Los bonos cupón cero: una opción fuera de tiempo

El 29 de diciembre de 1987 se dió a conocer en México un nuevo mecanismo por medio del cual el país intercambiaría parte de su deuda externa renegociada por bonos. Según la SHCP: "El aspecto central de esta fase es poder capturar el descuento de nuestra deuda que existe actualmente en los mercados financieros internacionales". En este artículo el autor desarrolla la idea de que este mecanismo resulta fuera de tiempo, es contradictorio en si mismo y queda muy limitado por el desarrollo mismo de la crisis

Las fiestas de San Froilán, en Lugo

En número dedicado a: Lug

Assessing equity in transport accessibility to work and study: The Bogotá region

This research was aimed at exploring levels of equity in accessibility to employment and education in the city-region of Bogotá, Colombia's capital city. Building on consolidated methodologies for the assessment of potential accessibility, we estimate accessibility indicators at the zone level, evaluate how potential accessibility varies among income groups, and present evidence related to transport mode, in order to analyze social and spatial inequalities produced by the distribution of accessibility to employment and education activities. The research incorporates a method to evaluate how accessibility varies among zones according to average income and mode of transport in order to produce evidence-based arguments that can inform transport policy in the city-region of Bogotá, and other similar contexts in the Global South. Our results show strong distributional effects of the socio-spatial and economic structure of the city-region, its transport infrastructure and services, and the effect of current transport and land-use policies for citizens of different income groups. The tools and empirical evidence in this research seek to contribute to informed policy development in Latin America and other developing contexts, and feeding current debates on the role of accessibility in addressing social and spatial inequalities stemming from urban mobility

Santa Teresa: ciudad-moridero en 2666

In the novel 2666, Roberto Bolano configures Santa Teresa city (transcript of Ciudad Juarez) in two levels. The first real, based on police chronicles, and the second one, clearly imaginary, where the characters, most of them related to literature, crash with a grotesque reality, configured by the crimes that take place in the city. Santa Teresa is the last city of Latin America, and also a kind of cemetery for the continent.En la novela 2666, Roberto Bolano configura Santa Teresa (trasunto de Ciudad Juarez) en dos niveles. Uno real, basado en la cronica policial, y otro netamente literario, donde personajes ficticios, en su mayoria personajes que de una u otra manera se dedican a la escritura, tropiezan a golpes con una realidad grotesca, tamizada por los crimenes que se desarrollan en la ciudad. Santa Teresa es la ciudad final de Latinoamerica y a la vez una especie de cementerio del continente

