Dissociation energy and long-range potential of diatomic molecules from vibrational spacings - The halogens

Dissociation energy and long-range potential of diatomic molecules from vibrational spacings, halogen

SAY HAY AND HAY WEST: CHARITY, GOVERNMENT AND FARMER RESPONSES TO THE 2002 DROUGHT IN WESTERN CANADA

Crop Production/Industries,

Contract farming and standards for a better market integration: two case studies in Costa Rica

1) Introduction (who and where) Integration to both domestic and international dynamic markets is still crucial for medium and small-sized producers in emerging economies. This market integration is determined by several endogenous and exogenous conditions with respect to producers themselves, which yields different levels of success within a specific sector. Transaction costs, price uncertainty, and lack of confidence along the agri-chain are some of the structural problems that hinder a better integration. As the agricultural policy over the past 20 years has been strongly biased toward the promotion of export-oriented cash crops, with little attention to important food crops for the Costa Rican population (i.e. rice, beans, horticulture in general). In the long term, food security in Costa Rica may be endangered by transaction costs and lack of a real public policy in this matter, while the country may progressively depend on the import of partially or totally processed food. Contract farming and the implementation of grades and standards (G&S) are two important instruments aimed to gain a better market integration. Contract farming has been mentioned in the literature as an instrument to considerably reduce transaction costs, and provide a better institutional environment for integration small and medium-sized producers into the market. On the other hand, G & S becomes an important complement of contracts for compliance of several clue issues, such as regularity and confidence on extrinsic products' characteristics (biosecurity, environmental effects), and improvement of social conditions at primary production level. Under certain conditions, both instruments can be part of a successful strategy to integrate producers into dynamic chains and assure sustainable production. Nevertheless, synergies and competition between contract and G&S strategy has been poorly documented. 2) Objective of the action (what) In this presentation we analyze two different agri-chains with different market orientations: chayote (Sechium edule Sw.) for both domestic and international markets; and pineapple (Ananas sativus (Lindl) Schult.) oriented toward international market. In the first case, G&S are less developed than in the second case, while in both cases they manage verbal procurement contracts. Moreover, both sectors are subject of low public regulation and receive little support from the Government. With an historical perspective, we analyze the level and configuration of market integration in each case and the role played by contracts and G&S in the sustainability of this integration. We focus on successful experiences and points out policy recommendations for further improvements. 3) Implementation process (how) For a successful implementation of both instruments (contracts and G&S) producers would require certain stable market relationship with a export/processing buyer, where flows of information regarding product specification goes from the buyer to the producer, while in the opposite direction the produce is delivered according the quality conditions (G&S), at the required volume and timing (contracts). A successful contractual relationship should be a "play of two", where the transference of risk, rights and obligations would conduct to a stable market integration. 4) Key points of success o Technical assistance provided by the buyer is the most successful mechanism to assure the right information goes to produces and monitor compliance of contracts and G&S. Important issues here are to gain maximum product coordination and avoid producers' default o Successful contracts should function as provider of insurance and incentives to producer, which in turn should yield effects in terms of equity (access to markets), and efficiency and sustainability of the market relationship. o Attitude, transparency, frequency and loyalty are key important issues to sustain a contractual relationship between two part

Permeability of a one-dimensional potential barrier

Permeability of one dimensional potential barrie

Shape resonances and rotationally predissociating levels - The atomic collision time delay functions and quasibound level properties of H2 /Chi /1 Sigma g plus//

Atomic collision time delay functions and quasibound level properties of ground state of molecular hydroge

Crédit et production agricole dans la vallée du fleuve Sénégal

Credit and agricultural production in the Senegal Valley. Which role does credit play in a changing agriculture after the introduction of irrigation and rice cropping ? North Senegal is provid-ing an original answer in the context of economic liberalization and world food crisis.Quel rôle joue le crédit dans une agriculture en pleine mutation, suite à l'introduction de l'irrigation et de la culture du riz ? Le nord du Sénégal apporte une réponse originale, dans le contexte de libéralisation de son économie, puis de crise alimentaire mondiale

Spectroscopic reassignment and ground state dissociation energy of molecular iodine

Spectroscopic reassignment and ground state dissociation energy of molecular iodin

A Z_3-graded generalization of supermatrices

We introduce Z_3-graded objects which are the generalization of the more familiar Z_2-graded objects that are used in supersymmetric theories and in many models of non-commutative geometry. First, we introduce the Z_3-graded Grassmann algebra, and we use this object to construct the Z_3-matrices, which are the generalizations of the supermatrices. Then, we generalize the concepts of supertrace and superdeterminant