Cyklisters sikkerhed i mindre vigepligtsregulerede T-kryds

Formålet med projektet er, at udvikle en række nye, forholdsvis billige, forslag til designs af mindre vigepligtsregulerede T-kryds i byområde, med særligt fokus på cyklisters sikkerhed. I samarbejde med Odense Kommune er to af løsningsforslagene afprøvet. Det ene løsningsforslag består i en etablering af 5 minirundkørsler, og det andet i etablering af 15 minicykelbaner. For alle 20 kryds gælder, at der i førperioden ikke er noget cykelanlæg på strækningerne frem til krydsene. Odense Kommune har stået for ombygning af krydsene, mens evalueringen er igangsat af Vejdirektoratets afdeling for Trafiksikkerhed og Miljø og afsluttet i regi af Danmarks TransportForskning. Projektet er delvist finansieret af Trafikpulje 97. Nedenfor følger en beskrivelse af de to løsningsforslag samt hovedresultaterne fra evalueringen

Accreting magnetars: a new type of high-mass X-ray binaries?

The discovery of very slow pulsations (Pspin=5560s) has solved the long-standing question of the nature of the compact object in the high-mass X-ray binary 4U 2206+54 but has posed new ones. According to spin evolutionary models in close binary systems, such slow pulsations require a neutron star magnetic field strength larger that the quantum critical value, suggesting the presence of a magnetar. We present the first XMM-Newton observations of 4U 2206+54 and investigate its spin evolution. We find that the observed spin-down rate agrees with the magnetar scenario. We analyse ISGRI/INTEGRAL observations of 4U 2206+54 to search for the previously suggested cyclotron resonance scattering feature at ~30 keV. We do not find a clear indication of the presence of the line, although certain spectra display shallow dips, not always at 30 keV. The association of these dips with a cyclotron line is very dubious because of its apparent transient nature. We also investigate the energy spectrum of 4U 2206+54 in the energy range 0.3-10 keV with unprecedented detail and report for the first time the detection of very weak 6.5 keV fluorescence iron lines. The photoelectric absorption is consistent with the interstellar value, indicating very small amount of local matter, which would explain the weakness of the florescence lines. The lack of matter locally to the source may be the consequence of the relatively large orbital separation of the two components of the binary. The wind would be too tenuous in the vicinity of the neutron star.Comment: accepted for publication in MNRA

Lack of systematicity in research prioritisation processes - a scoping review of evidence syntheses

BACKGROUND: A systematically and transparently prepared research priority-setting process within a specific scientific area is essential in order to develop a comprehensive and progressive evidence-based approach that will have a substantial societal impact on the site of interest. On the basis of two consensus workshops, the authors suggest the following methods for all such processes: use of experts, stakeholder involvement, literature review, and ranking. OBJECTIVES: The identification, categorisation, and discussion of methods for preparing a research prioritisation process. METHODS: Eligibility criteria: Evidence synthesis includes original studies presenting a research prioritisation process and which listed the methods used to create a research prioritisation process. Only evidence syntheses related to health research were included. Data sources: We searched the following electronic databases, without limiting by date or language: MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, Epistemonikos, and CINAHL EBSCO. Charting methods: The methods used were mapped and broken down into different elements, and the use of the elements was determined. To support the mapping, (A) all of the elements were collapsed into unique categories, and (B) four essential categories were selected as crucial to a successful research prioritisation process. RESULTS: Twelve evidence syntheses were identified, including 416 original studies. The identification and categorisation of methods used resulted in 13 unique categories of methods used to prepare a research agenda. CONCLUSION: None of the identified categories was used in all of the original studies. Surprisingly, all four of the essential categories were used in only one of the 416 original studies identified. There is seemingly no international consensus on which methods to use when preparing a research prioritisation process. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The protocol was registered in Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/dygz8/). SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13643-022-02149-2

Pottery firing temperatures: A new method for determining the firing temperature of ceramics and burnt clay

A new method for determining the maximum firing temperature of ceramics and burnt clay is presented. The technique relies on measuring the magnetic susceptibility on a step-wise re-fired sample. The validity of the method has been tested by determining firing temperatures of two sets of clay samples fired at temperatures ranging from 400 to 1000 C. Aliquots of the same samples have been studied petrographically by optical microscopy on thin sections and analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction in order to monitor structural and mineralogical changes as a function of temperature. The method is demonstrated on samples from four geographically widely different sites and it is applied to a larger set of ceramics of Late (ca. AD 900eAD 1450) and Inca (ca. AD 1480eAD 1532) periods from the Northwestern Argentine region, dating to a limited period of time prior to the fall of the Inca Empire. The method is shown to be a powerful tool in revealing archaeological information about the change in firing technologies in the pre-Hispanic societies in the Andean area through time.Fil: Rasmussen, Kaare Lund. Technical University of Denmark; DinamarcaFil: de la Fuente, Guillermo Adrian. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Escuela de Arqueología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Bond, Andrew D.. Technical University of Denmark; DinamarcaFil: Mathiesen, Karsten Korsholm. Technical University of Denmark; DinamarcaFil: Vera, Sergio David. Universidad Nacional de Catamarca. Escuela de Arqueología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Translation, validity and reliability of the Danish version of the Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire

