1,450 research outputs found
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Bragging Through an Intermediary
The use of an intermediary to convey positive information about a target person is received more favorably and is more effective than direct self -promotion by the target person . These effects persist irrespective of whether the intermediary is motivated by self-interest . However, intermediation may carry image costs for the intermediary
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Intertemporal Choice - Toward an Integrative Framework
Intertemporal choices are decisions with consequences that play out over time. These choices range from the prosaic–-how much food to eat at a meal– to life--changing decisions about education, marriage, fertility, health behaviors and savings. Intertemporal preferences also affect policy debates about long-run challenges, such as global warming. Historically, it was assumed that delayed rewards were discounted at a constant rate over time. Recent theoretical and empirical advances from economic, psychological and neuroscience perspectives, however, have revealed a more complex account of how individuals make intertemporal decisions. We review and integrate these advances. We emphasize three different, occasionally competing, mechanisms that are implemented in the brain: representation, anticipation and self-control.Economic
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Disclosure of Positive and Negative Experiences as Social Utility
We propose that disclosing one’s positive and negative experiences carries social utility for both senders and recipients. We show that consumers consider this utility when deciding whether to disclose their experiences with others. In three preregistered studies, consumers respond in kind to the disclosures of positive and negative experiences by others
Direct and indirect effects of mood on risk decision making in safety-critical workers
The study aimed to examine the direct influence of specific moods (fatigue, anxiety, happiness) on risk in safety-critical decision making. It further aimed to explore indirect effects, specifically, the potential mediating effects of information processing assessed using a goodness-of-simulation task. Trait fatigue and anxiety were associated with an increase in risk taking on the Safety-Critical Personal Risk Inventory (S-CPRI), however the effect of fatigue was partialled out by anxiety. Trait happiness, in contrast was related to less risky decision making. Findings concerning the ability to simulate suggest that better simulators made less risky decisions. Anxious workers were generally less able to simulate. It is suggested that in this safety-critical environment happiness had a direct effect on risk decision making while the effect of trait anxiety was mediated by goodness-of-simulation
Schwinger model on a half-line
We study the Schwinger model on a half-line in this paper. In particular, we
investigate the behavior of the chiral condensate near the edge of the line.
The effect of the chosen boundary condition is emphasized. The extension to the
finite temperature case is straightforward in our approach.Comment: 4 pages, no figure. Final version to be published on Phys. Rev.
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He Said, She Said: Gender Differences in Disclosure
We explore gender differences in disclosure and find that men and women are similar in their desire and propensity to disclose positive information, but men are significantly less likely to want to disclose negatively-valenced information and more likely to cite self-presentational motives as underlying their disclosing behavior, relative to women
Finite Temperature Correlators in the Schwinger Model
We discuss the correlation function of hadronic currents in the Schwinger
model at finite temperature . We explicitly construct the retarded
correlator in real time and obtain analytical results for the Euclidean
correlator on a torus. Both constructions lead to the same finite temperature
spectral function. The spatial screening lengths in the mesonic channels are
related to the dynamical meson mass and not even in
the infinite temperature limit. The relevance of our results for the finite
temperature problem in four dimensions is discussed.Comment: in LATEX, 30 pages; two figures available on request from the
authors; USITP-93-19, SUNY-NTG-43, (explanations to the figures have been
clarified
An XMM-Newton spatially-resolved study of metal abundance evolution in distant galaxy clusters
We present an XMM-Newton analysis of the X-ray spectra of 39 clusters of
galaxies at 0.4<z<1.4, covering a temperature range of 1.5<=kT<=11 keV. We
performed a spatially resolved spectral analysis to study how the abundance
evolves with redshift not only through a single emission measure performed on
the whole cluster but also spatially resolving the cluster emission. We do not
observe a statistically significant (>2sigma) abundance evolution with
redshift. The most significant deviation from no evolution (90% c.l.) is
observed in the emission from the whole cluster (r<0.6r500), that could be
parametrized as Z=A*(1+z)^(-0.8+/-0.5). Dividing the emission in 3 radial bins,
no significant evidence of abundance evolution could be observed fitting the
data with a power-law. A substantial agreement with measures presented in
previous works is found. The error-weighted mean of the spatially resolved
abundances in 3 redshift bins is consistent to be constant with z. Although the
large error bars in the measure of the weighted-mean abundance prevent us from
claiming any significant spatially resolved evolution, the trend with z in the
0.15-0.4r500 radial bin complements nicely the measures of Maughan et al., and
broadly agrees with theoretical predictions. We also found that the data points
derived from the spatially resolved analysis are well fitted by the relation
Z(r,z)=Z0*(1+(r/0.15r500)^2)^(-a)*((1+z)/1.6)^(-gamma), showing a significant
negative trend of Z with the radius and no significant evolution with the
redshift. The present study is the first attempt made to spatially resolve the
evolution of abundance with redshift. However, the sample size and the low
statistics associated with most of the clusters in the sample prevents us to
draw any statistically significant conclusion on the different evolutionary
path that the different regions of the clusters may have traversed.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, A&A in press, minor changes (language editing
Local Starbursts in a Cosmological Context
In this contribution I introduce some of the major issues that motivate the
conference, with an emphasis on how starbursts fit into the ``big picture''. I
begin by defining starbursts in several different ways, and discuss the merits
and limitations of these definitions. I will argue that the most physically
useful definition of a starburst is its ``intensity'' (star formation rate per
unit area). This is the most natural parameter to compare local starbursts with
physically similar galaxies at high redshift, and indeed I will argue that
local starbursts are unique laboratories to study the processes at work in the
early universe. I will describe how NASA's GALEX mission has uncovered a rare
population of close analogs to Lyman Break Galaxies in the local universe. I
will then compare local starbursts to the Lyman-Break and sub-mm galaxies high
redshift populations, and speculate that the multidimensional ``manifold'' of
starbursts near and far can be understood largely in terms of the
Schmidt/Kennicutt law and galaxy mass-metallicity relation. I will briefly
summarize he properties of starburst-driven galactic superwinds and their
possible implications for the evolution of galaxies and the IGM. These complex
multiphase flows are best studied in nearby starbursts, where we can study the
the hot X-ray gas that contains the bulk of the energy and newly produced
metals.Comment: Proceedings of the Conference "Starbursts: Fropm 30 Doradus to Lyman
Break Galaxies
Elevated arousal at time of decision-making is not the arbiter of risk avoidance in chickens
The somatic marker hypothesis proposes that humans recall previously experienced physiological responses to aid decision-making under uncertainty. However, little is known about the mechanisms used by non-human animals to integrate risk perception with predicted gains and losses. We monitored the behaviour and physiology of chickens when the choice between a high-gain (large food quantity), high-risk (1 in 4 probability of receiving an air-puff) option (HGRAP) or a low-gain (small food quantity), no-risk (of an air-puff) (LGNAP) option. We assessed when arousal increased by considering different stages of the decision-making process (baseline, viewing, anticipation, reward periods) and investigated whether autonomic responses influenced choice outcome both immediately and in the subsequent trial. Chickens were faster to choose and their heart-rate significantly increased between the viewing and anticipation (post-decision, pre-outcome) periods when selecting the HGRAP option. This suggests that they responded physiologically to the impending risk. Additionally, arousal was greater following a HGRAP choice that resulted in an air-puff, but this did not deter chickens from subsequently choosing HGRAP. In contrast to human studies, we did not find evidence that somatic markers were activated during the viewing period, suggesting that arousal is not a good measure of avoidance in non-human animals
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