Detection and Selection of Behavioral Patterns Using Theme: A Concrete Example in Grassroots Soccer

Observational methodology provides a rigorous yet flexible framework for capturing behaviors over time to allow for the performance of subsequent diachronic analyses of the data captured. Theme is a specialized software program that detects hidden temporal behavioral patterns (T-patterns) within data sets. It is increasingly being used to analyze performance in soccer and other sports. The aim of this study was to show how to select and interpret T-patterns generated by the application of three “quantitative” sort options in Theme and three “qualitative” filters established by the researchers. These will be used to investigate whether 7-a-side (F7) or 8-a-side (F8) soccer is best suited to the learning and skills development needs of 7- and 8-year-old male soccer players. The information contained in the T-patterns generated allowed us to characterize patterns of play in children in this age group. For both formats, we detected technical-tactical behaviors showing that children of this age have difficulty with first-touch actions and controlling the ball after a throw-in. We also found that ball control followed by a pass or a shot at the goal are common in the central corridor of the pitch. Further, depth of play is achieved by ball control, followed by dribbling and a pass or shot. In F8, we saw that depth of play was achieved through ball control, followed by dribbling and passing of one or more opponents leading to a pass or shot. However, in F7, we saw that players succeeded in advancing from their goal area to the rival goal area through a sequence of actions.Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion del Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad DEP2015-66069-P Avances metodologicos y tecnologicos en el estudio observacional del comportamiento deportivo (Secretaria de Estado de Investigacion, Desarrollo e Innovacion del Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad) PSI2015-71947-REDT University of La RiojaPeer Reviewe

Fútbol: efectos de una unidad didáctica en la iniciación temprana

La iniciación temprana en el fútbol, que ya es habitual, ha justificado propuestas de adaptación que pretenden facilitar el primer contacto del niño con este deporte. Los especialistas coinciden en señalar al fútbol 3 como la propuesta de juego más recomendable en la iniciación al fútbol, al ser la unidad mínima que permite el desarrollo de todos los principios del juego. El presente trabajo pretende analizar el efecto, en el desempeño técnico del jugador prebenjamín, de una unidad didáctica construida para garantizar el respeto a estos principios, a partir de unas premisas de juego que fomentan la superioridad numérica del equipo en fase ofensiva. Mediante modelos de regresión logística simple se ha analizado la calidad –adaptación (al proceso formativo del niño) y éxito (si implica continuidad del ataque –pase acertado– o supone tiro)– de los contactos técnicos realizados por el jugador de categoría prebenjamín en el juego de fútbol 3, antes y después de la realización de la unidad didáctica. Se ha constatado que la unidad didáctica objeto de estudio mejora la calidad del desempeño técnico del jugador de categoría prebenjamín

Observational Studies in Male Elite Football: A Systematic Mixed Study Review

Objective: This systematic mixed study review, focuses on the use of observation methodology in elite men's football matches, which constitutes an innovative approach, that opens up a new panorama of useful and productive research. Method: The methods used in this study follow the recommendations for systematic reviews and meta-analysis guidelines (PRISMA). The search was carried out in five databases. Ninety-four articles out of 3,195 were selected and analyzed. In order to achieve a quality assessment, the guide was used to inform evaluations based on observation methodology (GREOM) (Portell et al., 2015), recognized by the EQUATOR network. Results: From the methodological review analysis, information obtained indicates that 97% of the researches used direct observation and 3% indirect observation. On the other hand, 56.5% of the articles explain the instrument used and 77% justify the applied observational design. A quantitative comparison of the proportions was made in several methodological aspects, which resulted in only 15.21% reviewing the quality of the data, and that 67.3% of the articles contributed to the mixed methods approach. The methodological review allowed us to establish procedural profiles. The results indicate that 67% of the articles have been published in English, and of these, 77% were published in journals that have an impact factor. The majority of the researchers, 53.26%, belong to Spanish entities. The most studied substantive aspects were goal (34%), possession of the ball (28%), and corner (27%). The most observed events were Leagues, World Cups, individual players and other events. Conclusions: The results obtained refer to both substantive and methodological aspects and allow us to configure a systematic review of mixed studies, in which we emphasize the aspects of a "systematic review" and a "mixed study," within an integrated perspective