Background: The Adolescent Insomnia Questionnaire (AIQ), English version, is the only validated screening measure developed specifically to identify insomnia symptoms in adolescents. To date, no specific screening tool for adolescent insomnia is present in Danish language. The aim of this study was to translate and validate the AIQ in a sample of Danish adolescents. Methods: The AIQ underwent a process of forward-backward translation and pilot testing. Subsequently, data were collected at baseline and two-week follow-up from adolescents aged 11-19, who completed both the AIQ and an available adult measure of insomnia (the Athens Insomnia Scale, AIS). The internal consistency, test-retest reliability and convergent validity were assessed. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify the latent factors underlying the questionnaire. Results: At baseline 185 adolescents (18% males and 82% females, mean age 16.0 years) and 102 (55.1%) at two-week follow-up completed the questionnaires. The AIQ showed excellent internal consistency for the total score (Cronbach's a: 0.88) and good convergent validity with the AIS total score (Pearson’s correlation value= 0.86, P<0.001). The test-retest reliability at two weeks was very satisfactory (ICC coefficient = 0.89; 95% CI 0.84, 0.92). Results from the exploratory factor analysis identified a three-model solution corresponding to the same three-model solution identified within the original development sample. Conclusions: The Danish version of the AIQ demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, test-retest reliability and validity, which supports its use as a screening tool for the identification of insomnia symptoms in adolescents, including Danish-speaking adolescents

Limb sounders tracking topographic gravity wave activity from the stratosphere to the ionosphere around midlatitude Andes

Several studies have shown that the surroundings of the highest Andes mountains at midlatitudes in the Southern Hemisphere exhibit gravity waves (GWs) generated by diverse sources which may traverse the troposphere and then penetrate the upper layers if conditions are favorable. There is a specific latitude band where that mountain range is nearly perfectly aligned with the north‐south direction, which favors the generation of wavefronts parallel to this orientation. This fact may allow an optimization of procedures to identify topographic GW in some of the observations. We analyze data per season to the east and west of these Andes latitudes to find possible significant differences in GW activity between both sectors. GW effects generated by topography and convection are expected essentially on the eastern side. We use satellite data from two different limb sounding methods: the Global Positioning System radio occultation (RO) technique and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry instrument, which are complementary with respect to the height intervals, in order to study the effects of GW from the stratosphere to the ionosphere. Activity becomes quantified by the GW average potential energy in the stratosphere and mesosphere and by the electron density variance content in the ionosphere. Consistent larger GW activity on the eastern sector is observed from the stratosphere to the ionosphere (night values). However, this fact remains statistically significant at the 90% significance level only during winter, when GWs generated by topography dominate the eastern sector. On the contrary, it is usually assumed that orographic GWs have nearly zero horizontal phase speed and will therefore probably be filtered at some height in the neutral atmosphere. However, this scheme relies on the assumption that the wind is uniform and constant. Our results also suggest that it is advisable to separate night and day cases to study GWs in the ionosphere, as it is more difficult to find significant statistical differences during daytime. This may happen because perturbations induced by GWs during daytime are more likely to occur in a disturbed environment that may hinder the identification of the waves.Fil: Alexander, Pedro Manfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: de la Torre, Alejandro. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Schmidt, T.. German Research Centre for Geosciences; AlemaniaFil: Llamedo Soria, Pablo Martin. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Hierro, Rodrigo Federico. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Ingeniería; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Comparing Diet and Exercise Monitoring Using Smartphone App and Paper Diary: A Two-Phase Intervention Study

