186 research outputs found

    Experimental research of metabolic effects of calcium chloride and calcium sulfate on the macromineral balance of dairy cows under different feeding- conditions

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    Titelblatt, Inhaltsverzeichnis, AbkĂŒrzungsverzeichnis Einleitung LiteraturĂŒbersicht Material und Methoden Ergebnisse Diskussion Schlussfolgerungen Zusammenfassung Summary Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Danksagung Lebenslauf SelbstĂ€ndigkeitserklĂ€rungBei dieser Arbeit wurden die metabolischen Effekte von Calciumchlorid und -sulfat auf den Mengenelementhaushalt bei einer Langzeitstudie, einer reduzierten Energiezufuhr, einer reduzierten Calciumzufuhr, einer erhöhten Kalium- und Natriumzufuhr, einer einmaligen Verabreichung saurer Salze pro Tag, einer steigenden Sulfatzufuhr und anhand von TagesÂŹprofilen untersucht. Es wurden elf pansenfistulierten, nichtlaktierenden, nichttragenden Holstein- Friesian-KĂŒhe (Alter 6 ïżœ 11 Jahre) verschiedene Salze (CaCl2, CaSO4, KHCO3 und NaHCO3) bzw. Salzkombinationen zu den FĂŒtterungen direkt in den Pansen verabreicht und regelmĂ€ĂŸig Futterproben analysiert, Blut- und Harnproben gewonnen und Calcium, Chlorid, Magnesium, Natrium, Kalium und Phosphat sowie Creatinin fĂŒr die Berechnung der fraktionellen Exkretion bestimmt. Die biostatistische Auswertung erfolgte durch eine zweifaktorielle Varianzanalyse, durch einen t-Test fĂŒr unabhĂ€ngige Stichproben sowie durch eine lineare Regressionsanalyse. Die Irrtumswahrscheinlichkeit wurde auf p < 0,05 festgelegt. Die Anwendungsdauer saurer Salze sollte mindestens sechs Tage und maximal zehn bis 14 Tage bis zum Abkalben erfolgen. Eine unterschiedliche Energieversorgung ĂŒbt keinen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Wirkung saurer Salze aus. Die Ă€quivalente Zufuhr von Kalium zu Calciumchlorid bzw. -sulfat fĂŒhrt zu einem vollstĂ€ndigen Wirkverlust der sauren Salze, wĂ€hrend es bei Verabreichung einer Ă€quivalenten Menge von Natrium nur zu einer Hemmung der Wirksamkeit saurer Salze kommt. Eine reduzierte Calciumzufuhr bewirkt keine wesentliche Förderung der Wirkung saurer Salze auf den Calciumhaushalt. Negative Auswirkungen auf den Elektrolythaushalt waren nicht nachzuweisen, doch sollte aufgrund möglicher Gesundheitsstörungen trotz allem eine zusĂ€tzliche Calciumzulage wĂ€hrend der Anwendung saurer Salze erfolgen. Die Verabreichung saurer Salze kann sowohl einmal als auch zweimal tĂ€glich erfolgen, da ĂŒber den Tag eine kontinuierliche Wirkung vorhanden ist. Die Wirkung saurer Salze auf die Calciummobilisierung bzw. ïżœresorption scheint bereits wĂ€hrend der ersten vier Stunden nach erstmaliger Verabreichung einzusetzen. Eine Steigerung der Sulfatmenge bis auf sechs Äquivalente fĂŒhrt zu keinen negativen VerĂ€nderungen des Elektrolythaushaltes, wohl aber des Gesundheitsstatus des Tieres. Wesentliche Unterschiede in der Wirksamkeit von Calciumsulfat und -chlorid sind nicht vorhanden. Zwischen der DCAB und der Calciumkonzentration im Urin besteht ein negativer, linearer Zusammenhang (rCaCl2 = -0,8; rCaSO4 = -0,87, p < 0,05). Die Calciumkonzentration im Urin stellt ein Beurteilungskriterium fĂŒr die azidotische Wirkung der sauren Salze dar. Die Konzentrationen von Chlorid, Magnesium, Natrium, Kalium und Phosphat im Serum und Urin können nicht fĂŒr die Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit saurer Salze herangezogen werden. Eine Zunahme der Chloridzufuhr fĂŒhrt zu einer Steigerung der Chloridexkretion. Der Zusammenhang zwischen Aufnahme und Exkretion im Urin konnte auch besonders bei Kalium und Natrium nachgewiesen werden. FĂŒr die Beurteilung des Mengenelementhaushaltes ist die Serum- und Urinkonzentration ausreichend. Die Bestimmung der fraktionellen Exkretion ist bei bedarfsgerechter Versorgung nicht notwendig.To optimise the use of anionic salts and to uncover possible negative effects on the electrolyte balance, the effects of anionic salts under different feeding-conditions were examined. The metabolic effects of calcium chloride and calcium sulfate were examined for the major elements in a long-term study, a reduced energy input, a reduced calcium supply, increased potassium and sodium supply, a once-a-day administration of anionic salts, a rising sulfate supply and on the basis of daily profiles. Different anionic salts and salt combinations were fed directly in the rumen of eleven rumenfistulated, nonlactating, nonpregnant dairy cows of the breed Holstein Frisian (age 6 - 11 years). CaCl2, CaSO4, KHCO3 and NaHCO3 were the anionic salts used in the different experimental phases. In regular intervals fodder samples were analyzed, blood and urine samples were collected and the elements calcium, chloride, magnesium, sodium, potassium and phosphate as well as creatinine were analyzed for the calculation of the fractional excretion. The biostatistic evaluation took place via a two-factorial analysis of variance, t-test done with random samples and a linear regression analysis (α = 0.05). The application duration of anionic salts should take place at least six days and maximally ten to 14 days up to the time of calving. A changed energy supply does not have any essential influence on the effects of anionic salts. The equivalent supply of potassium to calcium chloride and/or calcium sulfate respectively leads to a complete loss of effect of anionic salts. However, the administration of an equivalent quantity of sodium does not reduce the effect of these anionic salts completely. A reduced calcium supply does not cause any substantial increase in the effect of anionic salts on the calcium balance. Negative effects on the electrolyte balance could not be observed, but should additional calcium be given during the application of anionic salts as there is the possibility of health problems following calcium-poor or calcium- balanced nutrition. The administration of anionic salts can take place both once or twice daily, since over the day a continuous effect is present. The effect of the anionic salts on the calcium mobilization and absorption can already be observed four hours after the first administration. An increase of the sulfate quantity up to six equivalents leads to no negative changes of the electrolyte balance, but to a negative change in the health status of the animal. There are no marked differences between the effect of calcium chloride and calcium sulfate. Between the DCAB and the calcium concentration in the urine a linear correlation exists (rCaCl2 = -0,8, rCaSO4 = -0,87, p < 0,05) . The calcium concentration in the urine represents an evaluation criterion for the acidotic effect of the anionic salts. The concentrations of chloride, magnesium, sodium, potassium and phosphate in the serum and urine cannot be consulted for the evaluation of the effectiveness of anionic salts. An increase of the chloride supply leads to an increase of the chloride excretion. The connection between intake and excretion in the urine could be particularly proven with potassium and sodium. For the evaluation of the electrolyte balance of the major elements the serum and urine concentrations are sufficient. The determination of the fractional excretion is not necessary if the supply is meeting the demand

    Data Compression for Helioseismology

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    Die effiziente Kompression von Daten wird eine wichtige Rolle fĂŒr mehrere bevorste- hende und geplante Weltraummissionen spielen, die Helioseismologie betreiben werden, wie beispielsweise Solar Orbiter. Solar Orbiter ist die nĂ€chste Mission, die Helioseismologie beinhaltet, und soll im Oktober 2018 gestartet werden. Das Hauptmerkmal von Solar Orbiter ist der Orbit. Die Umlaufbahn des Satelliten wird zur Ekliptik geneigt sein, sodass der Satellit einen solaren Breitengrad von bis zu 33 Grad erreichen wird. Dies wird erstmals ermöglichen, die Pole der Sonne mit Hilfe von lokaler Helioseismologie zu studieren. ZusĂ€tzlich dazu können kombinierte Beobachtungen von Solar Orbiter und einem anderen Instrument dazu benutzt werden, die tiefen Schichten der Sonne mittels stereoskopischer Helioseismologie zu erforschen. Die Aufnahmen der Dopplergeschwindigkeit und der KontinuumsintensitĂ€t, die fĂŒr Helioseismologie benötigt werden, werden vom Polarimetric and Helioseismic Imager (PHI) geliefert werden. Große Hindernisse fĂŒr Helioseismologie mit Solar Orbiter sind die niedrige DatenĂŒber- tragungsrate und die (wahrscheinlich) kurzen Beobachtungszeiten. Außerdem erfordert die Untersuchung der Pole der Sonne Beobachtungen in der NĂ€he des Sonnenrandes, sogar von dem geneigten Orbit von Solar Orbiter aus. Dies kann zu systematischen Fehlern fĂŒhren. In dieser Doktorarbeit gebe ich eine erste EinschĂ€tzung ab, wie stark Helioseismologie von verlustbehafteter Datenkompression beeinflusst wird. Mein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Solar Orbiter Mission, die von mir erzielten Ergebnisse sind aber auch auf andere geplante Missionen ĂŒbertragbar. ZunĂ€chst habe ich mit Hilfe synthetischer Daten die Eignung des PHI Instruments fĂŒr Helioseismologie getestet. Diese basieren auf Simulationen der Konvektion nahe der SonnenoberflĂ€che und einem Modell von PHI. Ich habe eine sechs Stunden lange Zeitreihe synthetischer Daten erstellt, die die gleichen Eigenschaften wie die von PHI erwarteten Daten haben. Hierbei habe ich mich auf den Einfluss der Punktspreizfunktion, der Vibrationen des Satelliten und des Photonenrauschen konzentriert. Die von diesen Daten abgeleitete spektrale Leistungsdichte der solaren Oszillationen legt nahe, dass PHI fĂŒr Helioseismologie geeignet sein wird. Aufgrund der niedrigen DatenĂŒbertragungsrate von Solar Orbiter mĂŒssen die von PHI fĂŒr die Helioseismologie gewonnenen Daten stark komprimiert werden. Ich habe den Einfluss von Kompression mit Hilfe von Daten getestet, die vom Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) stammen. HMI ist ein Instrument an Bord des Solar Dynam- ics Observatory Satelliten (SDO), der 2010 gestartet worden ist. HMI erstellt mit hoher zeitlicher Abfolge Karten der KontinuumsintensitĂ€t, der Dopplergeschwindigkeit und des kompletten Magnetfeldvektors fĂŒr die komplette von der Erde aus sichtbare HemispĂ€re der Sonne. Mit Hilfe mit von HMI aufgenommenen Karten der Dopplergeschwindigkeit konnte ich zeigen, dass das Signal-zu-Rausch VerhĂ€ltnis von Supergranulation in der Zeit-Entfernungs Helioseismologie nicht stark von Datenkompression beeinflusst wird. Außerdem habe ich nachgewiesen, dass die Genauigkeit und PrĂ€zision von Messungen der Sonnenrotation mittels Local Correlation Tracking von Granulation durch verlust- behaftete Datenkompression nicht wesentlich verschlechtert werden. Diese Ergebnisse deuten an, dass die niedrige DatenĂŒbertragungsrate von Solar Orbiter nicht unbedingt ein großes Hinderniss fĂŒr Helioseismologie sein muss

    Constraining parameters in marine pelagic ecosystem models – is it actually feasible with typical observations of standing stocks?

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    In a changing climate, marine pelagic biogeochemistry may modulate the atmospheric concentrations of climate-relevant species such as CO2 and N2O. To date, projections rely on earth system models, featuring simple pelagic biogeochemical model components, embedded into 3-D ocean circulation models. Most of these biogeochemical model components rely on the hyperbolic Michaelis–Menten (MM) formulation which specifies the limiting effect of light and nutrients on carbon assimilation by autotrophic phytoplankton. The respective MM constants, along with other model parameters, of 3-D coupled biogeochemical ocean-circulation models are usually tuned; the parameters are changed until a "reasonable" similarity to observed standing stocks is achieved. Here, we explore with twin experiments (or synthetic "observations") the demands on observations that allow for a more objective estimation of model parameters. We start with parameter retrieval experiments based on "perfect" (synthetic) observations which we distort, step by step, by low-frequency noise to approach realistic conditions. Finally, we confirm our findings with real-world observations. In summary, we find that MM constants are especially hard to constrain because even modest noise (10 %) inherent to observations may hinder the parameter retrieval already. This is of concern since the MM parameters are key to the model's sensitivity to anticipated changes in the external conditions. Furthermore, we illustrate problems caused by high-order parameter dependencies when parameter estimation is based on sparse observations of standing stocks. Somewhat counter to intuition, we find that more observational data can sometimes degrade the ability to constrain certain parameters

    Measuring the Wilson depression of sunspots using the divergence-free condition of the magnetic field vector

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    Context: The Wilson depression is the difference in geometric height of unit continuum optical depth between the sunspot umbra and the quiet Sun. Measuring the Wilson depression is important for understanding the geometry of sunspots. Current methods suffer from systematic effects or need to make assumptions on the geometry of the magnetic field. This leads to large systematic uncertainties of the derived Wilson depressions. Aims: We aim at developing a robust method for deriving the Wilson depression that only requires the information about the magnetic field that is accessible from spectropolarimetry, and that does not rely on assumptions on the geometry of sunspots or on their magnetic field. Methods: Our method is based on minimizing the divergence of the magnetic field vector derived from spectropolarimetric observations. We focus on large spatial scales only in order to reduce the number of free parameters. Results: We test the performance of our method using synthetic Hinode data derived from two sunspot simulations. We find that the maximum and the umbral averaged Wilson depression for both spots determined with our method typically lies within 100 km of the true value obtained from the simulations. In addition, we apply the method to Hinode observations of a sunspot. The derived Wilson depression (about 600 km) is consistent with results typically obtained from the Wilson effect. We also find that the Wilson depression obtained from using horizontal force balance gives 110 - 180 km smaller Wilson depressions than both, what we find and what we deduce directly from the simulations. This suggests that the magnetic pressure and the magnetic curvature force contribute to the Wilson depression by a similar amount.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic

    Superconductivity of lanthanum revisited: enhanced critical temperature in the clean limit

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    The thickness dependence of the superconducting energy gap ΔLa\Delta_{\rm{La}} of double hexagonally close packed (dhcp) lanthanum islands grown on W(110) is studied by scanning tunneling spectroscopy, from the bulk to the thin film limit. Superconductivity is suppressed by the boundary conditions for the superconducting wavefunction at the surface and W/La interface, leading to a linear decrease of the critical temperature TcT_c as a function of the inverse film thickness. For thick, bulk-like films, ΔLa\Delta_{\rm{La}} and TcT_c are 40% larger as compared to literature values of dhcp La measured by other techniques. This finding is reconciled by examining the effects of surface contamination as probed by modifications of the surface state, suggesting that the large TcT_c originates in the superior purity of the samples investigated here.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figure

    Error assessment of biogeochemical models by lower bound methods (NOMMA-1.0)

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    Biogeochemical models, capturing the major feedbacks of the pelagic ecosystem of the world ocean, are today often embedded into Earth system models which are increasingly used for decision making regarding climate policies. These models contain poorly constrained parameters (e.g., maximum phytoplankton growth rate), which are typically adjusted until the model shows reasonable behavior. Systematic approaches determine these parameters by minimizing the misfit between the model and observational data. In most common model approaches, however, the underlying functions mimicking the biogeochemical processes are nonlinear and non-convex. Thus, systematic optimization algorithms are likely to get trapped in local minima and might lead to non-optimal results. To judge the quality of an obtained parameter estimate, we propose determining a preferably large lower bound for the global optimum that is relatively easy to obtain and that will help to assess the quality of an optimum, generated by an optimization algorithm. Due to the unavoidable noise component in all observations, such a lower bound is typically larger than zero. We suggest deriving such lower bounds based on typical properties of biogeochemical models (e.g., a limited number of extremes and a bounded time derivative). We illustrate the applicability of the method with two real-world examples. The first example uses real-world observations of the Baltic Sea in a box model setup. The second example considers a three-dimensional coupled ocean circulation model in combination with satellite chlorophyll a

    Effects of surface current/wind interaction in an eddy-rich general ocean circulation simulation of the Baltic Sea

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    Deoxygenation in the Baltic Sea endangers fish yields and favours noxious algal blooms. Yet, vertical transport processes ventilating the oxygen-deprived waters at depth and replenishing nutrient-deprived surface waters (thereby fuelling export of organic matter to depth), are not comprehensively understood. Here, we investigate the effects of the interaction between surface currents and winds (also referred to as eddy/wind effects) on upwelling in an eddy-rich general ocean circulation model of the Baltic Sea. Contrary to expectations we find that accounting for current/wind effects does inhibit the overall vertical exchange between oxygenated surface waters and oxygen-deprived water at depth. At major upwelling sites, however, as e.g. off the south coast of Sweden and Finland, the reverse holds: the interaction between topographically steered surface currents with winds blowing over the sea results in a climatological sea surface temperature cooling of 0.5 K. This implies that current/wind effects drive substantial local upwelling of cold and nutrient-replete waters

    Cyanobacteria Blooms in the Baltic Sea: A Review of Models and Facts

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    The ecosystem of the Baltic Sea is endangered by eutrophication. This has triggered expensive international management efforts. Some of these efforts are impeded by natural processes such as nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria blooms that add bioavailable nitrogen to the already over-fertilized system and thereby enhance primary production, export of organic matter to depth, and associated oxygen consumption. Controls of cyanobacteria blooms are not comprehensively understood, and this adds to the uncertainty of model-based projections into the warming future of the Baltic Sea. Here we review our current understanding of cyanobacteria bloom dynamics. We summarize published field studies and laboratory experiments and dissect the basic principles ingrained in state-of-the-art coupled ocean–circulation biogeochemical models

    MOMBA 1.1 - a high-resolution Baltic Sea configuration of GFDL's modular ocean model

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    We present a new coupled ocean-circulation–ice model configuration of the Baltic Sea. The model features, contrary to most existing configurations, a high horizontal resolution of ≈ 1 nautical mile (≈ 1.85 km), which is eddy-resolving over much of the domain. The vertical discretisation comprises a total of 47 vertical levels. Results from a 1987 to 1999 hindcast simulation show that the model's fidelity is competitive. As suggested by a comparison with sea surface temperatures observed from space, this applies especially to near-surface processes. Hence, the configuration is well suited to serve as a nucleus of a fully fledged coupled ocean-circulation–biogeochemical model (which is yet to be developed). A caveat is that the model fails to reproduce major inflow events. We trace this back to spurious vertical circulation patterns at the sills which may well be endemic to high-resolution models based on geopotential coordinates. Further, we present indications that – so far neglected – eddy/wind effects exert significant control on wind-induced up- and downwelling
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