The Beauty of the Commons? Consumers participation in Food Community Networks

Why are consumers increasingly joining farmers to co-produce and transact sustainable foods world-wide? May these networks be a new tool to promote sustainable practices? As stated by Sandler (2010): “Longitudinal collective action environmental problems are likely to be effectively addressed only by an enormous number of individuals each making a nearly insignificant contribution to resolving them”. Consumers-farmers networks may serve this scope by inducing individual actors to change their preferences towards sustainable products. However participation in these networks is still not well understood. On one hand new institutional economics explains consumers joining farmers in creating a network as a choice of the “most cost-economizing” governance structure to carry out a transaction where credence attributes are involved (i.e. sustainable-produced foodstuff). Thus a credence food is transacted through a consumers-farmers network if this governance structure can ensure the minimization of the transaction costs. However the way different (transactional) contexts can influence the change of consumers perceptions and preferences for credence foods is still not completely addressed. On the other hand behavioral economics underlines the role of social and psychological motivations such as altruism and fairness, to describe this type of decision making process. Still a clear link between transaction costs, motivations and the choice context to describe consumers participation in these networks is not completely understood and analysed. In this paper we use both new institutional and behavioural economics arguments to conceptualize the consumers participation in this new type of governance structures, which we have defined as food community network (FCN). More specifically we have investigated an Italian fast-spreading type of FCN named Solidarity Purchase Group . GAS are associations of consumers whose behavior is characterized by a strong philosophical and ethical agreement in which the territorial, economic and social ties between the individuals involved in it, tend to evolve into networks of participative economy. The present study, which is part of a wider study financed by the Sicilian Regional Authority, analyses the GAS presence in Sicily (a region in Southern Italy), where 32 active GAS are present, representing an estimated number of 1,200 families. Although this phenomenon is still marginal and limited to recent years, it can be particularly interesting because of its rapid proliferation. Attention to this type of participative consumerism is warranted for two reasons: firstly, because of its progressive expansion into rural areas, far from the main cities where the phenomenon originated, and secondly, because of its potential impact on the sustainability of food production in this region. To evaluate the potential impact of this phenomenon in Sicily a sample of involved consumers has been interviewed. This sample included some 200 individuals (those in the household in charge of buying) belonging to the main GAS operating in Sicily. This group represents 946 consumers. More specifically a survey was developed to investigate consumers participation in this GAS. In the questionnaire three main issues have been investigated: transaction costs, motivations and social preferences (i.e. altruism and trust), and choice context features as driving factors of consumers participation. Moreover we controlled for i) attitudes towards environmental protection and nature, industrial food production, technological progress, animal welfare, food and environment; ii) consumption frequencies and type of purchased products (i.e. organic, other certified products, conventional products, environmental friendly products and not certified products); and iii) socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, including food-related lifestyle (FRL). The transaction-costs-related, motivational and choice-context-related variables have used to analyse different level of participation, comparing results from a conditional logit model with a latent-class one. Results indicate different factors affecting participation and profiles of GAS participants, which we can classify as follow: environmentalism and ecological sensitivity (1); gourmet, innovations and creativity (2); cultural patriotism and ethnocentrism (3); animal welfarism (4); cost and price awareness (5); belief in food traditionalism and purity of cuisine (6). Based on these results policy implications have been drawn to promote public support of GAS and food community networks both in the Italian and European contexts

Dinámica de la humedad de los combustibles y su relación con la ecología y el manejo de fuego en la región chaqueña occidental (Argentina) I: conceptos básicos

