Outcast women: Crime, gender and the politics of respectability in Fremantle, 1900 to 1939

Esther Warden was described in court in 1912 as ‘a dangerous woman’ and ‘an incorrigible nuisance’. By 1939, when she was in her late sixties, Esther had notched up over 200 criminal convictions, mostly for drunkenness and being an idle and disorderly public nuisance. In Fremantle she was one of the most notorious criminals of the early twentieth-century and known as the ‘terror’ of the West End. Western Australia’s Police Act had been enacted in the late nineteenth century as a means to monitor and punish criminal behaviour—mainly such offences against good order as drunkenness, vagrancy and loitering. But it was also used to control female behaviour. The feminine ideal in the British world was then of a passive, chaste and moral woman who best contributed to society through respectable paid work or by upholding a domestic identity as a good wife and mother. Women who did not conform to this idea faced being outcast from society through convictions for good order offences. When Perth’s Magistrate Augustus Roe sent Clara Bull to the Salvation Army Home in 1902 he told her it was a ‘chance to be a better woman’. His words, therefore, echoed the dominant public discourse about women who were charged with offences against good order. While they had committed crimes, their greatest offence was considered to be their failure to meet social expectations

Dialect acquisition of glottal variation in /t/: Barbadians in Ipswich

This article considers dialect contact and second-dialect acquisition by adult and child Barbadian English speakers converging towards an East Anglian variety of English. We examine glottal variation in word-final /t/, comparing the local dialect of Anglo ('white') speakers in Ipswich to that of Barbados-born speakers living there, and to British English varieties more generally. We investigate this variable using instrumental analysis and consider (i) whether its use by Ipswich Anglo urban speakers indicates diffusion, (ii) whether its patterning among Barbadian immigrant speakers reflects dialect acquisition and (iii) how methodologically secure the received wisdom is concerning one of Britain's most often-studied sociolinguistic variables of recent years. We briefly consider the social context for the English and Barbadian varieties, review the literature on glottal variants of /t/ in British urban dialects, and examine those environments most commonly studied for the variable, and the usual explanation for its relative frequency across them. We then compare the Ipswich Anglo and Barbadian data and reconcile the two patterns in an interpretation which finds both ethnically-aligned contrasts and agreement on norms local to Ipswich. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

1864-09-26 Detective Officer George L. Straw requests list of deserters

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A histidine residue and a tetranuclear cuprous‐thiolate cluster dominate the copper loading landscape of a copper storage protein from Streptomyces lividans

The chemical basis for protecting organisms against the toxic effect imposed by excess cuprous ions is to constrain this through high‐affinity binding sites that use cuprous‐thiolate coordination chemistry. In bacteria, a family of cysteine rich four‐helix bundle proteins utilise thiolate chemistry to bind up to 80 cuprous ions. These proteins have been termed copper storage proteins (Csp). The present study investigates cuprous ion loading to the Csp from Streptomyces lividans (SlCsp) using a combination of X‐ray crystallography, site‐directed mutagenesis and stopped‐flow reaction kinetics with either aquatic cuprous ions or a chelating donor. We illustrate that at low cuprous ion concentrations, copper is loaded exclusively into an outer core region of SlCsp via one end of the four‐helix bundle, facilitated by a set of three histidine residues. X‐ray crystallography reveals the existence of polynuclear cuprous‐thiolate clusters culminating in the assembly of a tetranuclear [Cu4(μ2‐S‐Cys)4(Νδ1‐His)] cluster in the outer core. As more cuprous ions are loaded, the cysteine lined inner core of SlCsp fills with cuprous ions but in a fluxional and dynamic manner with no evidence for the assembly of further intermediate polynuclear cuprous‐thiolate clusters as observed in the outer core. Using site‐directed mutagenesis a key role for His107 in the efficient loading of cuprous ions from a donor is established. A model of copper loading to SlCsp is proposed and discussed

Taphonomic Comparisons of Two Laurentian Upper Ordovician Epeiric Sea “Small Shelly Faunas”

The Elgin Member of the Upper Ordovician (Katian) Maquoketa Formation of Iowa contains phosphorite beds consisting of millimeter-scale phosphatic fossils, primarily steinkerns. Similar beds occur in the coeval strata of the classic Cincinnatian Series around the Cincinnati, Ohio area. Initial sampling of the phosphate-rich beds of the Maquoketa allows comparison between the faunal composition and taphonomy of these beds and collections from the more extensively sampled Cincinnatian strata. We isolated these fossils by dissolution of bulk samples in acetic acid and examined the same strata in thin section to study the fossils in context. The Maquoketa diminutive phosphatized fossils have been interpreted as evidence of dwarfed faunas indicative of environmental stress, such as anoxia, which may have also contributed to phosphogenesis. An alternative explanation for the small size is that phosphogenesis was size-selective and that phosphatic particles were concentrated by reworking as less-durable shell material was destroyed. These hypotheses can be tested by examining the fauna for “normal” sized elements. Insoluble residue from sampled phosphate-rich strata in both field areas yields abundant molluscan steinkerns, as well as crinoid columnals, conodonts, scolecodonts, bryozoan zooecia steinkerns and other fossils associated with a normal marine fauna. In Cincinnatian occurrences, the composition of the phosphatic assemblages is variable but is a reflection of the variability of faunal composition seen in these strata rather than an indication of an unusual fauna associated with extreme conditions; most are associated with diverse marine assemblages. Insoluble residues from both areas yield steinkerns that precipitated in small pores within larger skeletons. This phenomenon can be seen in thin section, where phosphate is present within certain parts of the larger preserved skeletons. The maximum size of the steinkerns of the Maquoketa is larger than those of most Cincinnatian occurrences, although size is variable in Cincinnatian occurrences. In Cincinnatian strata the abundance of small phosphatic fossils correlates with evidence for reworking; heavily reworked beds yield the most residue. Examined in thin section, the sampled strata of the Maquoketa appear to be heavily reworked and represent an extreme endmember of this concentration of durable phosphatic material. Detailed examination using an SEM and associated XRF elemental mapping reveals that the phosphatic steinkerns of both localities are very similar in their taphonomy. Both consist of botryoidal growths of carbonate fluorapatite (CFA). The botryoidal growth appears to have nucleated on the walls of the original shell, first forming a lining of variable thickness. Some steinkerns have secondary botryoidal growths on the outside of the steinkern indicating continued precipitation of CFA after destruction of the original shell. This secondary precipitation suggests that reworking played a role not only in concentrating the phosphatic material but also in encouraging continued precipitation of CFA. The size of the available pore space appears to have played a role in encouraging the precipitation of CFA. In thin section the CFA is limited to smaller parts of larger shells, such as the apices of gastropods and did not precipitate on the inside of the larger, more open spaces within the shell. Many of the phosphate-filled spaces are also sediment-filled, suggesting that subdivision of the larger space into smaller pores enhanced the precipitation of CFA. The difference in the maximum size of the steinkern achieved in the different assemblages suggests that geochemical factors affected size limits. The most distinctive aspect of phosphate-rich Ordovician strata of mid-Laurentia is the degree of reworking that concentrated the durable small fossils. Details of taphonomy also suggest that phosphate precipitation was an iterative process enhanced by reworking, and that small pore spaces enhanced this mineralization, thus selectively preserving certain sizes and parts of the larger fauna

Night Matters—Why the Interdisciplinary Field of “Night Studies” Is Needed

The night has historically been neglected in both disciplinary and interdisciplinary research. To some extent, this is not surprising, given the diurnal bias of human researchers and the difficulty of performing work at night. The night is, however, a critical element of biological, chemical, physical, and social systems on Earth. Moreover, research into social issues such as inequality, demographic changes, and the transition to a sustainable economy will be compromised if the night is not considered. Recent years, however, have seen a surge in research into the night. We argue that “night studies” is on the cusp of coming into its own as an interdisciplinary field, and that when it does, the field will consider questions that disciplinary researchers have not yet thought to ask

Meeting irrigation demands in a water-challenged environment

Presented at Meeting irrigation demands in a water-challenged environment: SCADA and technology: tools to improve production: a USCID water management conference held on September 28 - October 1, 2010 in Fort Collins, Colorado.Includes bibliographical references.Accurate estimates of spatially distributed evapotranspiration (ET) using remote sensing inputs could help improve crop water management, the assessment of regional drought conditions, irrigation efficiency, ground water depletion, and the verification of the use of water rights over large irrigated areas. In this study, ET was mapped using surface reflectance and radiometric temperature images from the Landsat 5 satellite in a surface energy budget algorithm driven by a surface aerodynamic temperature (SAT_ET) model. The SAT_ET model was developed using surface temperature, horizontal wind speed, air temperature and crop biophysical characteristic measured over an irrigated alfalfa field in Southeastern Colorado. Estimates of the remote sensing-based ET for a 4.0 hectare alfalfa field and a 3.5 hectare oats field, during the 2009 cropping season, were evaluated using two monolithic weighing lysimeters located at the Colorado State University Arkansas Valley Research Center (AVRC) in Rocky Ford, Colorado. Although the overall model performance was encouraging, results indicated that the SAT_ET model performed well under dry atmospheric and soil conditions and less accurately under high air relative humidity and soil water content conditions. These findings are evidence that SAT_ET needs to be further developed to perform better under a range of environmental and atmospheric conditions