Background: There is increasing recognition that personalized approaches may be more effective in helping people establish healthier eating patterns and exercise more, and that this approach may be particularly effective in adolescents. Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the use of a smartphone app (FoodWiz2) in supporting healthy lifestyle choices in adolescence. Methods: Participants (N=34: 11 male, 23 female) aged 16-19 years in full- or part-time education were recruited from sixth form colleges, schools, and other further education establishments in Norfolk and Suffolk, United Kingdom, between February and May 2015. Participants recorded food intake and exercise using a paper diary for 4-5 weeks and then used the app for the same duration. Initial nutrition education and general support were provided during the paper diary use, but the app included personalized messages sent in response to app activity. At the end of each study phase, participants completed an online questionnaire to describe their experience of using the paper diary and app. Results: Record completion declined throughout the study, possibly affected by examination pressure. Food intake data showed increased fruit consumption and significantly reduced consumption of chocolate snacks (P=.01) and fizzy drinks (P=.002) among participants using the app. Questionnaire responses indicated that the app was generally preferred to the paper diary, in particular, the app was seen as less boring to use (P=.03) and more acceptable in social settings (P<.001). Conclusions: This app-based approach has shown the potential for a more effective approach to improving adolescent diet and exercise levels

Quantitative vitreous fluorophotometry applying a mathematical model of the

A slit-lamp fluorophotometric method is presented that permits calculation of a blood-retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein (P) and a diffusion coefficient for fluorescein in the vitreous body (D). The calculations are performed by relating the time course of the free-not protein bound-fluorescein concentration in the bloodstream with the fluorescein concentration profile in the vitreous body. The combination is performed automatically on a computer by applying a simplified mathematical model of the eye. P refers to the area of the barrier of the model eye. In a group of six normal persons, the mean P was (1.1 ± 0.4) X 10~7 cm/sec (mean ± SD), while in six diabetic patients with background retinopathy and macular edema the mean P was (7.1 ± 3.8) X 10~7 cm/sec. The mean I) was (7.4 ± 3.4) X 10~6 cm 2 /sec in the normal group and (9.6 ± 2.0) X 1O~6 cm 2 /sec in diabetic patients, corresponding as a first approximation to free diffusion in water. Model calculations show that knowing the fluorescein concentration in the bloodstream is considerably significant for the calculation of the permeability, contributing factors up to 50%. For the low-permeation situation, subtraction of the preinjection scan contributes a factor of 50% for both permeability and diffusion coefficient. The exact placement in the vitreous body of the concentration profile, by applying a formalism that transforms slit-lamp movement to intraocular distance, contributes a factor of 20% on the diffusion coefficient. The permeability obtained with the model can be calculated as the ratio between area of vitreous and plasma fluorescein concentration curves within 20%. Active transport of fluorescein across the blood-retinal barrier in the direction of vitreous to blood does not seem to be significant within the first 2 hr after fluorescein injection. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26: [698][699][700][701][702][703][704][705][706][707][708][709][710] 1985 During the last 8 years, vitreous fluorophotometry has been used to quantitate the permeability properties of the blood-retinal barrier to fluorescein. The method, originally introduced by Cunha-Vaz and co-workers, 12 has been based upon intravenous (IV) injection of a standard dose of fluorescein, which usually after 60 min was followed by a slit-lamp photometric determination of the fluorescein concentration in the vitreous body. The magnitude of the concentration in the posterior part of the vitreous body has been used as a measurement of the barrier permeability. However, as it has been pointed out, it is important to incorporate the fluorescein concentration in the plasma in the calculation of the perme- ability of the barrier 3 &quot; 13 and to include more than the concentration of fluorescein in a single point of the vitreous body in the calculations. An analysis of the fluorescein concentration profile in the vitreous body can, furthermore, provide qualitative information of the diffusion properties in the vitreous body. 14 Quantitative evaluation of this factor has previously been reported for the anterior vitreous 3 and recently for the posterior part of the vitreous body, based upon first principles. 13 The present article presents a more complete method for the calculation of a blood-retinal barrier permeability to fluorescein and a diffusion coefficient for fluorescein in the posterior part of the vitreous body. The method is based upon simultaneous determinations of the fluorescein concentration in plasma and in vitreous body. These data are combined on a computer by applying a simplified mathematical model of the eye to give a fluorescein permeability of the barrier and a diffusion coefficient for fluorescein in the vitreous body. The method, which is based on a series of studies of 165 human examinations, is presented here in detail. The individual clinical studies will be presented elsewhere in separate articles. The mathematical model has been described previously, Materials and Methods Fluorophotometric Equipment Slit lamp: The slit lamp is a Rodenstock 2001 mounted with oculars (700-10 Gamma Scientific; San Diego, CA) which in their focal point contain a 450 jum fiber optic probe picking up light from the slitlamp focal plane as described by Cunha-Vaz 1 and by Krogsaa et al. 17 In the focal plane, the slit is 1 mm high and 0.1 mm wide. The angle between slit and symmetry axis of the biomicroscope is 11.4° and the angle between symmetry axis and ocular is 5.6°. The light source of the slit lamp is a 450 W zenon arc lamp connected with the slit lamp by a fiber optic cable. This cable is interrupted by a light chopper (Rofin 7500; Rofin, England), which chops the light with a frequency of 432 Hz. The intensity of the blue light in the slit is 5 mW/cm 2 , as determined by a fluxmeter (Hewlett Packard type 8330 A). The filters used are a blue (SWP 495) and yellow (LWP 515) interference filter (Optical Laboratory; Lyngby, Denmark), with transmission characteristics as shown in Amplification and registration equipment: The light from the optic probe in the ocular is passed to a photomultiplier (initially a Gamma Scientific Model D-46 but now a PR-1400 RF, Products for Research Inc.; Danvers, MA) operated at room conditions. The photomultiplier is directly connected with an amplifier triggered from the chopper (Lock-in, Model 128 A, Princeton Applied Research; Princeton, NJ). This system increases the sensitivity of the equipment by a factor of seven. The lock-in amplifier is connected to the Y-axis of a X-Y recorder (Philips PM 8041; Eindhoben, Netherlands). The sagittal movement of the slit lamp is transduced to the X-axis of the recorder by a precision potentiometer. A mechanical device connected to the potentiometer secures that the movement of the slit lamp occurs in the sagittal plane. A foot switch allows an indication to be made on the X-axis in all desired positions of the slit-lamp focal plane and thereby also the ocular fiber optic probe in