Análise das ações do "PARA" no controle da presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos nos alimentos

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Guilherme Souza Cavalcanti de AlbuquerqueDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. Defesa : Curitiba, 03/08/2018Inclui referências: p.118-130Resumo: Os agrotóxicos são responsáveis por impactos sociais, ambientais e para a saúde pública e milhares de pessoas são intoxicadas todos os anos. No Brasil, desde 2001, o monitoramento da presença de agrotóxicos nos alimentos ocorre por meio do Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos nos Alimentos - PARA. Objetivos: Avaliar as ações do PARA no controle de resíduos de agrotóxicos nos alimentos; identificar se há monitoramento de todos os agrotóxicos utilizados no cultivo de alimentos para consumo humano no Brasil; descrever a quantidade de resíduos de agrotóxicos encontrados nos alimentos no Brasil, ao longo dos anos, após a implantação do PARA; identificar as ações induzidas pelo PARA, nos casos de irregularidades; verificar se houve detecção de agrotóxicos proibidos no país; analisar os processos de determinação do controle do uso de agrotóxicos no Brasil. Metodologia: A presente pesquisa tem como referencial metodológico geral o materialismo dialético, no qual o conhecimento baseia-se nas leis objetivas da realidade, do movimento e da transformação constantes da matéria. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, realizou-se uma pesquisa documental a partir dos relatórios de atividades do Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos nos Alimentos publicados nos sítios eletrônicos da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, de todos os anos desde a sua implantação. Resultados: O número de amostras analisadas pelo programa, os tipos de alimentos e ingredientes ativos analisados foram, por vezes, descontinuados. No total, foram analisados 25 tipos de alimentos e mais de 12 mil amostras ao longo da vigência do programa. A média de ingredientes ativos analisados foi de 150, sendo 2009 o ano no qual se analisaram mais ingredientes ativos nas amostras, uma média de 159 dos mais de 500 ingredientes ativos registrados no país. A presença de ingredientes ativos não autorizados para a cultura foi a principal causa de irregularidades diagnosticadas nos alimentos. Verificou-se que 72 ingredientes ativos tiveram alterações nos seus Limites Máximos de Resíduos ao longo do programa, que 21 ingredientes ativos proibidos no país e 44 banidos na Europa foram detectados nos alimentos. Considerações Finais: O uso de agrotóxicos no Brasil é determinado pelos interesses da indústria do agronegócio, e seu controle se dá nos limites do Estado neoliberal, subordinando a saúde pública às necessidades do lucro. O diagnóstico apresentado pelo programa não reflete a real exposição aos agrotóxicos a que estamos submetidos. O programa contribui para disparar a discussão e a análise do tema dentro dos movimentos sociais organizados, porém, pouco impacta a qualidade dos alimentos no que tange à presença de agrotóxicos, haja vista a persistência de algumas substâncias proibidas no país e não autorizadas para a cultura. Palavras-chave: Agrotóxicos. Saúde Coletiva. Segurança alimentar e nutricional. Vigilância Sanitária.Abstract: Agrochemicals are responsible for social, environmental and public health impacts and thousands of people are poisoned every year. In Brazil, since 2001, the presence of pesticides in food has been monitored through the Food Agrochemical Waste Analysis Program (PARA). Objectives: To evaluate the actions of the PARA in the control of residues of pesticides in food; to identify if there is monitoring of all agrochemicals used in the cultivation of food for human consumption in Brazil; to describe the amount of agrochemical residues found in food in Brazil, over the years, after the implantation of the PARA; to identify the actions induced by the PARA, in cases of irregularities; to check if there was any detection of banned pesticides in the country; to analyze the processes of determination of the control of the use of pesticides in Brazil. Methodology: The present research has as a general methodological reference the dialectical materialism, in which knowledge is based on the objective laws of reality, of the movement and the constant transformation of the matter. As for the methodological procedures, a documentary research was carried out from the reports of activities of the Program of Analysis of Agrochemical Waste in Food published in the electronic websites of the National Agency of Sanitary Surveillance, of all the years since its implantation. Results: The number of samples analyzed by the program, the types of food and active ingredients analyzed were, sometimes, discontinued. In total, 25 types of food and more than l2 thousand samples were analyzed over the duration of the program. The average of active ingredients analyzed was 150, with 2009 being the year in which more active ingredients were analyzed in the samples, an average of 159 of the more than 500 active ingredients registered in the country. The presence of active ingredients not authorized for the crop was the main cause of irregularity diagnosed in food. It was found that 72 active ingredients had changes in their Maximum Residue Limits throughout the program, that 21 active ingredients banned in the country and 44 banned in Europe were detected in food. Final considerations: The use of agrochemicals in Brazil is determined by the interests of the agribusiness industry, and its control is within the limits of the neoliberal State, subordinating public health to the needs of profit. The diagnosis presented by the program does not reflect the actual exposure to the agrochemicals to which we are submitted. The program contributes to trigger the discussion and analysis of the issue within the organized social movements, however, it has little impact on the quality of food regarding the presence of pesticides, given the persistence of some prohibited substances in the country and not authorized for culture. Key-words: Agrochemicals