Análise sequencial da interação entre o jogador e o guarda-redes nos pontapés de penálti

Within the observational methodology, an analysis of the interaction between kickers and goalkeepers has been carried out, in penalty kicks taken in international team competitions, which allows the goalkeeper to obtain relevant information about the area of the goal to which the kick is going to be directed from the information perceived at different moments of the kick. Data recording and coding was carried out using LINCE software. The record, based on the observation instrument, is structured around four critical frames and possible conditional frames. The reliability of the records was guaranteed by intra-observer and inter-observer agreement, using Cohen's Kappa coefficient. A lag sequential analysis has been carried out, which has been facilitated by the diachronic structure of the record. Based on the results of this analysis, it concluded with a series of relevant guidelines that can be used by goalkeeping coaches to help their goalkeepers to face a penalty kick, considering the information of the context of the penalty kick, of the moment in which the kicker starts his approach to the ball, the interaction between the kicker and the goalkeeper, the moment in which the non-dominant leg of the kicker makes his last support before the kick, and the moment in which the kicker hits the ball.En el seno de la metodología observacional se ha realizado un análisis de la interacción entre lanzadores y porteros, en penaltis ejecutados en competiciones internacionales de selecciones, que permita al portero obtener información relevante sobre la zona de la portería a la que va a ir dirigido el lanzamiento a partir de la información extraída en diferentes momentos del lanzamiento. El registro y codificación de los datos se ha realizado mediante el software LINCE. El registro, a partir del instrumento de observación, se vertebra por cuatro critical frames y de posibles conditional frames. Se ha garantizado la fiabilidad de los registros mediante concordancia intra-observador e inter-observadores, utilizando el coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Se ha realizado un análisis secuencial de retardos que se ha visto facilitado por la estructura diacrónica del registro. Fruto de los resultados de este análisis se concluye con una serie de pautas relevantes que puedan servir a entrenadores de porteros para ayudar a sus porteros a afrontar un lanzamiento de penalti, considerando la información del contexto del penalti, del momento en el que el lanzador comienza su aproximación al balón, de la interacción mantenida entre lanzador y portero, del momento en que la pierna no dominante del lanzador hace su último apoyo antes del golpeo, y del momento en que el lanzador golpea el balón.No âmbito da metodologia observacional, foi realizada uma análise da interação entre os cobradores e os guarda-redes, em penalidades cobradas em competições internacionais de seleções nacionais, o que permite ao guarda-redes obter informações relevantes sobre a zona da meta para a qual o pontapé vai ser dirigido a partir das informações extraídas em diferentes momentos do tiro. O registo e a codificação dos dados foram efectuados com recurso ao software LINCE. O registo, a partir do instrumento de observação, baseia-se em quatro quadros críticos e possíveis quadros condicionais. A fiabilidade dos registos foi garantida através da concordância intra-observador e inter-observador, utilizando o coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Foi realizada uma análise sequencial, facilitada pela estrutura diacrónica do registo. Como resultado dos resultados desta análise, concluímos com uma série de orientações relevantes que podem ser utilizadas pelos treinadores de guarda-redes para ajudar os seus guarda-redes a enfrentar um penalti, considerando a informação do contexto do penalti, o momento em que o rematador inicia a sua aproximação à bola, a interação entre o rematador e o guarda-redes, o momento em que a perna não dominante do rematador faz o seu último apoio antes do remate, e o momento em que o rematador bate a bola

Análise sequencial da interação entre o jogador e o guarda-redes nos pontapés de penálti

Within the observational methodology, an analysis of the interaction between kickers and goalkeepers has been carried out, in penalty kicks taken in international team competitions, which allows the goalkeeper to obtain relevant information about the area of the goal to which the kick is going to be directed from the information perceivedat different moments of the kick. Data recording and coding was carried out using LINCE software. The record, based on the observation instrument, is structured around four critical frames and possible conditional frames. The reliability of the records was guaranteed by intra-observer and inter-observer agreement, using Cohen's Kappa coefficient. A lag sequential analysis has been carried out, which has been facilitated by the diachronic structure of the record. Based on the results of this analysis, it concluded with a series of relevant guidelines that can be used by goalkeeping coaches to help their goalkeepers to face a penalty kick, considering the information of the context of the penalty kick, of the moment in which the kicker starts his approach to the ball, the interaction between the kicker and the goalkeeper, the moment in which the non-dominant leg of the kicker makes his last support before the kick, and the moment in which the kicker hits the ballEn el seno de la metodología observacional se ha realizado un análisis de la interacción entre lanzadores y porteros, en penaltis ejecutados en competiciones internacionales de selecciones, que permita al portero obtener información relevante sobre la zona de la portería a la que va a ir dirigido el lanzamiento a partir de la información extraída en diferentes momentos del lanzamiento. El registro y codificación de los datos se ha realizado mediante el software LINCE. El registro, a partir del instrumento de observación, se vertebra porcuatro critical framesy de posibles conditional frames. Se ha garantizado la fiabilidad de los registros mediante concordancia intra-observador e inter-observadores, utilizando el coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Se ha realizado un análisis secuencial de retardos que se ha visto facilitado por la estructura diacrónica del registro. Fruto de los resultados de este análisis se concluye con una serie de pautas relevantes que puedan servir a entrenadores de porteros para ayudar a sus porteros a afrontar un lanzamiento de penalti, considerando la información del contexto del penalti, del momento en el que el lanzador comienza su aproximación al balón, de la interacción mantenida entre lanzador y portero, del momento en que la pierna no dominante del lanzador hace su último apoyo antes del golpeo, y del momento en que el lanzador golpea el balón.No âmbito da metodologia observacional, foi realizada uma análise da interação entre os cobradores e os guarda-redes, em penalidades cobradas em competições internacionais de seleções nacionais, o que permite ao guarda-redes obter informações relevantes sobre a zona da meta para a qual o pontapé vai ser dirigido a partir das informações extraídas em diferentes momentos do tiro. O registo e a codificação dos dados foram efectuados com recurso ao software LINCE. O registo, a partir do instrumento de observação, baseia-se em quatro quadros críticos e possíveis quadros condicionais. A fiabilidade dos registos foi garantida através da concordância intra-observador e inter-observador, utilizando o coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Foi realizada uma análise sequencial, facilitada pela estrutura diacrónica do registo. Como resultado dos resultados desta análise, concluímos com uma série de orientações relevantes que podem ser utilizadas pelos treinadores de guarda-redes para ajudar os seus guarda-redes a enfrentar um penalti, considerando a informação do contexto do penalti, o momento em que o rematador inicia a sua aproximação à bola, a interação entre o rematador e o guarda-redes, o momento em que a perna não dominante do rematador faz o seu último apoio antes do remate, e o momento em que o rematador bate a bola

Analysis of diachronic relationships in successful and unsuccessful behaviors by world fencing champions using three complementary techniques

