Provision of voluntary surgical sterilization in the Campinas Metropolitan Area, Sao Paulo State, Brazil: perceptions of public health services managers and professionals

This study describes the perceptions of public health services managers and professionals concerning provision of voluntary surgical sterilization in the Campinas Metropolitan Area, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. The study adopted a qualitative approach in four municipalities (counties), where semi-structured interviews were conducted with 26 health professionals and health services managers involved in the provision of surgical sterilization. The interviewees identified difficulties in scheduling visits at Outpatient Family Clinics or Reference Centers (APF/CR), and the number of available surgeries in the accredited hospitals was insufficient. They emphasized the lack of physical infrastructure and human resources for conducting family planning activities in the primary health units as well as in the APF/CR. They also criticized the legal criteria for authorizing surgical sterilization, and mentioned adaptations to make them more appropriate to the each municipality's situation. According to the health services managers and professionals, despite the efforts, meeting the demand for surgical sterilization in the Campinas Metropolitan Area was jeopardized by its centralization in the APF/CR, which in practice had to cover the gap in family planning activities in each municipality's primary care units.25362563

Development of microsatellite markers for identifying Brazilian Coffea arabica varieties

Microsatellite markers, also known as SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats), have proved to be excellent tools for identifying variety and determining genetic relationships. A set of 127 SSR markers was used to analyze genetic similarity in twenty five Coffea arabica varieties. These were composed of nineteen commercially important Brazilians and six interspecific hybrids of Coffea arabica, Coffea canephora and Coffealiberica. The set used comprised 52 newly developed SSR markers derived from microsatellite enriched libraries, 56 designed on the basis of coffee SSR sequences available from public databases, 6 already published, and 13 universal chloroplast microsatellite markers. Only 22 were polymorphic, these detecting 2-7 alleles per marker, an average of 2.5. Based on the banding patterns generated by polymorphic SSR loci, the set of twenty-five coffee varieties were clustered into two main groups, one composed of only Brazilian varieties, and the other of interspecific hybrids, with a few Brazilians. Color mutants could not be separated. Clustering was in accordance with material genealogy thereby revealing high similarity

Reconstrução cirúrgica tubária e condições de realização das laqueaduras

Objetivou-se verificar idade materna, número de filhos, tipo de parto concomitante à laqueadura e prática anticoncepcional que a antecedeu; e identificar as razões que motivaram essas mulheres à laqueadura e à reconstrução cirúrgica tubária. Estudo transversal, de campo, realizado em ambulatório público de infertilidade de Fortaleza, Ceará, com 13 mulheres. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista, de janeiro a abril de 2009. Laqueaduras foram realizadas em mulheres com menos de 25 anos, menos de dois filhos, sem conhecimento e acesso aos métodos anticoncepcionais e na ocasião do parto. As mulheres apresentaram a negligência masculina com o exercício da paternidade, o desejo de não querer ter mais filhos e a pressão da patroa ou familiares como razões para laquearem. Para 11 mulheres, a mudança de cônjuge foi decisiva na busca pela reconstrução cirúrgica tubária, uma perpetuação do poder masculino à tomada de decisão das mulheres no campo reprodutivo

Voluntary surgical sterilization in Greater Metropolitan Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, before and after legal regulation of the procedure

This cross-sectional study compared the provision of surgical sterilization in public health services in Greater Metropolitan Campinas, Sao Paulo State, Brazil, and the characteristics of women and men who underwent sterilization before and after its legal regulation. Structured and pre-tested questionnaires were applied to 398 women, 15 directors of municipal family planning programs, and 15 coordinators of basic health units. Eight municipalities in Greater Metropolitan Campinas provided tubal ligation and nine performed vasectomy. Approximately half reported following the guidelines of the prevailing family planning legislation. There were no significant differences before or after legal regulation in terms of the characteristics of women and men sterilized or the waiting time for surgery, Most tubal ligations were still performed in combination with cesarean sections (the additional payment for sterilization had decreased, but the difference was not significant). There is strong evidence that in Greater Metropolitan Campinas the changes expected from legal regulation of surgical sterilization did not materialize. Although progress has been made, several distortions still need to be corrected.23122906291

Epidemics scenarios in the ‘‘Romantic Network’’

The networks of sexual contacts together with temporal interactions play key roles in the spread of sexually transmitted infections. Unfortunately, data for this kind of network is scarce. One of the few exceptions, the ‘‘Romantic network’’, is a complete structure of a real sexual network in a high school. Based on many network measurements the authors of the work have concluded that it does not correspond to any other model network. Regarding the temporal structure, several studies indicate that relationship timing can have an effect on the diffusion throughout networks, as relationship order determines transmission routes. The aim is to check if the particular structure, static and dynamic, of the Romantic network is determinant for the propagation of an STI. We performed simulations in two scenarios: the static network where all contacts are available and the dynamic case where contacts evolve over time. In the static case, we compared the epidemic results in the Romantic network with some paradigmatic topologies. In the dynamic scenario, we considered the dynamics of formation of pairs in the Romantic network and we studied the propagation of the diseases. Our results suggest that although this real network cannot be labeled as a Watts-Strogatz network, it is, in regard to the propagation of an STI, very similar to a high disorder network. Additionally, we found that: the effect that any individual contacting an externally infected subject is to make the network closer to a fully connected one, the higher the contact degree of patient zero the faster the spread of the outbreaks, and the epidemic impact is proportional to the numbers of contacts per unit time. Finally, our simulations confirm that relationship timing severely reduced the final outbreak size, and also, show a clear correlation between the average degree and the outbreak size over time

Active multistage coarsening of actin networks driven by myosin motors

In cells, many vital processes involve myosin-driven motility that actively remodels the actin cytoskeleton and changes cell shape. Here we study how the collective action of myosin motors organizes actin filaments into contractile structures in a simplified model system devoid of biochemical regulation. We show that this self-organization occurs through an active multistage coarsening process. First, motors form dense foci by moving along the actin network structure followed by coalescence. Then the foci accumulate actin filaments in a shell around them. These actomyosin condensates eventually cluster due to motor-driven coalescence. We propose that the physical origin of this multistage aggregation is the highly asymmetric load response of actin filaments: they can support large tensions but buckle easily under piconewton compressive loads. Because the motor-generated forces well exceed this threshold, buckling is induced on the connected actin network that resists motor-driven filament sliding. We show how this buckling can give rise to the accumulation of actin shells around myosin foci and subsequent coalescence of foci into superaggregates. This new physical mechanism provides an explanation for the formation and contractile dynamics of disordered condensed actomyosin states observed in vivo