relation to the ocular structures, which are in focus when the focal plane is moved from retina to cornea. The X-Y recorder is coupled in parallel to a microcomputer Sensitivity and spatial resolution of the equipment: The sensitivity of the equipment defined as the concentration required to yield a signal twice as high as the background noise was 2.5 X 10~9 g/ml. A crosssection of the volume of measurement-the optical diamond 1819 -is constituted by a parellelogram measuring (0.48 X 2.16) mm with a diagonal of 2.64 mm. The spatial resolution was tested in a double compartment cuvette Although the optical diamond, as calculated from an analysis of the optics of the slit-lamp equipment, has the same geometry in these in vitro experiments The Fluorophotometric Examination Fluorescein administration and analysis in blood: Flourescein (14 mg/kg body weight) was injected in an antecubital vein over a 60-sec period. From a cannula in an antecubital vein in the other arm, blood samples were obtained before, and 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after injection. After centrifugation plasma was analyzed for total as well as free (not protein-bound) fluorescein concentration, the latter by ultrafiltration, as described in detail elsewhere. 6 &apos; 7 Briefly, the analysis is performed in the following way: Blood is collected in heparinized test tubes. After centrifugation plasma is ultrafiltrated using the Amicon MPS-1 system (Amicon Corporation; Danvers, MA). Initially, Millipore Ultra Free disposable filters were used, giving the same results as the Amicon filters. The total fluorescein concentration is determined after sufficient dilution of plasma. As a control of the method and an estimation of the free fluorescein concentration in the bolus during its first passage through the ocular circulation, fluorescein is added to plasma samples obtained before injection of fluorescein; these samples were analyzed in the same way as the other plasma samples. The concentration of total fluorescein in these test samples is 5 X 10~6 g/ml, 5 X 10~5 g/ml, and 3 X 10&quot; 4 g/ml, the latter corresponding to the assumed concentration in the bolus. The free fraction constitutes approximately 15% for all the concentration ranges. The bolus concentration: The concentration of fluorescein in the ocular arterial, capillary, and venous system during the fluorescein injection is unknown (the bolus concentration), but it can be estimated according to the following reasoning. The fluorescein solution (1 X 10&quot; 1 g/ml) is injected over a 1-min period. It is assumed that the cardiac output is 5 1/min; hematocrit, 43%; and recirculation and extraction in pulmonary circulation is neglected. A person of 70 kg will receive 9.8 ml fluorescein over the 1-min period, and the total plasma fluorescein concentration in the bolus will accordingly be 10&quot;&apos; X 9.8 5000 X 0.57 = 3.4 X 10~4g/ml. Assuming an unbound fluorescein concentration of 15% at this concentration, 7 the concentration in the bolus during the 1 min of injection will be 5 X 10&quot; 5 g/ml. Fluorophotometry: The present article is based on experience obtained over a 3-year period in which 165 examinations were performed. Two typical examinations, one with low leakage (normal person) and one with high leakage (diabetic patient), are shown in the article. The examination is performed after the eye is anaesthetized with oxybuprocaine (0.4%) and the pupil dilated with metaoxidrin (10%) and 0.5% tropicamide. A Goldmann contact lens (Haag-Streit AG; Liebefeld, Switzerland) with specifications given elsewhere 17 is used. An axial fluores- 701 cence scan is made before injection of fluorescein and 30, 60, and 120 min after injection. The scan is obtained in the following way: First the macula is focused. The slit lamp and its focal plane is then moved manually toward the examiner through the vitreous body, the lens, and the anterior chamber with a speed of less than 2 mm/sec, which secures that the amplification system, which operates with a time constant of 0.3 sec, is able to follow the slitlamp movement. A time constant of 0.1 sec gave the same results. However, the noise was then too high for the low-permeation situation, and 0.3 sec was chosen for all measurements. A feedback system signals if the speed is higher than 2 mm/sec. Informed consent was obtained from the persons examined after the nature of the procedures had been explained fully. Calculation of a Blood-Retinal Barrier Permeability and a Diffusion Coefficient in the Vitreous Body The calculation of permeability (P) and diffusion coefficient (D) is performed by linking the concentration course of free fluorescein in the plasma with the concentration profile in the vitreous body. This linkage is performed by the application of a simplified model of the eye. The model that will be described in more detail below is coupled on a large computer (see Larsen et al 10 ). However, before transmission of data to the large computer, three procedures are performed on the small computer (SPC/1), where data are collected on line: (1) the X-axis is transformed to real intraocular distances; (2) the fluorescence signal obtained before injection is subtracted from the signal obtained after injection; and (3) the amount of data is reduced. Transformation of the X-axis to intraocular distance: The movement of the slit lamp is, as mentioned, transduced to the X-axis by a potentiometer. By knowing the amplification of recorder and potentiometer, a movement on the X-axis can be transformed to movement of the slit lamp. The slit lamp movement, however, cannot be transformed directly to intraocular distances. Due to the refraction of light in the compound optical system, the movement of the slit-lamp focal plane is different from the movement of the slit lamp itself. 151718 -20 With the knowledge of the ratio between the two movements, the X-axis movement of the pen on the recorder can be transformed to intraocular distances according to the equation: where X e is intraocular distance; X r , distance on recorder; F, the ratio (movement of focal plane in the eye/movement of slit lamp); and M, the amplification of recorder and potentiometer, which in the present set up is 1:12.1. As shown by Krogsaa et al. Correction for preinjection value: The autofluorescence signal, which is obtained before injection of fluorescein, is converted to intraocular fluorescence signal by the same procedure as described above. The ordinate value of corresponding intraocular positions of the preinjection curve is subtracted automatically from the actual concentration profile obtained. MOVEMENT OF SLIT LAMP (0.5 mm step) 17 F is calculated for every 0.5-mm movement of the slit lamp. It appears that F is different for the three segments of the eye (anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous body) and varies within the individual compartments. marker point 2 to the center of the eye are transmitted to the computer and used for further analysis. Together with the transmission of the concentration profile, the time course of the free fluorescein concentration in the plasma is also transmitted to the central computer. The Simplified Model of the Eye and its Mathematical Formalism The simplified model: In order to calculate a permeability of the blood-retinal barrier and a diffusion coefficient in the vitreous body a simplified model of the eye was developed, as schematically shown in The mathematical formalism: The formulation of the mathematical formalism and the solution of the equations which describe the combination of the model parameters are given in detail elsewhere. where c m (rj, t) is the measured value at r = r is and c is the corresponding value given by equation (2). Equatio

