Identification of plant genes putatively involved in the perception of fungal ergosterol‐squalene

[EN] Trichoderma biocontrol strains establish a complex network of interactions with plants, in which diverse fungal molecules are involved in the recognition of these fungi as nonpathogenic organisms. These molecules act as microbial-associated molecular patterns that trigger plant responses. Previous studies have reported the importance of ergosterol produced by Trichoderma spp. for the ability of these fungi to induce plant growth and defenses. In addition, squalene, a sterol biosynthetic intermediate, seems to play an important role in these interactions. Here, we analyzed the effect of different concentrations of ergosterol and squalene on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growth and on the transcription level of defense- and growth-related genes. We used an RNA-seq strategy to identify several tomato genes encoding predicted pattern recognition receptor proteins or WRKY transcription factors, both of which are putatively involved in the perception and response to ergosterol and squalene. Finally, an analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants lacking the genes homologous to these tomato candidates led to the identification of a WRKY40 transcription factor that negatively regulates salicylic acid-related genes and positively regulates ethylene- and jasmonate-related genes in the presence of ergosterol and squaleneSIThis work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO-AGL2015–70671-C2-2-R and MICINN-RTI2018–099600-B-I00 to S.G.), and also by the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) (LE251P18). L. Lindo was granted a fellowship by the University of León (Spain

Percepción de la calidad de atención en el servicio de admisión de una clínica privada de Lima, 2015

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la percepción de la calidad de atención en el servicio de admisión que tienen los usuarios de una clínica privada de Lima 2015. En este trabajo tomamos como fundamento teórico el punto de vista de Parasuraman y otros sobre calidad total en la gestión de servicios, que entiende la calidad de atención al cliente es la orientación adecuada de los recursos materiales y humanos de una institución o empresa para lograr la satisfacción y bienestar en los clientes y usuarios” La investigación es de tipo básico, descriptivo y de diseño no experimental, transversal. El instrumento que se utilizó fue la encuesta SERVQUAL. La muestra estuvo conformada por 120 usuarios del servicio de admisión de una clínica privada de la ciudad de Lima los cuales cumplieron con los criterios de selección. El resultado principal al cual se arribó es que la percepción de la calidad de atención en el servicio de admisión que tienen los usuarios de una clínica privada de Lima 2015, es regular según el 80% de los encuestados, buena según el 12% y mala según el 6,7% los encuestados

Incidencia del sistema de detracciones del IGV en la liquidez de las MYPE de sistemas de seguridad, Nuevo Chimbote, 2021

El presente trabajo de investigación tuvo como propósito establecer la incidencia del sistema de detracciones del IGV en las MYPE de sistemas de seguridad en Nuevo Chimbote, 2021, específicamente en la avenida pacifico. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo básica, diseño no experimental descriptivo - correlacional de corte transversal, la muestra fue constituida por las áreas de Gerencia General y Contabilidad de cuatro MYPE prestadoras de servicios de sistemas de seguridad. En cuanto a los instrumentos de recolección de datos se hizo uso de un cuestionario compuesto por 14 ítems (variable independiente) y guía de análisis documental (variable dependiente), los cuales fueron validados por expertos y sometida a criterios de confiabilidad. Finalmente, al realizar la contrastación de la hipótesis se estableció que el sistema de detracciones del IGV si incide en la liquidez de las MYPE de sistemas de seguridad, lo que se evidencia en la tabla 16, donde nos da un resultado de correlación igual a -0.661, lo que significa correlación negativa. Por ello se decidió rechazar la hipótesis nula (H0) y aceptar la hipótesis de investigación (Hi) de que el sistema de detracciones del IGV incide en la liquidez de las MYPE de sistemas de seguridad

Synthesis of Trichodermin Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities

Trichothecene mycotoxins are recognized as highly bioactive compounds that can be used in the design of new useful bioactive molecules. In Trichoderma brevicompactum, the first specific step in trichothecene biosynthesis is carried out by a terpene cyclase, trichodiene synthase, that catalyzes the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to trichodiene and is encoded by the tri5 gene. Overexpression of tri5 resulted in increased levels of trichodermin, a trichothecene-type toxin, which is a valuable tool in preparing new molecules with a trichothecene skeleton. In this work, we developed the hemisynthesis of trichodermin and trichodermol derivatives in order to evaluate their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and to study the chemo-modulation of their bioactivity. Some derivatives with a short chain at the C-4 position displayed selective antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and they showed MIC values similar to those displayed by trichodermin. It is important to highlight the cytotoxic selectivity observed for compounds 9, 13, and 15, which presented average IC50 values of 2 g/mL and were cytotoxic against tumorigenic cell line MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) and not against Fa2N4 (non-tumoral immortalized human hepatocytes)

