International and Product Diversification:Which Strategy Suits Family Managers

This paper explores the impact of family and professional managers on performance and how this relationship is affected by international and product diversification. Using a dataset of 262 German firms from 2000 to 2009, we find that an increasing proportion of family managers on the management board is associated with higher performance. This relationship is negatively moderated by higher levels of international diversification but reinforced by increased product diversification due to differences in the human and social capital between family and professional managers. Firms with a significant presence of family members on the top management team (TMT) face a choice of either adopting a corporate strategy that runs counter to “global-focusing” or adjusting the balance of family and professional managers in the TMT. Managerial summary Deciding the extent of family involvement on the executive team is a key strategic decision. While our research supports the general proposition that family managers will enhance performance we show they don't have the same positive impact in all situations. More precisely, we show that family managers are more suited to lead diversification than internationalization. If a family firm wants to go international it therefore is sensible to increase the proportion of professional managers on the executive team. Diversifying into new product markets, however, does not require outside expertise commonly associated with professional managers

Experiences of HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) among highly exposed men who have sex with men (MSM)

International audienc

X-Rays as a sensitive method for the studies of long bones of leg periosteal lesions in leprosy

International audienc

"°X-Rays as a sensitive method for the studies of long bones of leg periosteal lesions in leprosy "

International audienc

"°X-Rays as a sensitive method for the studies of long bones of leg periosteal lesions in leprosy "

International audienc

X-Rays as a sensitive method for the studies of long bones of leg periosteal lesions in leprosy

International audienc

Les Orthohantavirus du Nouveau Monde

International audienceHantavirus infections, whose genus has recently been renamed Orthohantavirus of the Hantaviridae family, are zoonoses transmitted by rodents that cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in humans in Europe and Asia (Old World Orthohantavirus), or Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HPCS) in the Americas (New World Orthohantavirus). As a recent infectious disease, it is a cause for concern both because of its seriousness and because of the emergence of new species. In only thirty years, no fewer than thirty species have been discovered, with numerous reservoirs, and a risk of increased contact between humans and the reservoir as a result of global changes (deforestation, urbanization, agriculture, climate change). Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic research is attempting to find ways to predict or even limit the occurrence of severe forms. In the absence of any specific treatment, prevention and symptomatic management of organ failures remain essential.Les infections à hantavirus, dont le genre a récemment été renommé Orthohantavirus de la famille des Hantaviridae, sont des zoonoses transmises par des rongeurs responsables chez l'Homme soit d'une fièvre hémorragique avec syndrome rénal (FHSR) en Europe et en Asie (Orthohantavirus de l'Ancien Monde), soit d'un syndrome pulmonaire à hantavirus (SPH) ou syndrome cardio-pulmonaire à hantavirus (SCPH) dans les Amériques (Orthohantavirus du Nouveau Monde). Maladie infectieuse récente, elle inquiète autant par sa gravité que par l’émergence de nouvelles espèces. En trente ans, ont été découverts pas moins de trente espèces et de nombreux réservoirs, de nouvelles localisations, et on note un risque d'augmentation de contacts entre l'Homme et le réservoir par les changements globaux (déforestation, urbanisation, agriculture, climat). La recherche fondamentale, clinique et thérapeutique tente de trouver des moyens de prédire, voire de limiter, la survenue de formes sévères. En l'absence de traitement spécifique, la prévention et le support des défaillances restent primordiaux

Atypical ocular manifestation of primary varicella zoster virus infection as the first manifestation of AIDS

International audienc

Intermittent two-drug antiretroviral therapies maintain long-term viral suppression in real life in highly experienced HIV-infected patients

International audienceObjectives: To assess in real life whether two-drug regimens (2-DRs) given 4-5 days a week in virally suppressed patients can maintain viral suppression over 48 and 96 weeks.Methods: This observational single-centre study enrolled all patients who initiated an intermittent 2-DR between 01/01/2016 and 30/06/2019. The primary outcome was the rate of virological failure (VF), defined as confirmed plasma viral load (pVL) ≥50 copies/mL or single pVL ≥50 copies/mL followed by ART change at week 48 (W48) and W96. Secondary outcomes were the 2-DR intermittent strategy success rate (pVL <50 copies/mL with no ART change), change in CD4 count, CD4/CD8 ratio and rate of residual viraemia.Results: Eighty-five patients were included; 67/85 (79%) were men, median age = 57 years (IQR = 50-63), CD4 nadir = 233 cells/mm3 (110-327), ART duration = 21 years (13-24), duration of virological suppression = 6.5 years (3.7-10.8) and CD4 count = 658 cells/mm3 (519-867). Intermittent 2-DRs consisted of integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)/NNRTI (58%), INSTI/NRTI (13%), two NRTIs (11%), PI/NRTI (7%) and other combinations (11%). The median follow-up was 90 weeks (IQR = 64-111). Overall, four VFs occurred, leading to a virological success rate of 98.8% (95% CI = 93.6-100) at W48 and 95.3% (95% CI = 88.4-98.7) at W96. Resuming the same 2-DR 7 days a week led to viral resuppression in three patients, whereas the M184V mutation emerged in one patient, leading to ART modification. There was no significant change in the CD4 count or residual viraemia rate, but a small increase in the CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.009) occurred over the study period.Conclusions: This observational study shows the potential for intermittent 2-DRs to maintain a high virological success rate, which should be assessed in larger prospective randomized studies