87 research outputs found
Techniques à membranes appliquées à l'élimination des matières en suspension dans un circuit semi-fermé d'aquaculture
Les piscicultures en circuits semi-fermés sont confrontées au problème de l'élimination permanente des matières en suspension (M.E.S.) et des substances azotées. Les procédés conventionnels utilisés pour retenir les M.E.S. (décantation, hydrocyclones, filtres mécaniques à tambour rotatif, filtration gravitaire) ne donnent par entière satisfaction. Par contre, la filtration sur membranes permet d'arrêter en totalité les particules en suspension et les bactéries.On montre d'abord que les teneurs en M.E.S. et leurs répartitions granulométriques mesurées sur des échantillons prélevés en bassins d'aquaculture varient avec la taille des poissons et l'heure du prélèvement et on met en évidence la présence en nombre important de particules submicroniques.Différents essais de filtration sur membranes sont ensuite présentés :- d'une part, avec des membranes d'ultrafiltration capillaires à peau interne utilisées en potabilisation des eaux : on examine l'influence des paramètres hydrodynamiques (pression transmembranaire, vitesse de recirculation) afin de rechercher les conditions optimales de fonctionnement. Le flux de perméat ne dépasse pas dans le meilleur des cas 100 l.h-1.m-2.- d'autre part, avec des membranes de microfiltration organiques planes en fluorure de polyvinylidène (PVDF) et tubulaires en céramique. Les flux obtenus avec les membranes organiques sont de l'ordre de 250 l.h-1.m-2Dans tous les cas, la rétention des M.E.S. est totale.Cependant l'estimation de l'investissement et des coûts de fonctionnement pour une pisciculture en circuit fermé de taille industrielle conduit à des prix trop élevés pour que l'utilisation des membranes dans ce domaine soit à ce jour économiquement envisageable.A problem confronting semi-closed circuit aquaculture is the need for continuous elimination of suspended matter (SM) and nitrogenous substances. Conventional processes used to retain SM (settling tanks, hydrocyclones, rotating-drum mechanical filters, gravity filtration) are not entirely satisfactory. However, membrane filtration has recently been shown to allow removal of suspended particles and bacteria. The present study evaluates the performance of different ultrafiltration and microfiltration membranes for water processing in a semi-closed aquaculture system. A brief economic analysis of treatment costs is proposed based on the results.The marine aquafarm studied produces about 5 tons of turbot per year with a plant volume of about 100 m3. The water processing line is fitted with a rotating-drum mechanical filter that stops the largest particles and ejects 1 m3 h-1 of loaded water into the surrounding environment. Another 2 m3 h-1 are cleared out by overflowing the pumping pit. These volumes are renewed at a rate of 3% per hour by pumping saltwater from an underground source. Crossflow filtration was performed on rejections from both the mechanical filter and pumping pit overflow. SM contents and granulometric distributions determined by laser diffractometry were found to vary with sample source and withdrawal time, and size of fish in the pens. A comparison of granulometric distributions in volume percent and numerical percent underscores the presence of a great number (> 98 %) of submicron particles.To limit the risk of mechanical-pore fouling due to blockage by particles, organic membranes in the form of internal-skin capillaries (pore diameters of about 10 to 20 nm) were initially employed. These membranes, used in drinking water production, are relatively inexpensive. The experimental device was fitted with an interchangeable volumetric pump (with gears or monoscrew). Adjustable parameters were transmembrane pressure and circulation velocity within the module. Analysis of the influence of these hydrodynamic parameters revealed that pressures higher than 1 bar were unnecessary, as beyond this point permeate flux no longer increased. Optimal flux did not exceed 100 L h-1 m-2 with the gear pump. Replacing the latter with a monoscrew pump improved permeate flux up to 70 %.Tests were also performed with flat microfiltration organic membranes of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with pore diameters ranging from 0.1 to 8 µm. The flux obtained with these membranes was roughly 250 L h-1 m-2 and presented little variation with varying pore diameter. Comparative tests carried out on tubular membranes showed lower fluxes than those obtained with organic membranes which, considering their much higher cost, makes them less attractive in this context. The use of membranes in aquafarming is without precedent. An economic analysis of the practice was carried out based on financial assessments of processing of surface waters into drinking water, for which outputs to be treated and SM contents were of the same order of magnitude. With operating costs from 0.35 to 0.95 FF per cubic meter of filtered water, expected investment for a fishfarm producing 100 tons of fish a year is currently 3 to 4 times too great to consider economically profitable the use of membranes for water treatment in closed-circuit aquafarming
On the Thermal Stability of Graphone
Molecular dynamics simulation is used to study thermally activated migration
of hydrogen atoms in graphone, a magnetic semiconductor formed of a graphene
monolayer with one side covered with hydrogen so that hydrogen atoms are
adsorbed on each other carbon atom only. The temperature dependence of the
characteristic time of disordering of graphone via hopping of hydrogen atoms to
neighboring carbon atoms is established directly. The activation energy of this