SÍNTESIS Y EVALUACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIFUNGICA DE HIDRAZONAS AROMÁTICAS

Acylhydrazones have been studied since 1850, they are important compounds for drug design due to their extensive biological activity. The compounds were synthesized by a nucleophilic addition reaction to the carbonyl group; six derivatives were obtained using 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNPH) and ketones: fluorenone, benzophenone and substituted benzophenones; Good yields have been obtained in all cases, the best percentage corresponds to compound (7), with 67% and the lowest to compound (10) with a yield of 29%. Principles number two and five of green chemistry were applied during the development of the synthesis. In addition, the production methodology used was a modification of the procedure described in the knowledge base. The substituted benzophenones were obtained by oxidation of the respective alcohols, so that it was obtained benzophenones and fluoenone; In this method, sodium hypochlorite is used as an oxidation agent and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide as a phase transfer medium in an aqueous medium. The molecules were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy (IR-ATR) among other spectroscopic techniques. Biological activity was evaluated by using the Kirby-Bauer method, in order to determine the sensitivity of an organism to antibiotics or antifungals. The results show that the substituted hydrazones (9 and 10) presented a higher inhibitory activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger compared to 1% cycloheximide, but considerably less effective than ketoconazole compounds used as control.Las acilhidrazonas se han estudiado desde 1850, son compuestos importantes para el diseño de fármacos por su amplia actividad biológica, entre ellas. Los compuestos fueron sintetizados mediante una reacción de adición nucleofílica al grupo carbonilo; se obtuvieron seis derivados empleando la 2,4-dinitrofenilhidracina (2,4-DNPH) y las cetonas: fluorenona, benzofenona y benzofenonas sustituidas; en todos los casos se han alcanzado buenos rendimientos, el mejor porcentaje corresponde al compuesto (7), con un 67% y el más bajo al compuesto (10) con un rendimiento de 29%. En el desarrollo de la síntesis se aplicaron los principios número dos y cinco de química verde. Además, la metodología de obtención usada fue una modificación del procedimiento descrito en la literatura. Las benzofenonas sustituidas fueron obtenidas mediante la oxidación de los respectivos alcoholes para la obtención de las benzofenonas y fluoenona; en este método se emplea hipoclorito de sodio como agente de oxidación y bromuro de tetrabutil amonio como medio de transferencia de fase en medio acuoso. Las moléculas se caracterizaron por resonancia magnética nuclear de protón (RMN-1H) y espectroscopia de infrarroja de reflectancia total atenuada (IR-ATR) entre otras técnicas espectroscópicas. La evaluación de la actividad biológica se realizó mediante el método Kirby-Bauer, empleado para determinar la sensibilidad de un organismo frente a antibióticos o antifúngicos. Los resultados muestran que las hidrazonas sustituidas (9) y (10) presentaron una actividad inhibitoria mayor frente Candida albicans y Aspergillus niger en comparación con cicloheximida al 1%, pero considerablemente son menos efectivo que ketoconazol compuestos utilizados como control

Synthesis of Trichodermin Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities

[EN] Trichothecene mycotoxins are recognized as highly bioactive compounds that can be used in the design of new useful bioactive molecules. In Trichoderma brevicompactum, the first specific step in trichothecene biosynthesis is carried out by a terpene cyclase, trichodiene synthase, that catalyzes the conversion of farnesyl diphosphate to trichodiene and is encoded by the tri5 gene. Overexpression of tri5 resulted in increased levels of trichodermin, a trichothecene-type toxin, which is a valuable tool in preparing new molecules with a trichothecene skeleton. In this work, we developed the hemisynthesis of trichodermin and trichodermol derivatives in order to evaluate their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and to study the chemo-modulation of their bioactivity. Some derivatives with a short chain at the C-4 position displayed selective antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans and they showed MIC values similar to those displayed by trichodermin. It is important to highlight the cytotoxic selectivity observed for compounds 9, 13, and 15, which presented average IC50 values of 2 µg/mL and were cytotoxic against tumorigenic cell line MCF-7 (breast carcinoma) and not against Fa2N4 (non-tumoral immortalized human hepatocytes)S

Effects of trichothecene production by Trichoderma arundinaceum isolates from bean-field soils on the defense response, growth and development of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris)

[EN] The trichothecene toxin-producing fungus Trichoderma arundinaceum has potential as a biological control agent. However, most biocontrol studies have focused only on one strain, IBT 40837. In the current study, three Trichoderma isolates recovered from bean-field soils produced the trichothecene harzianum A (HA) and trichodermol, the latter being an intermediate in the HA biosynthesis. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the three isolates were assigned to the species T. arundinaceum. Their genome sequences had a high degree of similarity to the reference IBT 40837 strain, in terms of total genome size, number of predicted genes, and diversity of putative secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters. HA production by these bean-field isolates conferred significant in vitro antifungal activity against Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, which are some of the most important bean pathogens. Furthermore, the bean-field isolates stimulated germination of bean seeds and subsequent growth of above ground parts of the bean plant. Transcriptomic analysis of bean plants inoculated with these T. arundinaceum bean-field soil isolates indicated that HA production significantly affected expression of plant defense-related genes; this effect was particularly significant in the expression of chitinase-encoding genes. Together, these results indicate that Trichoderma species producing non-phytotoxic trichothecenes can induce defenses in plants without negatively affecting germination and developmentSIThis work is a part of the Spanish I+D+i Grants RTI2018-099600-B-I00 and PID2021-123874OB-I00, financed by the MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033. GC-H was awarded with a Grant from the Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sport (Spain) (Grant number FPU15/04681). NM-R was awarded with a Grant from the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) (ORDEN EDU/875/2021, July 13th, 2021

Diabetic myonecrosis in a patient with hepatic cirrhosis: a case report and review of the literature

Introduction: Diabetic myonecrosis was first reported by Angervall and Stener in 1965. In its classical clinical expression, it affects type 1 diabetes mellitus patients with long-standing poor metabolic control and advanced chronic microvascular complications. A sudden-onset of severe pain in the region of the involved muscle, usually the quadriceps, is the typical clinical manifestation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirms the clinical diagnosis; in some cases of diagnostic uncertainty, a muscle biopsy may be required. Case Presentation: We present the case of a 38 year-old Hispanic male from Mexico, with alcohol-induced hepatic cirrhosis (Child-Pugh C/MELD 45) and type 2 diabetes mellitus admitted to the emergency room due to hepatic encephalopathy with intense pain and an increase in volume of the left thigh. MRI showed edema and inflammatory changes of the quadriceps muscle with a hyperintense signal on T2-weighted images; in addition, there was a subacute hematoma. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of diabetic myonecrosis associated with and complicated by advanced hepatic cirrhosis reported in the literature