The aim of this study was to investigate diachronic relationships in successful and unsuccessful behaviors by world fencing champions using three complementary techniques: T-pattern analysis, lag sequential analysis, and polar coordinate analysis. We employed a nomothetic, point, multidimensional observational design in which we analyzed 24 bouts fenced by six world fencing champions in 2014. The actions were recorded and coded using LINCE software. The results revealed a series of behaviors that were significantly associated with successful outcomes, and also identified actions that contributed to poorer performance. One key conclusion to be drawn from the study is that the use of these complementary techniques is perfectly feasible and holds great potential in the field of sport. Lag sequen tial analysis of occurrences at lag 0 (co-occurrences) and analysis of basic T-patterns provided tactical insights into the different fencing actions em ployed. This analysis is focused on the actions and reactions of each fencer and his rival during each exchange. Insights into combat strategy, by con trast, were provided by lag sequential analysis of occurrences at lags -1 to -5 and lags +1 to +5, analysis of T-pattern clusters, and polar coordinate analysis. In the last case, we observed how prospective and retrospective behaviors, reflected in the modification or extension of certain behaviors during each bout, improved the efficacy of actions performed throughout the competition.El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las posibles relaciones diacrónicas en las conductas de éxito y fracaso en campeones del mundo de esgrima desde tres técnicas analíticas complementarias: detección de T patterns, análisis secuencial de retardos y análisis de coordenadas polares. Se utilizó un diseño observacional nomotético, puntual y multidimensional en el registro de 24 asaltos de los seis esgrimistas campeones del mundo de 2014. Se utilizó como instrumento de registro el software LINCE. Los resul tados revelaron una serie de comportamientos que estaban estadísticamente asociados con la mejora del rendimiento deportivo y también se identifica ron acciones que contribuyeron a empeorarlo. Una de las principales con clusiones que pueden extraerse de este estudio es que el uso de estas técni cas complementarias de análisis es perfectamente factible y tiene un gran potencial en el ámbito del deporte. El análisis secuencial en el retardo 0 (co ocurrencias) y de las configuraciones básicas de los T-patterns proporcionan conocimientos tácticos sobre las diferentes acciones de esgrima empleadas. Este análisis se produce en el marco de la interacción entre las técnicas eje cutadas por cada tirador y su rival en cada acción del asalto. El análisis se cuencial en los retardos -1 a -5 y +1 a +5, las agrupaciones de clusters de los T-patterns y el análisis de coordenadas polares contribuyen al análisis de la estrategia de combate. En este caso, se observaron cómo las conductas prospectivas y retrospectivas determinaron la consolidación o modificación de ciertos comportamientos durante cada asalto, con el fin de mejorar la eficacia de las acciones realizadas a lo largo de toda la competiciónCiencias de la Actividad Física y del Deport

Análisis observacional del lanzamiento de tiro libre en jugadores de baloncesto base

Observational analysis of the free throw shot made by grassroots basketball players. This article represents an approach to the free throw from the perspective of observational methodology. Faced with the obvious difficulty of transferring quantitative data resulting from the habitual biomechanical studies to everyday sports intervention, an easily accessible observational tool has been produced which, as a main contribution, allows the detection of T-patterns in free-throw shots. As the endorsement of the usefulness of the designed observational tool, an example is presented of the results obtained in a research design that studies a selection of grassroots basketball players (11-12 years).El presente artículo constituye una aproximación al tiro libre de baloncesto desde la perspectiva de la metodología observacional. Ante la dificultad manifiesta para trasladar a la intervención deportiva cotidiana los datos cuantitativos resultantes de los estudios biomecánicos habituales, se ha elaborado una herramienta observacional de gran accesibilidad que, como principal aportación, permite la detección de patrones temporales en los lanzamientos de tiro libre. Como aval de la utilidad de la herramienta observacional diseñada se presenta un ejemplo de los resultados obtenidos en un diseño de investigación que estudia una selección de jugadores de categoría alevín (11-12 años)

Análisis observacional de los movimientos ilegales en la iniciación al ajedrez:: identificando dificultades en el entendimiento del juego

Within the observational methodology, and based on a detailed analysis of FIDE laws of Chess, an observation system has been developed ad hoc for analyzing the illegal moves that children commit in chess. The reliability of the resulting data was confirmed by analysis of interobserver agreement, using Cohen’s kappa statistic. The results of the generalizability study confirmed the generalizability of results and the validity of the observation instrument. A Lag Sequential Analysis was performed to identify significant associations between categorical variables in each of the seven types of illegal movements characterized (castling, pinned, king to threatened square, incorrect movement of piece, promotion, occupation, do not remove check). The results obtained in the analysis of illegal movements, reveal the difficulties that the child finds in the understanding and practice of chess.En el seno de la metodología observacional, y a partir de un pormenorizado análisis del reglamento -Leyes FIDE-, se ha elaborado un sistema de observación ad hoc que permite analizar los movimientos ilegales en el ajedrez de iniciación. La fiabilidad de los datos, en forma de concordancia inter-observadores, se ha garantizado mediante el coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. En el seno de la Teoría de la Generalizabilidad, se han realizado dos planes de medida que han permitido garantizar la generalizabilidad de los resultados obtenidos y la validez del instrumento de observación. Se ha realizado un análisis de residuos ajustados en la búsqueda de relación asociativa entre variables categóricas, en cada uno de los siete tipos de movimientos ilegales caracterizados (enroque; clavada; rey a casilla amenazada; movimiento incorrecto de pieza; promoción del peón; ocupación de casillas; no remover al jaque). Los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los movimientos ilegales, revelan las dificultades que el niño encuentra en el entendimiento y práctica del ajedrez, constituyendo una valiosa información que contribuya a optimizar el proceso de iniciación de los niños en el ajedrez.Dentro da metodologia observacional, e com base em uma análise detalhada dos regulamentos -Leyes FIDE-, um sistema de observação ad hoc foi desenvolvido para analisar os movimentos ilegais no xadrez de iniciação. A confiabilidade dos dados, na forma de concordância interobservador, foi garantida pelo coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Dentro da Teoria da Generalização, foram feitos dois planos de medição que asseguraram a generalização dos resultados obtidos e a validade do instrumento de observação. Uma análise dos resíduos ajustados foi feita na busca por uma relação associativa entre variáveis categóricas, em cada um dos sete tipos de movimentos ilegais caracterizados (roque, craving, rei a quadrado ameaçado, movimento incorreto da peça, promoção do peão, ocupação de caixas, não retire o cheque). Os resultados obtidos na análise de movimentos ilegais, revelam as dificuldades que a criança encontra no entendimento e na prática do xadrez, constituindo uma informação valiosa que contribui para otimizar o processo de iniciação das crianças no xadrez

Germline BRCA pathogenic variants in patients with ovarian cancer and post-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor myeloid neoplasms

Background: Among patients with advanced high-grade ovarian carcinoma (aHGOC) treated with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPis), the presence of a germline BRCA pathogenic variant (gBRCA-PV) BRCA-PV) may increase the risk of bone marrow mutagenesis resulting in postcytotoxic therapy myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDSpCT) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML-pCT), as it is expressed in heterozygosity also by hematopoietic progenitors. We aimed to investigate the occurrence of post-PARPi MDSs/AMLs-pCTs according to gBRCA-PV BRCA-PV status. Patients and methods: We conducted a retrospective single-center study to evaluate MDS/AML-pCT in patients with aHGOC and a known gBRCA-PV BRCA-PV status receiving at least 8 weeks of maintenance PARPi, in any line of therapy, from February 2017 to December 2022. The endpoint was the proportion of patients who experienced MDSs-pCT and AMLs-pCT during and after treatment with PARPi, in gBRCA-PV BRCA-PV carriers and non-carriers. Results: A total of 166 patients were included: 95 (57%) had a gBRCA-PV BRCA-PV and 72% received PARPi for recurrent disease. The number of lines of chemotherapies before and after PARPi, median overall survival, and median follow-up were comparable between gBRCA-PV BRCA-PV carriers and non-carriers. After a median follow-up of 40.0 (95% confidence fi dence interval: 35.7-44.3) months, 10 (6%) patients were diagnosed with an MDS-pCT and 4 (2%) with an AML-pCT. A higher proportion of MDSs/AMLs-pCT (10% versus 2%; P = 0.16) and, in particular, of MDSs-pCT (9% versus 1%; P = 0.04) was observed among gBRCA-PV BRCA-PV carriers. Conclusions: The presence of a gBRCA-PV BRCA-PV is associated with a higher risk of MDS-pCT and possibly of myeloid neoplasms after PARPi in patients with aHGOC who received PARPi, especially in the setting of recurrent disease