process is found to be Ea=(0.05+-0.01) eV. The small value of Ea points to
extremely low thermal stability of graphone, this being a serious handicap for
practical use of the material in nanoelectronics.Comment: 3 figure
Electronic Structure, Magnetism and Superconductivity of Layered Iron Compounds
The layered iron superconductors are discussed using electronic structure
calculations. The four families of compounds discovered so far, including
Fe(Se,Te) have closely related electronic structures. The Fermi surface
consists of disconnected hole and electron cylinders and additional hole
sections that depend on the specific material. This places the materials in
proximity to itinerant magnetism, both due to the high density of states and
due to nesting. Comparison of density functional results and experiment
provides strong evidence for itinerant spin fluctuations, which are discussed
in relation to superconductivity. It is proposed that the intermediate phase
between the structural transition and the SDW transition in the oxy-pnictides
is a nematic phase.Comment: Proceedings ISS200
Probing The Electronic Structure Of Pure And Doped Cem In5 (m=co,rh,ir) Crystals With Nuclear Quadrupolar Resonance
We report calculations of the electric-field gradients (EFGs) in pure and doped CeM In5 (M=Co, Rh, and Ir) compounds and compare with experiment. The degree to which the Ce4f electron is localized is treated within various models: the local-density approximation, generalized gradient approximation (GGA), GGA+U, and 4f -core approaches. We find that there is a correlation between the observed EFG and whether the 4f electron participates in the band formation or not. We also find that the EFG evolves linearly with Sn doping in CeRhIn5, suggesting the electronic structure is modified by doping. In contrast, the observed EFG in CeCoIn5 doped with Cd changes little with doping. These results indicate that nuclear quadrupolar resonance is a sensitive probe of electronic structure. © 2008 The American Physical Society.7724Slichter, C.P., (1990) Principles of Magnetic Resonance, , 3rd ed. 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Shape resonance for the anisotropic superconducting gaps near a Lifshitz transition: the effect of electron hopping between layers
The multigap superconductivity modulated by quantum confinement effects in a
superlattice of quantum wells is presented. Our theoretical BCS approach
captures the low-energy physics of a shape resonance in the superconducting
gaps when the chemical potential is tuned near a Lifshitz transition. We focus
on the case of weak Cooper-pairing coupling channels and strong pair exchange
interaction driven by repulsive Coulomb interaction that allows to use the BCS
theory in the weak-coupling regime neglecting retardation effects like in
quantum condensates of ultracold gases. The calculated matrix element effects
in the pairing interaction are shown to yield a complex physics near the
particular quantum critical points due to Lifshitz transitions in multigap
superconductivity. Strong deviations of the ratio from the
standard BCS value as a function of the position of the chemical potential
relative to the Lifshitz transition point measured by the Lifshitz parameter
are found. The response of the condensate phase to the tuning of the Lifshitz
parameter is compared with the response of ultracold gases in the BCS-BEC
crossover tuned by an external magnetic field. The results provide the
description of the condensates in this regime where matrix element effects play
a key role.Comment: 12 pages, 6 figure
Perturbation Theory of High-Tc Superconductivity in Iron Pnictides
The high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductivity discovered
recently in iron pnictides is analyzed within a perturbation theory.
Specifically, the probable pairing symmetry, the doping dependence of the
transition temperature and the pairing mechanism are studied by solving the
Eliashberg equation for multi-band (2- and 5-band) Hubbard models with
realistic electronic structures. The effective pairing interaction is expanded
perturbatively in the on-site Coulomb integrals up to third order. Our
perturbative weak-coupling approach shows that sufficiently large eigenvalues
of the Eliashberg equation are obtained to explain the actual high transition
temperatures by taking realistic on-site Coulomb integrals in the 5-band model.
Thus, unconventional (non-phonon-mediated) superconductivity is highly likely
to be realized. The superconducting order parameter does not change its sign on
the Fermi surfaces, but it does change between the electron and hole Fermi
surfaces. Consequently, the probable pairing symmetry is always "a nodeless
extended s-wave symmetry (more specifically, an s_{+-}-wave symmetry)" over the
whole parameter region that we investigated. It is suggested that the 2-band
model is insufficient to explain the high values of Tc.Comment: 24 pages, 9 figure
Observation of Multi-Gap Superconductivity in GdO(F)FeAs by Andreev Spectroscopy
We have studied current-voltage characteristics of Andreev contacts in
polycrystalline GdOFFeAs samples with bulk critical
temperature = (52.5 \pm 1)K using break-junction technique. The data
obtained cannot be described within the single-gap approach and suggests the
existence of a multi-gap superconductivity in this compound. The large and
small superconducting gap values estimated at T = 4.2K are {\Delta}L = 10.5 \pm
2 meV and {\Delta}S = 2.3 \pm 0.4 meV, respectively.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to JETP Letter
Graphite and Hexagonal Boron-Nitride Possess the Same Interlayer Distance. Why?
