) and of 960 kJ mol?1 support this link. Other possible candidates such as sulphuric acid derived clusters are unable to explain the observations made. By using this approach, we are able to calculate the ambient concentration of sesquiterpenes at the air ion instrument inlet with a high time resolution on the daily and seasonal scale. The estimated concentration is found to reveal the same seasonal pattern as emission measurements conducted at shoot level. As expected for biogenic VOCs, the concentration is obtained highest during summer (maximum values of about 100 pptv) and smallest during winter (minimum less than 1 pptv). Because of the sesquiterpenes high reactivity and its low ambient concentrations, this approach can be a first step in understanding their emission and their impact on atmospheric chemistry in more detail. The findings presented are highly relevant for emission budgets too, since boreal forests are extended over large areas of the globe
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