A EDUCAÇÃO EM SAÚDE REALIZADA EM GRUPOS COM OBESIDADE ABORDADA PELA EQUIPE MULTIPROFISSIONAL EM COLOMBO-PR

A obesidade é um problema de saúde pública, devido sua alta incidência e prevalência, por isso a atenção primária à saúde deve ser resolutiva para alcançar a promoção da saúde e prevenção da obesidade e redução do peso. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar a experiência da equipe de residentes multiprofissional em Saúde da Família, na Unidade de Saúde (U.S) Jardim das Graças  sobre o processo  de educação em saúde com um  grupo de crianças e adolescentes obesos identificados  nas  consultas com a nutricionista residente. Com vistas às ações de educação em saúde multiprofissional, a equipe de saúde formou um grupo com reuniões mensais, o qual se reúne no Centro de Convivência próximo à U.S. para trocar experiências sobre alimentação saudável junto à Nutricionista. A odontologia aborda a prevenção de cáries e doenças periodontais, orientando sobre o uso racional do açúcar e incentivando a higiene bucal. A farmacêutica aborda a medicação para perda de peso: indicações e contra-indicações, e a medicina e enfermagem ainda serão incluídas no grupo.  Percebe-se assim, que a educação em saúde no grupo não está somente focada na doença (obesidade), apontando como principal foco a qualidade de vida do usuário inserido no meio (família e comunidade).

Perception of health advisors on pesticides: the role of social participation in a sick society

Este estudo tem como objetivo conhecer a percepção de conselheiros de saúde sobre o tema dos agrotóxicos. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando, para a coleta de dados, a técnica de grupo focal e, para a interpretação dos resultados, a análise de discurso de abordagem francesa. Foram realizados dois grupos com conselheiros membros de três Conselhos Locais de Saúde de Curitiba (PR). Na percepção dos grupos, o agrotóxico foi relacionado a veneno, mas também a uma necessidade econômica. Os grupos reconhecem o impacto dos agrotóxicos na saúde e no ambiente – no entanto, destacam que seu uso é necessário para garantir a produção agrícola. A temática, até o momento, não havia sido abordada em reuniões dos conselhos de saúde, e seus membros relataram não se sentir empoderados para a discussão, não se percebendo como sujeitos de transformação. Diante desse cenário, é necessário propor ações que possibilitem o debate e problematizem as situações-limite, visando a assunção dos conselheiros como sujeitos, de modo a promover a compreensão da realidade para uma atuação mais crítica e transformadora.This study aimed to know the perception of health advisors on pesticides. This is an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, using the focal group technique for data collection and French discourse analysis for the interpretation of results. Two groups were defined with members of three Local Health Councils of Curitiba-PR. In the perception of the groups, pesticide was related to poison, but was also considered an economic necessity. The groups recognize the impact of agrochemicals on health and the environment; however, they point out that their use is necessary to ensure agricultural production. The topic of pesticides has not been addressed at the health council meetings, and its members have reported not feeling empowered enough to discuss this issue, not perceiving themselves as subjects of transformation. Given this scenario, it is necessary to propose actions that allow the debate and problematize situationslimits, aiming to assume counselors as subjects in order to promote the understanding of reality for a more critical and transformative action

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

MAMMALS IN PORTUGAL : A data set of terrestrial, volant, and marine mammal occurrences in P ortugal

Mammals are threatened worldwide, with 26% of all species being includedin the IUCN threatened categories. This overall pattern is primarily associatedwith habitat loss or degradation, and human persecution for terrestrial mam-mals, and pollution, open net fishing, climate change, and prey depletion formarine mammals. Mammals play a key role in maintaining ecosystems func-tionality and resilience, and therefore information on their distribution is cru-cial to delineate and support conservation actions. MAMMALS INPORTUGAL is a publicly available data set compiling unpublishedgeoreferenced occurrence records of 92 terrestrial, volant, and marine mam-mals in mainland Portugal and archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira thatincludes 105,026 data entries between 1873 and 2021 (72% of the data occur-ring in 2000 and 2021). The methods used to collect the data were: live obser-vations/captures (43%), sign surveys (35%), camera trapping (16%),bioacoustics surveys (4%) and radiotracking, and inquiries that represent lessthan 1% of the records. The data set includes 13 types of records: (1) burrowsjsoil moundsjtunnel, (2) capture, (3) colony, (4) dead animaljhairjskullsjjaws, (5) genetic confirmation, (6) inquiries, (7) observation of live animal (8),observation in shelters, (9) photo trappingjvideo, (10) predators dietjpelletsjpine cones/nuts, (11) scatjtrackjditch, (12) telemetry and (13) vocalizationjecholocation. The spatial uncertainty of most records ranges between 0 and100 m (76%). Rodentia (n=31,573) has the highest number of records followedby Chiroptera (n=18,857), Carnivora (n=18,594), Lagomorpha (n=17,496),Cetartiodactyla (n=11,568) and Eulipotyphla (n=7008). The data setincludes records of species classified by the IUCN as threatened(e.g.,Oryctolagus cuniculus[n=12,159],Monachus monachus[n=1,512],andLynx pardinus[n=197]). We believe that this data set may stimulate thepublication of other European countries data sets that would certainly contrib-ute to ecology and conservation-related research, and therefore assisting onthe development of more accurate and tailored conservation managementstrategies for each species. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite thisdata paper when the data are used in publications.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio