El funcionamiento de la firma electronica en el derecho registral y notarial en Chile

65 p.El Funcionamiento de la Firma Electrónica en el Derecho Registral y Notarial, es un tema de gran relevancia legal y social, por la circunstancia que constituye un hito importante dentro de un proceso de modernización del sistema registral y notarial chileno, que afecta a Notarios y Conservadores de Bienes Raíces, los que han debido adaptarse paulatinamente a este proceso innovador. Es por este motivo, que la metodología a utilizar es una investigación mixta, enfocando el tema desde una perspectiva jurídica dogmática, sin dejar de lado, el aspecto realista, utilizando el trabajo de campo, para conocer la realidad social que subyace a toda normativa legal. Finalmente, se pretende demostrar que el funcionamiento del sistema de firma electrónica avanzada, cubre los estándares de confianza y seguridad jurídica./ ABSTRACT: The Functioning of the Electronic Signature in the Registry and Notarized law is a topic of great legal and social relevancy, because it constitutes an important milestone inside a modernization process to the Chilean system of Registry and Notarized, that affects bother Notaries and Real Estate Registrars, who must have adapted gradually to this innovative process. Is for this motive, that the methodology used is a mixed investigation focusing the topic from a juridical dogmatic perspective, without leaving a side, the realistic aspect, using the fieldwork, to know the social reality that underlies any legal regulation. Finally, it will be demonstrate that the functioning of the system of electronic advanced signature covers the confidence standards and juridical safety

Saccharomyces exiguus Uses Kerosene as a Source of Carbon and Energy

Kerosene is a fuel derived from petroleum, a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, which eventually cause environmental pollution. In nature, there are genera and species of aerobic heterotrophic microorganisms, native to all environments, that have the potential capacity to degrade kerosene, such as some genera and species of yeast, to synthesize protein of unicellular origin or to bioaugment the negative environmental impact of kerosene. for the above. The objective of this work was to analyze the ability of Saccharomyces exiguus to use kerosene as a carbon and energy source. For this, S. exiguus was isolated from oil wells, it was grown in 5% kerosene with 1.2% NH4Cl and 50 ppm yeast extract. The growth of S. exiguus in kerosene was analyzed using the response variables: dry weight, protein quantification, and gas chromatography showed the use of kerosene components as a carbon and energy source. The results showed that S. exiguus can use the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons of kerosene as the only source of carbon and energy, this potential is applicable to synthesize unicellular protein or in the recovery of environments impacted by kerosene

Cholecystokinin in the central nervous system of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: precursor identification and neuroanatomical relationships with other neuronal signalling systems

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a neuropeptide that modulates processes such as digestion, satiety, and anxiety. CCK-type peptides have been characterized in jawed vertebrates and invertebrates, but little is known about CCK-type signalling in the most ancient group of vertebrates, the agnathans. Here, we have cloned and sequenced a cDNA encoding a sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus L.) CCK-type precursor (PmCCK), which contains a CCK-type octapeptide sequence (PmCCK-8) that is highly similar to gnathostome CCKs. Using mRNA in situ hybridization, the distribution of PmCCK-expressing neurons was mapped in the CNS of P. marinus. This revealed PmCCK-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, posterior tubercle, prethalamus, nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus, midbrain tegmentum, isthmus, rhombencephalic reticular formation, and the putative nucleus of the solitary tract. Some PmCCK-expressing neuronal populations were only observed in adults, revealing important differences with larvae. We generated an antiserum to PmCCK-8 to enable immunohistochemical analysis of CCK expression, which revealed that GABA or glutamate, but not serotonin, tyrosine hydroxylase or neuropeptide Y, is co-expressed in some PmCCK-8-immunoreactive (ir) neurons. Importantly, this is the first demonstration of co-localization of GABA and CCK in neurons of a non-mammalian vertebrate. We also characterized extensive cholecystokinergic fibre systems of the CNS, including innervation of habenular subnuclei. A conspicuous PmCCK-8-ir tract ascending in the lateral rhombencephalon selectively innervates a glutamatergic population in the dorsal isthmic grey. Interestingly, this tract is reminiscent of the secondary gustatory/visceral tract of teleosts. In conclusion, this study provides important new information on the evolution of the cholecystokinergic system in vertebrates.</p

Areas of natural occurrence of melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811(Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the state of Bahia, Brazil.

The bee Melipona scutellaris is considered the reared meliponine species with the largest distribution in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil, with records from the state of Rio Grande do Norte down to the state of Bahia. Considering the importance of this species in the generation of income for family agriculture and in the preservation of areas with natural vegetation, this study aimed at providing knowledge on the distribution of natural colonies of M. scutellaris in the state of Bahia. Literature information, interviews with stinglessbee beekeepers, and expeditions were conducted to confirm the natural occurrence of the species. A total of 102 municipalities showed records for M. scutellaris, whose occurrence was observed in areas ranging from sea level up to 1,200-meter height. The occurrence of this species in the state of Bahia is considered to be restricted to municipalities on the coastal area and the Chapada Diamantina with its rainforests. Geographic coordinates, elevation, climate and vegetation data were obtained, which allowed a map to be prepared for the area of occurrence in order to support conservation and management policies for the species

Tuberculosis hepática aislada mimetizando un tumor hepático en un paciente en diálisis

