Evaluación de la Severidad de la Enfermedad Periodontal en Dientes Premolares Superiores en Comparación a los Dientes Premolares Inferiores en Pacientes Caninos

The aim of the present study was to assess the severity of periodontal disease in upper premolars compared to the lower premolars in canine patients older than one year old at the Small Animal Clinic of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, during the period October 2012 to March 2013. All teeth of 54 dogs were evaluated using the Veterinary Periodontal Index to stablish the presence and severity of periodontal disease. The results showed that 81.5% of dogs had some degree of periodontal disease and 40% of teeth were affected with some degree of periodontal disease. Moreover, there was an association between the presence of periodontal disease in tooth premolars and the maxillary or mandibular region, where periodontal disease was more frequent in the upper premolars.El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la severidad de la enfermedad periodontal en dientes premolares superiores en comparación a los premolares inferiores en pacientes caninos mayores de un año de edad en la Clínica de Animales Menores de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos durante el periodo octubre de 2012 a marzo de 2013. Se evaluaron todas las piezas dentarias de 54 canes mediante el Índice Veterinario Periodontal para establecer la presencia y severidad de enfermedad periodontal. El 81.5% de los perros presentaron algún grado de enfermedad periodontal y el 40% de los dientes estuvo afectados con algún grado de enfermedad periodontal. Asimismo, existe asociación entre la presencia de la enfermedad periodontal en dientes premolares y la arcada dentaria maxilar o mandibular, encontrándose que la enfermedad periodontal fue mayor en los dientes premolares superiores

Rancidity development during the chilled storage of farmed Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

7 páginas, 4 figuras, 2 tablasCoho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) is a fatty fish species whose farming production has greatly increased in recent years. Lipid damage produced during Coho salmon chilled storage was studied for up to 24 d. Lipid hydrolysis (free fatty acids, FFA) and oxidation (conjugated dienes; peroxide value, PV; thiobarbituric acid index, TBA-i; fluorescent compounds formation, FR; browning development) were determined and compared to lipid composition (polyene index, PI; astaxanthin, AX) changes and sensory assessment (rancid odour development) results. Most lipid damage indices developed slowly during storage; thus, values obtained for FFA, PV, TBA-i and FR were in all cases under 1.5 g/100 g, 4.0 meq oxygen/kg lipid, 0.40 mg malondialdehyde/kg muscle and 0.40, respectively. Odour assessment showed a significant (p <0.05) rancidity development at day 10, when compared to starting fish material; then, non-acceptable values were obtained at days 19 and 24. The PI analysis showed not many differences during the storage time, with the lowest mean value at day 19. AX analysis indicated a relatively high content in the white muscle, which was maintained till the end of the experiment. A low oxidation development is concluded for Coho salmon lipids when compared to other fatty fish species under the same chilling conditions. AX was found to contribute to the oxidation stability of Coho salmon lipids, due to its free radical scavenger propertiesPeer reviewe

MECANISMO DE INFECCIÓN Y TRANSFORMACIÓN NEOPLÁSICA PRODUCIDO POR VIRUS PAPILOMA HUMANO EN EL EPITELIO CERVICAL

Se presenta una revisión bibliográfica del mecanismo de infección y transformación neoplásica producida por el virus papiloma humano, de alto riesgo oncogénico, en el epitelio cervical. Se expone la interacción cápside receptor, internalización celular, expresión de genes tempranos, integración del genoma viral al de la célula huésped y algunos mecanismos vinculados a la proliferación y desarrollo neoplásic

Bad governance:How privatization increases corruption in the developing world

International organizations have become key actors in the fight against corruption. Among these organizations, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) maintains a powerful position over borrowing countries in its ability to mandate far‐ranging policy reforms – so‐called “conditionalities” – in exchange for access to financial assistance. While IMF pressure can force the implementation of anti‐corruption policies, potentially reducing corruption, other IMF policy measures, such as the privatization of state‐owned enterprises, can create rent‐extraction opportunities and limit the capacity of state institutions to limit corrupt behavior. To test these mechanisms, we conduct instrumental‐variable regression analysis using an original dataset on IMF conditionality for up to 141 developing countries from 1982 to 2014. We find that conditions to privatize state‐owned enterprises exert significant detrimental effects on corruption control. Conversely, other areas of IMF intervention are not consistently related to corruption abatement. These findings offer policy lessons regarding the design of conditionality, which should avoid large‐scale privatization, especially under conditions of weak accountability

Modelling phenolic and technological maturities of grapes by means of the multivariate relation between organoleptic and physicochemical properties

The ripeness of grapes at the harvest time is one of the most important parameters for obtaining high quality red wines. Traditionally the decision of harvesting is to be taken only after analysing sugar concentration, titratable acidity and pH of the grape juice (technological maturity). However, these parameters only provide information about the pulp ripeness and overlook the real degree of skins and seeds maturities (phenolic maturity). Both maturities, technological and phenolic, are not simultaneously reached, on the contrary they tend to separate depending on several factors: grape variety, cultivar, adverse weather conditions, soil, water availability and cultural practices. Besides, this divergence is increasing as a consequence of the climate change (larger quantities of CO2, less rain, and higher temperatures). 247 samples collected in vineyards representative of the qualified designation of origin Rioja from 2007 to 2011 have been analysed. Samples contain the four grape varieties usual in the elaboration of Rioja wines (‘tempranillo’, ‘garnacha’, ‘mazuelo’ and ‘graciano’). The present study is the first systematic investigation on the maturity of grapes that includes the organoleptic evaluation of the degree of grapes maturity (sugars/acidity maturity, aromatic maturity of the pulp, aromatic maturity of the skins and tannins maturity) together with the values of the physicochemical parameters (probable alcohol degree, total acidity, pH, malic acid, K, total index polyphenolics, anthocyans, absorbances at 420, 520 and 620 nm, colour index and tartaric acid) determined over the same samples. A varimax rotation of the latent variables of a PLS model between the physicochemical variables and the mean of four sensory variables allows identifying both maturities. Besides, the position of the samples in the first plane defines the effect that the different factors exert on both phenolic and technological maturitiesMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (CTQ2011-26022) and Junta de Castilla y León (BU108A11-2