Hardiness in endurence races: a comparision between skyrunning and 10 kilometers

Esta investigación ha sido realizada, en parte, dentro del programa de Máster en Psicología de la Actividad Física y del Deporte (UAM-COE)Hardiness is an individual characteristic which allows to coping with life stressors and turning them into advantages (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Their components of Commitment, Control & Challenge can protect the athletes against the unpredictable circumstances of endurance running. The purpose of this study was to compare for the first time the hardiness levels between two groups of endurance runners and to determinate if this levels were related with a successful race performance. Volunteers 130 (69 ultra trail and 61 10.06K) runners, ranged in age from 20 to 56 years (M = 35.4, SD = 7.3), who completed the 30-item Hardiness for Marathoners Scale (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy and Román, 2008) during the day race. Mean analysis comparison revealed that there was no differences in hardiness levels between the two groups (Z = .280, p = .77), the fastest ultra trail race times were independent from high hardiness levels (r = -.072, p = .30). Moreover, no differences in hardiness were found between ultra runners who finished the race and those who drop out (p = .78). The results suggest that high Hardiness levels are a psychological characteristic of long distance runners. Furthermore, sport performance was not related with high Hardiness levels.: La Personalidad Resistente es una característica individual que permite hacer frente a los estímulos estresores de la vida y convertirlos en oportunidades de crecimiento (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Sus tres componentes: Compromiso, Control y Desafío pueden proteger a los deportistas contra las impredecibles situaciones de las carreras de fondo. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar por primera vez los niveles de personalidad resistente de dos grupos de corredores de fondo, así como determinar si existe una relación entre los niveles de personalidad resistente y el rendimiento deportivo. 130 voluntarios (69 corredores de ultrafondo y 61 corredores participantes de una prueba de 10.06 kilómetros) con un rango de edad de 20 a 56 años (M = 35.4, DT = 7.3), quienes completaron el día de la competición la Escala de Personalidad Resistente en Maratonianos (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy y Román, 2008). El análisis de comparación de medias, reveló que no existieron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos de corredores de fondo (Z = .280, p = .77), así mismo las mejores marcas en la prueba de ultra fondo fueron independientes de los niveles de personalidad resistente (r = -.072, p = .30), aquellos corredores que completaron el recorrido de ultrafondo no presentaron niveles mayores de personalidad resistente que los deportistas que abandonaron (p =. 78). Los resultados sugieren que un nivel elevado de personalidad resistente forma parte de las características psicológicas de los corredores de fondo. Por otra parte un nivel elevado de personalidad resistente no tuvo influencia sobre el rendimiento obtenido en una carrera de ultrafondo.A Personalidade Resistente é uma característica individual que permite fazer frente aos estímulos stressores da vida e convertê-los em oportunidades de crescimento (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Os seus três componentes: Compromisso, Controlo e Desafio podem proteger os desportistas contra situações imprevisíveis das corridas de fundo. O objectivo deste estudo foi comparar pela primeira vez os níveis de personalidade resistente de dois grupos de corredores de fundo, assim como determinar se existe uma relação entre os níveis de personalidade resistente e rendimento desportivo. Para tal, 130 voluntários (69 corredores de ultra-fundo e 61 corredores participantes de uma prova de 10.06 kilómetros) com idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 56 anos (M = 35.4, DP = 7.3), completaram no dia da competição a Escala de Personalidad Resistente en Maratonianos (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy & Román, 2008). A análise de comparação de médias revelou que não existem diferenças significativas entre ambos os grupos de corredores de fundo (Z = .280, p = .77), contudo as melhores marcas na prova de ultra-fundo foram independentes dos níveis de personalidade resistente (r = -.072, p = .30) e os corredores que completaram a prova de ultra-fundo não apresentaram níveis superiores de personalidade resistente comparativamente com os atletas que desistiram (p = .78). Os resultados sugerem que um nível elevado de personalidade resistente faz parte das características psicológicas dos corredores de fundo. Por outro lado, um nível elevado de personalidade resistente não revelou influência sobre o rendimento obtido numa corrida de ultra-fundo

Dopamine D4 receptor counteracts morphine-induced changes in M opioid receptor signaling in the striosomes of the rat caudate putamen.

Morphine is one of the most potent analgesic drugs used to relieve moderate to severe pain. After long-term use of morphine, neuroadaptive changes in the brain promotes tolerance, which result in a reduced sensitivity to most of its effects with attenuation of analgesic efficacy, and dependence, revealed by drug craving and physical or psychological manifestations of drug withdrawal. The mu opioid receptor (MOR) is critical, not only in mediating morphine analgesia, but also in addictive behaviors by the induction of a strong rewarding effect. We have previously shown that dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) stimulation counteracts morphine-induced activation of dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway and accumulation of Fos family transcription factors in the caudate putamen (CPu). In the present work, we have studied the effect of D4R activation on MOR changes induced by morphine in the rat CPu on a continuous drug treatment paradigm, by analyzing MOR protein level, pharmacological profile, and functional coupling to G proteins. Furthermore, using conditioned place preference and withdrawal syndrome test, we have investigated the role of D4R activation on morphine-related behavioural effects. MOR immunoreactivity, agonist binding density and its coupling to G proteins are up-regulated in the striosomes by continuous morphine treatment. Interestingly, co-treatment of morphine with the dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) agonist PD168,077 fully counteracts these adaptive changes in MOR, in spite of the fact that continuous PD168,077 treatment increases the [3H]DAMGO Bmax values to the same degree as seen after continuous morphine treatment. In addition, the administration of the D4R agonist counteracts the rewarding effects of morphine, as well as the development of physical dependence. The present results give support for the existence of antagonistic functional D4R-MOR receptor-receptor interactions in the adaptive changes occurring in MOR of striosomes on continuous administration of morphine and preventing morphine-related behaviour.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tec

Virtual reality training for occupational risk prevention: application case in geotechnical drilling works