Isolated tuberculosis (TB) of the liver is a rare form of extrapulmonary presentation of the disease, even in countries where tuberculosis in a public health concern. Given its low incidence, diagnosis is complex since the specificity of the clinical picture and microbiological studies have limited detection of the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Extrapulmonary forms of TB are clinical entities that may be precipitated by conditions linked to immunosuppression such as chronic kidney disease (CKD) particularly in the last stages.La tuberculosis (TB) hepática aislada es una forma rara de TB extrapulmonar, incluso en países donde la tuberculosis se comporta como un problema de salud pública. Su diagnóstico es complejo dada la baja especificidad del cuadro clínico y al limitado rendimiento diagnóstico de los estudios microbiológicos para establecer la presencia del Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 65 años con enfermedad renal crónica grado 5 en terapia de reemplazo renal con hemodiálisis quien presentó cuadro clínico de 3 días de evolución asociado a dolor abdominal y anorexia. En la ecografía se evidenció lesiones hepáticas hipoecoicas, corroboradas por tomografía de ab domen con hallazgos sugestivos de neoplasia hepática secundaria sin establecerse un origen primario. La biopsia de hígado finalmente condujo al diagnóstico de tuberculosis hepática sin encontrarse compromiso pulmonar o extrapulmonar adicional. Concluimos que las formas extrapulmonares de TB son entidades clínicas que pueden estar precipitadas por condiciones ligadas a inmunosupresión como es la enfermedad renal crónica

Pan-european assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of stressors on the health of bees

Within the PoshBee Project, we have worked out precise protocols for testing the toxicological endpoints and metabolisation rate of agrochemicals on and in bees. Three agrochemical classes (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) were tested on three bee groups (honey bees, bumble bees and solitary mason bees). The specific protocols, different for each combination of the pesticide class and bee group, were designed based on the existing toxicity testing methods and modified according to the specificities of the different bee groups, their castes and the different exotoxicological features of the compounds. Sulfoxaflor, Azoxystrobin, and Glyphosate were used respectively as examples of the three pesticide classes. Apis mellifera, Bombus terrestris and Osmia bicornis were chosen as the examples of the three bee groups. The protocols for honey bees and bumble bees were designed based on the official existing guidelines edited by OECD. Nevertheless, given that the OECD guidelines provide recommendations to fit with most agrochemicals, many of the parameters are defined with low precision in order to be flexible and adapt to different categories of molecules. While OECD has no guidelines for testing solitary bees, we used information from the unpublished ring test protocols for Osmia bicornis by the ICPPR non- Apis working group.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action

Honey bees and climate explain viral prevalence in wild bee communities on a continental scale

Viruses are omnipresent, yet the knowledge on drivers of viral prevalence in wild host populations is often limited. Biotic factors, such as sympatric managed host species, as well as abiotic factors, such as climatic variables, are likely to impact viral prevalence. Managed and wild bees, which harbor several multi-host viruses with a mostly fecal-oral between-species transmission route, provide an excellent system with which to test for the impact of biotic and abiotic factors on viral prevalence in wild host populations. Here we show on a continental scale that the prevalence of three broad host viruses: the AKI-complex (Acute bee paralysis virus, Kashmir bee virus and Israeli acute paralysis virus), Deformed wing virus, and Slow bee paralysis virus in wild bee populations (bumble bees and solitary bees) is positively related to viral prevalence of sympatric honey bees as well as being impacted by climatic variables. The former highlights the need for good beekeeping practices, including Varroa destructor management to reduce honey bee viral infection and hive placement. Furthermore, we found that viral prevalence in wild bees is at its lowest at the extreme ends of both temperature and precipitation ranges. Under predicted climate change, the frequency of extremes in precipitation and temperature will continue to increase and may hence impact viral prevalence in wild bee communities

Pan-european assessment, monitoring, and mitigation of stressors on the health of bees

Inter-individual differences in pesticide sensitivity may trigger variability in the risk posed by pesticides. Therefore, to better inform pesticide risk assessment for bees, we studied the variability of responses to several pesticides based on endogenous (developmental stage, genetic background, caste) and exogenous factors (pesticide co-exposure). We mainly investigated the toxicity of the insecticide sulfoxaflor, the fungicide azoxystrobin and the herbicide glyphosate. We first used LD50 tests to determine the acute oral and contact toxicity of these pesticides across the different bee species, developmental stages (larva vs adult in honey bees), castes (honey bee and bumble bee workers, queens and drones), and genetic backgrounds (honey bee subspecies). We then considered the risks posed by chronic and sublethal exposures to pesticides by implementing behavioural and reproductive endpoints in the screening of pesticide toxicity. Data showed that azoxystrobin and glyphosate under the test conditions were mildly toxic to bees. However, a large variability in bee sensitivity to sulfoxaflor was found, especially across species and individuals of different castes or sex. This variability is therefore important to consider for increasing the safety margin of the risk posed by insecticides in bees. Several effects induced by sublethal concentrations or doses of pesticides are also described, such as the occurrence of a Non-Monotonic Dose-Response (NMDR) and delayed effects in honey bees, impairment of reproductive performances in bumble bees, and a decreased longevity of Osmia adult females (although no effects were found on larval development). Finally, an interaction between pesticides was found when exposure was by contact, but not under oral exposure. In conclusion, the range of effects described here provides very useful insights for better understanding the toxicity of pesticides and therefore the risks they might pose to bees.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action.Prepared under contract from the European Commission; Grant agreement No. 773921; EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation action