Legal aspects in breast pathology

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Aspectos legales en patología mamaria

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Disentangling discrimination on spanish boards of directors

Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: This study seeks to find evidence of discrimination behind the scarce presence women on Spanish boards of directors through factors within firms linked with different theories of discrimination. Research findings/Insights: Using data on the boards of directors from the top 1000 Spanish companies in 2005 and 2008, we identify some signals of discrimination. We find that women directors are scarcer in those sectors where there are less female managers or where the directors are mainly draw on the firm’s executive staff. There is also evidence of the dynamics of Becker’s theory of discrimination, since time and competition are determinants of the women’s presence on Spanish boards. We also find a positive relationship between the number of women already on the board and the likelihood of adding a woman. This could signal some kind of underestimation of women’s skills and preconceptions about their attitudes (such as risk-aversion). Theoretical/Academic Implications: This study provides empirical support for the prediction of Becker’s theory of discrimination. The study also furnishes evidence of false preconceptions concerning the skills and risk attitudes of female managers. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Education and mentoring initiatives to improve the training of the female candidates helps to reduce discrimination before reaching the board, as well as better work- and family-life balance. Once they are in the pool of candidates, transparency and objectivity in selection procedures and/or even the establishment of a women’s quota on boards may contribute to dismiss employers’ negative beliefs about their capabilities in the long run. Key words: Corporate Governance; Board of Directors; Gender Discrimination; Glass Ceiling. Classification JEL: G34, J16, M14, C35

New inscription from Viso de San Juan (Toledo)

[spa] Presentamos un ara inédita procedente de la zona noroeste de la provincia de Toledo, que pertenecería a la civitas de Toletum (conventus Carthaginiensis). Su estado de conservación ha hecho imprescindible la utilización de técnicas digitales de reconstrucción 3D para su estudio.[eng] We present an unpublished altar found in the northeast area of Toledo's province, roman civitas of Toletum (conventus Carthaginiensis). 3D modelling techniques were required to study the object, due to its preservation condition

Evaluación económica del empleo de subproductos procesados de mataderos en la alimentación de cerdos

p.13-18Con el objeto de analizar el empleo de alimentos alternativos para cerdos, se modelizó una explotación dedicada al engorde de animales entre 30 kg y 100 kg de peso vivo sobre la base de una dieta con subproductos de la faena de vacunos procesados. Los índices productivos considerados fueron obtenidos a partir de los resultados de experimentos con ese tipo de subproductos. Luego de calcular el costo de producción ampliando dicha dieta y compararlo con el de una dieta tradicional, se concluye que se puede desarollar en sistema de producción sustentable a partir del tratamiento racional de este tipo de subproductos, logrando una reducción de 20 por ciento en el costo alimenticio

Chiroptical symmetry analysis: exciton chirality-based formulae to understand the chiroptical responses of Cn and Dn symmetric systems

The high sensitivity of chiroptical responses to conformational changes and supramolecular interactions has prompted an increasing interest in the development of chiroptical applications. However, prediction of and understanding the chiroptical responses of the necessary large systems may not be affordable for calculations at high levels of theory. In order to facilitate the development of chiroptical applications, methodologies capable of evaluating the chiroptical responses of large systems are necessary. The exciton chirality method has been extensively used for the interaction between two independent chromophores through the Davydov model. For systems presenting C2 or D2 symmetry, one can get the same results by applying the selection rules. In the present article, the analysis of the selection rules for systems with symmetries Cn and Dn with n = 3 and 4 is used to uncover the origin of their chiroptical responses. We foresee that the use of the Chiroptical Symmetry Analysis (CSA) for systems presenting the symmetries explored herein, as well as for systems presenting higher symmetries will serve as a useful tool for the development of chiroptical applications.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CTQ2014-58629-RMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. CTQ2013-50575-EXPMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. RYC-2012-10364Xunta de Galicia | Ref. EM2013/017Xunta de Galicia | Ref. GRC2015/17Xunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431F 2016/00

A influência da pressão positiva expiratória final (PEEP) associada à intervenção fisioterapêutica na fase I da reabilitação cardiovascular

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of positive end expiratory pressure and physiotherapy intervention during Phase I of cardiac rehabilitation on the behavior of pulmonary function and inspiratory muscle strength in postoperative cardiac surgery. METHODS: A prospective randomized study, in which 24 patients were divided in 2 groups: a group that performed respiratory exercises with positive airway expiratory pressure associated with physiotherapy intervention (GEP, n = 8) and a group that received only the physiotherapy intervention (GPI, n = 16). Pulmonary function was evaluated by spirometry on the preoperative and on the fifth postoperative days; inspiratory muscle strength was measured by maximal inspiratory pressure on the same days. RESULTS: Spirometric variables were significantly reduced from the preoperative to the fifth postoperative day for the GPI, while the GEP had a significant reduction only for vital capacity (P < .05). When the treatments were compared, smaller values were observed in the GPI for peak flow on the fifth postoperative day. Significant reductions of maximal inspiratory pressure from preoperative to the first postoperative day were found in both groups. However, the reduction in maximal inspiratory pressure from the preoperative to the fifth postoperative day was significant only in the GPI (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that cardiac surgery produces a reduction in inspiratory muscle strength, pulmonary volume, and flow. The association of positive expiratory pressure with physiotherapy intervention was more efficient in minimizing these changes, in comparison to the physiotherapy intervention alone. However, in both groups, the pulmonary volumes were not completely reestablished by the fifth postoperative day, and it was necessary to continue the treatment after hospital convalescence.OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da pressão positiva expiratória final e da intervenção fisioterápica na fase I da reabilitação cardiovascular sobre o comportamento da função pulmonar e da força muscular inspiratória e sobre o pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, randomizado, com 24 pacientes, separados em 2 grupos: GEP (n=8), que realizaram exercícios respiratórios com pressão positiva expiratória nas vias aéreas associados à intervenção fisioterápica; e GFI (n=16), que realizaram somente a intervenção fisioterápica. A função pulmonar foi avaliada pela espirometria no pré e 5º dia pós-operatório; a força muscular inspiratória pela pressão inspiratória máxima no pré, 1º e 5º dias pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: As variáveis espirométricas mostraram reduções significativas do pré para o 5º dia pós-operatório no GFI, porém no GEP, observou-se redução apenas para capacidade vital (

Review of magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound in the treatment of uterine fibroids

Uterine leiomyoma is the most frequently occurring solid pelvic tumor in women during the reproductive period. Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound is a promising technique for decreasing menorrhagia and dysmenorrhea in symptomatic women. The aim of this study is to review the role of Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound in the treatment of uterine fibroids in symptomatic patients. We performed a review of the MEDLINE and Cochrane databases up to April 2016. The analysis and data collection were performed using the following keywords: Leiomyoma, High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Ablation, Ultrasonography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Menorrhagia. Two reviewers independently performed a quality assessment; when there was a disagreement, a third reviewer was consulted. Nineteen studies of Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound-treated fibroid patients were selected. The data indicated that tumor size was reduced and that symptoms were improved after treatment. There were few adverse effects, and they were not severe. Some studies have reported that in some cases, additional sessions of Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound or other interventions, such as myomectomy, uterine artery embolization or even hysterectomy, were necessary. This review suggests that Magnetic resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound is a safe and effective technique. However, additional evidence from future studies will be required before the technique can be recommended as an alternative treatment for fibroids