El fuego es un modelador de la mayoría de los ecosistemas vegetales del mundo, entre ellos, los correspondientes a la región chaqueña argentina donde asimismo ha sido usado ampliamente como una herramienta de manejo de la vegetación. Dada una fuente de ignición, para que un fuego pueda prosperar deben existir ciertas condiciones. Entre ellas, el contenido de humedad del combustible (CH) juega un rol fundamental ya que su magnitud influirá en la probabilidad de ignición, en el posterior comportamiento del fuego y en el impacto que éste tendrá sobre el ecosistema afectado. Existen diferencias entre el contenido de humedad de los combustibles vivos (CHCV) y el de los muertos (CHCM), debido a que el contenido del agua en cada uno de ellos responde a procesos distintos. Mientras que el CHCV responde a características propias de las especies como su fisiología y fenología, el CHCM varía de acuerdo a leyes físicas universales que regulan el intercambio de humedad entre ese combustible y el ambiente que lo rodea. Dada la relevancia que tiene CH, se han desarrollado diversos métodos y sistemas para medirlo, estimarlo, y/o poder predecirlo. Conocer su dinámica a lo largo del tiempo permite, además, determinar los períodos en los que el fuego es más propenso a ocurrir en cada ecosistema. Al presente, se han realizado estudios preliminares para algunas especies de la región chaqueña. Para el desarrollo de indicadores de peligro y modelos de comportamiento que permitan llevar a cabo quemas prescriptas con un mayor grado de seguridad y mejor cumplimiento de los objetivos, es necesario incrementar este conocimiento a un mayor número de especies. El objetivo de este trabajo fue, por lo tanto, ampliar la información existente, cuantificando la dinámica estacional del CH en diferentes especies nativas de gramíneas, arbustos y árboles de la región chaqueña. Además analizamos los efectos de la estación climática, el sitio ecológico y las características del combustible sobre el CH. En esta primera parte, presentamos las bases conceptuales sobre la combustión de los vegetales y su relación con el CH, las características que hacen a las diferencias entre combustibles vivos y muertos, los factores que inciden en sus respectivas dinámicas, y las metodologías que existen para su determinación. En los siguientes aportes se darán a conocer estas determinaciones en las principales especies de la región chaqueña argentina.Fire is one of the main natural disturbances that have shaped most of the world´s terrestrial ecosystems. In the Chaco region of Argentina, fire has also been used as a management tool for pastures improvement. Given an ignition source, for a fire to develop certain conditions must occur. Among them, the fuel moisture content (FMC) plays a very important role, since its values will affect the behavior of the fire and the consequences on the disturbed ecosystem. There are differences between live (LFMC) and dead (DFMC) fuel moisture content, mainly because the water content is governed by different processes. The LFMC depends on the species´physiological and phenological characteristics, while DFMC varies according to universal physical laws that regulate the moisture content exchange between the fuels and their environment. Given its relevance, several methods have been proposed to measure and predict FMC. Also, the knowledge of their dynamics along the seasons allows to determine the most critical periods for fire occurrence. Up to the present, preliminary studies of FMC have been determined for some species of the Chaco region. However, for developing protocols for the implementation of prescribed burning, it is necessary to broaden this knowledge to comprise a wider number of species. For the accomplishment of these objectives, we analyzed the influence of the climatic seasons, the ecological site, and the characteristics of the fuel on the FMC. In this first part, we present the conceptual bases dealing with vegetation combustion and its relations with FMC, the characterization of the differences between LFMC and DFMC, the factors controlling their respective dynamics, and the main methodologies used in their determination. In the following chapters, we will present the dynamics of FMC of the different key species of the Chaco region of Argentina.EEA Santiago del EsteroFil: Bianchi, L. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Sede Esquel; ArgentinaFil: Defossé, Guillermo E. Centro de Investigación y Extensión Forestal Andino Patagónico; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco. Sede Esquel; ArgentinaFil: Dentoni, María del Carmen. Plan Nacional de Manejo de Fuego; ArgentinaFil: Kunst, Carlos Roberto. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Ledesma, Roxana Ramona. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santiago del Estero; ArgentinaFil: Bravo, Sandra. Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Cátedra de Botánica; Argentin

Harnessing Wicked Problems in Multi-stakeholder Partnerships

Despite the burgeoning literature on the governance and impact of cross-sector partnerships in the past two decades, the debate on how and when these collaborative arrangements address globally relevant problems and contribute to systemic change remains open. Building upon the notion of wicked problems and the literature on governing such wicked problems, this paper defines harnessing problems in multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) as the approach of taking into account the nature of the problem and of organizing governance processes accordingly. The paper develops an innovative analytical framework that conceptualizes MSPs in terms of three governance processes (deliberation, decision-making and enforce-ment) harnessing three key dimensions of wicked problems (knowledge uncertainty, value conflict and dynamic complexity). The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil provides an illustrative case study on how this analytical framework describes and explains organizational change in partnerships from a problem-based perspective. The framework can be used to better understand and predict the complex relationships between MSP governance processes, systemic change and societal problems, but also as a guiding tool in (re-)organizing governance processes to continuously re-assess the problems over time and address them accordingly

New organizational forms in emerging economies: bridging the gap between agribusiness management and international development

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Emerald via the DOI in this recordPurpose: This editorial article introduces and analyzes a variety of new organizational forms that rapidly emerged in Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe in the latest two decades. Among the others, these include: business model partnerships, business platforms, incubators and hubs, public–private partnerships, agribusiness companies' foundations and spin-offs, short supply chains, community-supported agriculture and other community self-organizing experiences. Building upon the recent literature and the five selected papers in this special issue, the authors discuss what is novel in these organizations and why, when and how they emerge and evolve over time. Design/methodology/approach: The authors identify three elements that, when considered together, explain and predict the emergence and evolution of these new organizational forms: institutions, strategies and learning processes. Findings: The authors demonstrate that societal actors seeking to (re)design these new organizational forms need to consider these three elements to combine the pursuit of their interests of their own constituencies with the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Originality/value: Taking stock from the literature, the authors invite future research on new organizational forms to take explicitly the pursuit of the SDGs into consideration; to build upon a process ontology; and to deeply reflect on our positionality of scientists studying and sometimes engaging in these organizations

Neuronal cell-based high-throughput screen for enhancers of mitochondrial function reveals luteolin as a modulator of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum coupling

Background: Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature of aging, neurodegeneration, and metabolic diseases. Hence, mitotherapeutics may be valuable disease modifiers for a large number of conditions. In this study, we have set up a large-scale screening platform for mitochondrial-based modulators with promising therapeutic potential. Results: Using differentiated human neuroblastoma cells, we screened 1200 FDA-approved compounds and identified 61 molecules that significantly increased cellular ATP without any cytotoxic effect. Following dose response curve-dependent selection, we identified the flavonoid luteolin as a primary hit. Further validation in neuronal models indicated that luteolin increased mitochondrial respiration in primary neurons, despite not affecting mitochondrial mass, structure, or mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species. However, we found that luteolin increased contacts between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), contributing to increased mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) and Ca2+-dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase activity. This signaling pathway likely contributed to the observed effect of luteolin on enhanced mitochondrial complexes I and II activities. Importantly, we observed that increased mitochondrial functions were dependent on the activity of ER Ca2+-releasing channels inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) both in neurons and in isolated synaptosomes. Additionally, luteolin treatment improved mitochondrial and locomotory activities in primary neurons and Caenorhabditis elegans expressing an expanded polyglutamine tract of the huntingtin protein. Conclusion: We provide a new screening platform for drug discovery validated in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, we describe a novel mechanism through which luteolin modulates mitochondrial activity in neuronal models with potential therapeutic validity for treatment of a variety of human diseases

Occupational exposure to noise and vibration in mine reclamation

The occupational exposure to noise and vibration transmitted by earth moving machinery and hand-held equipment represents a major occupational health issue in mining and mine reclamation activities. Previous research proved that noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) can be amplified by the exposure to hand-transmitted vibration; in fact it has been suggested that workers affected by vibration white finger syndrome (VWF) can be at higher risk of hearing loss, as the vibration might cause the vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the inner ear. The article discusses the result of the exposure assessment for the workers employed in a number of abandoned mines located in southern Sardinia, where extensive mine remediation and environmental rehabilitation work is currently in progress. The personal exposure to noise, whole-body vibration and hand-arm vibration has been evaluated on the basis of the measurements taken on-site, considering the remediation tasks typically performed by the workers