The construction industry is considered one of the most dangerous industries globally. The construction site is a complex environment where diverse teams of people interact with large machinery. In addition, the lack of safety culture on the job site and deficiencies in safety training increase these problems. Within the construction works, geotechnical drilling worksites involve high-powered machinery, and workers are exposed to different risks when using them. Despite these risks, safety training courses on these topics are not specialized. Most of the training courses are generic in occupational hazards, failing to address in detail the work dynamics and risks associated with geotechnical work, where heavy machinery is a fundamental factor. There is a lack of adequate learning content specific to drilling works, meaning the heavy machinery, how to use it and how to prevent accidents due to these drilling tasks are poorly understood. This research investigates the risks associated with geotechnical drilling work and explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) to simulate immersive work environments, focusing on interaction with drilling machinery. A geotechnical drilling machine modelled 3D and integrated into a realistic VR environment. The machinery motions and the different tasks of the work team were modelled. The simulation allows a worker to interact in a working environment, identify risks and prevent accidents, and, moreover, be trained in best practices for machinery usage, according to previous real-world experiences from senior workers.This research has been supported by the CONICYT through its economic support of Felipe Muñoz, beneficiary of a predoctoral grant (CONICYT-PCHA/International Doctorate/2019-72200306), ‘DI emergente PUCV 2022’project ofthe Vicerrectoría de Investigación y estudios avanzados-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (039.350/2022) and by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (MICIU) through the BIMI- oTICa project (RTC-2017-6454-7). The authors also acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the ‘Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (CEX2018-000797-S)’. The authors declare their compliance with all provisions of the Authors’ Duties according to the WIT Press Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Prevention of occupational risks in geotechnical drilling works through virtual reality training

The architecture, engineering, construction and operations industry has high accident rates as a result of characteristics of the construction site and work activities, the heavy machinery used and a lack of safety culture. In particular, geotechnical drilling worksites involve the use of high-powered machinery and workers are exposed to different risks when using them. However, risk prevention training courses are not well-specialised for this type of work. There is a lack of adequate learning content specific to drilling works, meaning the heavy machinery, how to use it and how to prevent accidents due to these drilling tasks are poorly understood. Therefore, this research explores the potential of virtual reality technology as a tool for analysing the risks associated with geotechnical drilling works and as complementary training content to traditional courses. A specific use case, a geotechnical drilling machine is modelled in 3D and integrated into a realistic virtual reality environment where the movements of the machine are recreated, in addition to interactions so that workers can simulate the geotechnical drilling process, identify risks and prevent accidents, and, moreover, be trained in best practices for machinery usage, according to previous real-world experiences from senior workers. © 2021 WIT PressThis work has been supported by the CONICYT through its economic support of Felipe Muñoz, beneficiary of a pre-doctoral grant (CONICYT – PCHA/International Doctorate/2019-72200306) and by the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities of Spain (MICIU) through the BIMIoTICa project (RTC-2017-6454-7). The authors also acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the “Severo Ochoa Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (CEX2018-000797-S)”.Postprint (published version

Personalidad Resistente en Carreras de Fondo : comparativa entre ultra fondo y diez kilómetros

Hardiness is an individual characteristic which allows to coping with life stressors and turning them into advantages (Kobasa, 1979; Maddi, 2006). Their components of Commitment, Control & Challenge can protect the athletes against the unpredictable circumstances of endurance running. The purpose of this study was to compare for the first time the hardiness levels between two groups of endurance runners and to determinate if this levels were related with a successful race performance. Volunteers 130 (69 ultra trail and 61 10.06K) runners, ranged in age from 20 to 56 years (M = 35.4, SD = 7.3), who completed the 30-item Hardiness for Marathoners Scale (EPRM) (Jaenes, Godoy and Román, 2008) during the day race. Mean analysis comparison revealed that there was no differences in hardiness levels between the two groups (Z = .280, p = .77), the fastest ultra trail race times were independent from high hardiness levels (r = -.072, p = .30). Moreover, no differences in hardiness were found between ultra runners who finished the race and those who drop out (p = .78). The results suggest that high Hardiness levels are a psychological characteristic of long distance runners. Furthermore, sport performance was not related with high Hardiness levels