Den trafiksikkerhedsmæssige effekt af omfartsveje

Formålet med projektet er vha. en før- efterundersøgelse at undersøge den trafiksikkerhedsmæssige effekt ved etablering af omfartsveje omkring byer. Projektet omfatter 19 forskellige omfartsveje i Danmark. Undersøgelsen er lavet som en uheldsundersøgelse, der dels ser på den trafiksikkerhedsmæssige effekt for den enkelte omfartsvej men også i en metaanalyse ser på den samlede effekt for de undersøgte omfartsveje. Da projektet endnu ikke er afsluttet beskriver dette paper bagrunden for projektet, metodevalg samt foreløbige resultater

Dimers and the Critical Ising Model on Lattices of genus>1

We study the partition function of both Close-Packed Dimers and the Critical Ising Model on a square lattice embedded on a genus two surface. Using numerical and analytical methods we show that the determinants of the Kasteleyn adjacency matrices have a dependence on the boundary conditions that, for large lattice size, can be expressed in terms of genus two theta functions. The period matrix characterizing the continuum limit of the lattice is computed using a discrete holomorphic structure. These results relate in a direct way the lattice combinatorics with conformal field theory, providing new insight to the lattice regularization of conformal field theories on higher genus Riemann Surfaces.Comment: 44 pages, eps figures included; typos corrected, figure and comments added to section