Time-richness and phosphatic microsteinkern accumulation in the Cincinnatian (Katian) Ordovician, USA: An example of polycyclic phosphogenic condensation

Millimeter-scale phosphatic steinkern preservation is a feature of the taxonomically enigmatic Early Cambrian “small shelly faunas”, but this style of preservation is not unique to the Cambrian; it is ubiquitous, if infrequently reported, from the Phanerozoic record. The polycyclic phosphogenic condensation (PPC) model envisions both the genesis and concentration of phosphatic microsteinkerns as natural outcomes of shell bed genesis through episodic sediment starvation. This model predicts that more reworked and condensed shell bed limestones will contain more phosphatic microsteinkerns, but that even the least reworked limestones may contain some phosphatic particles. We test this model through examination of vertical thin sections densely collected through a 10-meter interval from the classic Cincinnatian (upper Katian, middle Maysvillian North American Stage) upper Fairview Formation, Miamitown Shale, and lower Grant Lake formations at four localities near Cincinnati, Ohio. For each of approximately 50 distinguishable limestone depositional units in each locality, a 2 × 2 cm square was selected for study. Each square was assigned a textural classification (mud content of intergranular space) and a breakage rank (pristine to comminuted). Phosphatic particle distribution was quantified both by visual estimation and by particle counting, with counts ranging from none detected to over 1000 per 4 cm2. Our analyses show a strong positive relationship between phosphate content and both textural maturity and fragmentation. This positive relationship is consistent with the PPC model and confirms that textural maturity can reflect the degree of condensation as well as depth-related environmental energy. This finding suggests that shell bed processes of repeated deposition and reworking make a significant contribution to the generation and accumulation of phosphatic particles. If local-scale sedimentary processes and conditions can control this accumulation, temporal changes in phosphatic sediment deposition rates may be linked to earth changes more complexly than through changing ocean chemistry on a global scale

VLT/ISAAC H-band spectroscopy of embedded massive YSOs

We have performed intermediate resolution (R = 5000), high signal-to-noise H-band spectroscopy of a small, initial sample of three massive embedded young stellar objects (YSOs), using VLT/ISAAC. The sample has been selected from sources characterised in previous literature as being likely of OB spectral type, to be unambiguously associated with bright (H < 14) single point sources in the 2MASS database, and to have no optical counterparts. Of the targets observed, one object shows a ~B3 spectrum, similar to a main sequence object of the same spectral type. A second object exhibits weak HeI and H emission, indicating an early-type source: we detect HeII absorption, which supports a previous indirect derivation of the spectral type as mid-O. The third object does not show absorption lines, so no spectral type can de derived. It does, however, exhibit a rich spectrum of strong, broad emission lines and is likely to be surrounded by dense circumstellar material and at a very early evolutionary stage. Our results from this very small sample are in agreement with those of Kaper et al. (2002), who also find spectra similar to optically visible main sequence stars, together with emission line objects representing a very early evolutionary phase, in their much larger sample of K-band spectra.Comment: 10 pages, 14 figures, A&A (accepted

Total prostatectomy as a treatment for prostatic carcinoma in 25 dogs

Objective: To describe the complications and outcome after total prostatectomy in dogs with histologically confirmed prostatic carcinoma. Study Design: Multi-institutional retrospective case series. Animals: 25 client-owned dogs. Methods: Medical records of dogs undergoing total prostatectomy were reviewed from 2004 to 2016. Data retrieved included signalment, presenting signs, preoperative clinical findings, laboratory data, diagnostic imaging, surgical technique, histologic diagnosis, postoperative complications, occurrence of postoperative metastasis, and survival. Results: Twenty-five dogs underwent total prostatectomy for prostatic carcinoma. Urinary anastomotic techniques included urethrourethral anastomosis in 14 dogs, cystourethral anastomosis in 9 dogs, ureterocolonic anastomosis in 1 dog, and anastomosis between the bladder neck and penile urethra in 1 dog. All dogs survived to discharge. Fifteen dogs were diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma, 8 dogs with prostatic adenocarcinoma, 1 with prostatic cystadenocarcinoma, and 1 with an undifferentiated carcinoma. Permanent postoperative urinary incontinence was present in 8 of 23 dogs. The median survival time was shorter in dogs with extracapsular tumor extension compared with those with intracapsular tumors. The overall median survival time was 231 days (range, 24-1255), with 1- and 2-year survival rates equal to 32% and 12%, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Significance: Total prostatectomy, combined with adjunct therapies, prolongs survival and lowers complication rates compared to previous reports of dogs with prostatic carcinoma. It should be noted, however, that case selection likely played a significant role in postoperative outcome