Graphite and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) are two prominent members of the
family of layered materials possessing a hexagonal lattice. While graphite has
non-polar homo-nuclear C-C intra-layer bonds, h-BN presents highly polar B-N
bonds resulting in different optimal stacking modes of the two materials in
bulk form. Furthermore, the static polarizabilities of the constituent atoms
considerably differ from each other suggesting large differences in the
dispersive component of the interlayer bonding. Despite these major differences
both materials present practically identical interlayer distances. To
understand this finding, a comparative study of the nature of the interlayer
bonding in both materials is presented. A full lattice sum of the interactions
between the partially charged atomic centers in h-BN results in vanishingly
small monopolar electrostatic contributions to the interlayer binding energy.
Higher order electrostatic multipoles, exchange, and short-range correlation
contributions are found to be very similar in both materials and to almost
completely cancel out by the Pauli repulsions at physically relevant interlayer
distances resulting in a marginal effective contribution to the interlayer
binding. Further analysis of the dispersive energy term reveals that despite
the large differences in the individual atomic polarizabilities the
hetero-atomic B-N C6 coefficient is very similar to the homo-atomic C-C
coefficient in the hexagonal bulk form resulting in very similar dispersive
contribution to the interlayer binding. The overall binding energy curves of
both materials are thus very similar predicting practically the same interlayer
distance and very similar binding energies.Comment: 18 pages, 5 figures, 2 table
Mechanical and Electronic Properties of MoS Nanoribbons and Their Defects
We present our study on atomic, electronic, magnetic and phonon properties of
one dimensional honeycomb structure of molybdenum disulfide (MoS) using
first-principles plane wave method. Calculated phonon frequencies of bare
armchair nanoribbon reveal the fourth acoustic branch and indicate the
stability. Force constant and in-plane stiffness calculated in the harmonic
elastic deformation range signify that the MoS nanoribbons are stiff quasi
one dimensional structures, but not as strong as graphene and BN nanoribbons.
Bare MoS armchair nanoribbons are nonmagnetic, direct band gap
semiconductors. Bare zigzag MoS nanoribbons become half-metallic as a
result of the (2x1) reconstruction of edge atoms and are semiconductor for
minority spins, but metallic for the majority spins. Their magnetic moments and
spin-polarizations at the Fermi level are reduced as a result of the
passivation of edge atoms by hydrogen. The functionalization of MoS
nanoribbons by adatom adsorption and vacancy defect creation are also studied.
The nonmagnetic armchair nanoribbons attain net magnetic moment depending on
where the foreign atoms are adsorbed and what kind of vacancy defect is
created. The magnetization of zigzag nanoribbons due to the edge states is
suppressed in the presence of vacancy defects.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, first submitted at November 23th, 200
Doping-Free Arsenene Heterostructure Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors Enabled by Thickness Modulated Semiconductor to Metal Transition in Arsenene
Two-dimensional (2-D) materials such as MoS2 and phosphorene provide an ideal platform to realize extremely thin body metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) which is highly immune to short channel effects in the ultra-scaled regime. Even with the excellent electrostatic integrity inherent in 2-D system, however, 2-D materials suffer from the lack of efficient doping method which is crucial in MOSFETs technology. Recently, an unusual phase transition from semiconductor to metal driven by the thickness modulation has been predicted in mono-elemental 2-D material arsenene. Utilizing this extraordinary property, we propose doping-free arsenene heterostructure MOSFETs based on the lateral multilayer (metallic source)/monolayer (semiconducting channel)/multilayer (metallic drain) arsenene heterostructure. Metallic multilayer arsenene in the source and drain can serve as electrodes without doping. We investigate the potential performance of arsenene heterostructure MOSFETs through atomistic simulations using density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green's function. The intrinsic upper limit of the on-state current in arsenene heterostructure MOSFETs is estimated by studying the effect of layer number in the source and drain. We comprehensively analyze the competitiveness of arsenene heterostructure MOSFETs through benchmarking with monolayer arsenene homostructure MOSFETs equipped with the highly degenerate doped source and drain, suggesting superior performance of heterostructure MOSFETs over homostructure MOSFETs
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