Canvis de residència en temps de COVID-19: una mica d'oxigen per al despoblament rural

Altres ajuts: "la Caixa" Social Research (SR21-00312) i Alan Turing Institute (1162533)Després de la irrupció de la pandèmia de COVID-19, diverses veus, sobretot des d'àmbits no acadèmics, van especular sobre un potencial èxode urbà cap a les àrees rurals. Malgrat això, aquesta hipòtesi no ha pogut ser corroborada fins ara a causa de la manca de dades amb el detall territorial adequat. En aquest Perspectives Demogràfiques es mostren els principals resultats d'una recerca del Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics i la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, que analitza les migracions internes entre les ciutats, els espais periurbans i les àrees rurals durant l'any 2020, i les compara amb els quatre anys que precedeixen la pandèmia. Per a l'anàlisi, s'utilitzen les microdades de l'Estadística de Variacions Residencials (EVR) de l'Institut Nacional d'Estadística (INE), que contenen tots els canvis de residència entre els 8.131 municipis espanyols. Els resultats de 2020 mostren alteracions remarcables, que es van plasmar principalment en un descens dels moviments cap a les ciutats i en un augment en les sortides des d'elles, especialment cap a municipis rurals. Aquests fluxos de persones van tenir un notable impacte demogràfic en les àrees rurals. Tanmateix, i malgrat els canvis observats, la major part de les migracions internes van ser majoritàriament entre ciutats, tal i com passava abans de la pandèmia, i tot apunta que es va tractar d'un fet conjuntural.After the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, several commentators, especially from non-academic fields, speculated about a potential exodus from urban to rural areas. However, this hypothesis has not been confirmed due to a lack of data with information capturing changes of residence at local level. This issue of Perspectives Demogràfiques offers the main results of a study led by the Centre for Demographic Studies and the Autonomous University of Barcelona which analyses internal migration between cities, suburbs, and rural areas in 2020, compared to migration patterns during the four years preceding the pandemic. The analysis used microdata from the Residential Variation Statistics (EVR) of the Spanish Statistical Office (INE) which cover all changes of residence in the country's 8,131 municipalities. The results show significant changes in internal migration patterns during 2020. Inmigration to cities decreased, while out-migration increased, especially to rural areas. The latter flow had an important demographic impact on country villages. Despite these changes, internal migratory movements between and within urban areas dominated, as they did prior to the pandemic. At the same time, monthly data suggest that the changes are likely a temporary outcome.Tras la irrupción de la pandemia de COVID-19, diversas voces, sobre todo desde ámbitos no académicos, especularon acerca de un potencial éxodo urbano hacia las áreas rurales. Sin embargo, esta hipótesis no ha podido ser corroborada hasta ahora debido a la falta de datos con el detalle territorial adecuado. En este Perspectives Demogràfiques se muestran los principales resultados de una investigación liderada por el Centre d'Estudis Demogràfics y la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, analizando las migraciones internas entre las ciudades, los espacios periurbanos y las áreas rurales durante el año 2020, comparando con los cuatro años que preceden a la pandemia. Para el análisis, se utilizan los microdatos de la Estadística de Variaciones Residenciales (EVR) del Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE), que contienen todos los cambios de residencia entre los 8.131 municipios españoles. Los resultados muestran alteraciones reseñables en 2020, que se plasmaron principalmente en un descenso de los movimientos hacia las ciudades y en un aumento en las salidas desde ellas, especialmente hacia municipios rurales. Estos flujos de personas tuvieron un notable impacto demográfico en las áreas rurales. No obstante, a pesar de los cambios observados, la mayor parte de las migraciones internas fueron mayoritariamente entre ciudades, al igual que antes de la pandemia, y todo apunta a que se trató de un hecho coyuntural

Electromyographic and patient-reported outcomes of a computer-guided occlusal adjustment performed on patients suffering from chronic myofascial pain

Objectives: Muscular hyperactivity is a potential source of symptoms in patients with temporal-mandibular disorders. An adequate occlusal adjustment may relieve such symptoms. This study aims to measure the effect of shortening the protrusive disclusion time (DT) and balancing the center of occlusal forces (COF) on the EMG recordings and assess the pain reported by chronic patients one month after the computer-guided occlusal adjustment. Study Design: The sample studied comprised 34 patients suffering from chronic facial pain in which the EMG activity of both masseters was recorded by electromyography. By selective grinding we alleviated all the occlusal interferences during the mandibular protrusion from the habitual closure position in order to establish an immediate posterior disclusion and an equilibration of the COF. Results: At follow-up 76.5% of the patients reported no facial pain. Moreover, the EMG activity and protrusive DT were significantly reduced, and occlusal and muscular function were significantly more symmetric than at baseline. Conclusions: According to this EMG study, this computer-guided occlusal adjustment is able to reduce the activity of the masseters and the self-reported muscular pain of patients one-month after treatment

Influence of seasonal factors in the earned value of construction

[EN] The objectives in each construction process can be multiple. However, the constructions have to be carried out under some restrictions concerning price and terms. They constitute some strategic and interdependent goals. In other words, ¿time is money¿. Several papers support that seasonal effects influence the execution rate of construction. Thus, most of them try to improve the forecasts by evaluating and joining them to the planning, although always measuring their influence indirectly. In this paper, we suggest a methodology to directly measure the influence of the seasonal factors as a whole over the earned value of construction. Additionally, we apply it to a certain case study regarding the subsidised housing of public promotion in the Castilla-La Mancha region (Spain). It is worth mentioning that our results are clarified: we have calculated the average monthly production for each month a year with respect to the annual monthly mean. Moreover, the differences regarding the average monthly production we have contributed are quite significant, and hence they have to be taken into account for each earned value forecast so that a project becomes reliable.The authors would like to thank Gicaman SA, Eres SA, and Urvial SA (construction companies) by the cession of their outcome data corresponding to 161 public promotions that gave rise to 5,319 subsidised housing.Ruiz-Fernández, JP.; Benlloch Marco, J.; López, MA.; Valverde-Gascueña, N. (2019). Influence of seasonal factors in the earned value of construction. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences. 4(1):21-34. https://doi.org/10.2478/AMNS.2019.1.00003S213441Koehn, E., & Brown, G. (1985). Climatic Effects on Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 111(2), 129-137. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(1985)111:2(129)El-Rayes, K., & Moselhi, O. (2001). Impact of Rainfall on the Productivity of Highway Construction. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 127(2), 125-131. doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9364(2001)127:2(125)Kenley, R., & Wilson, O. D. (1989). A construction project net cash flow model. Construction Management and Economics, 7(1), 3-18. doi:10.1080/01446198900000002Skitmore, M. (1992). Parameter prediction for cash flow forecasting models. Construction Management and Economics, 10(5), 397-413. doi:10.1080/01446199200000038Chan, D. W. M., & Kumaraswamy, M. M. (1995). A study of the factors affecting construction durations in Hong Kong. Construction Management and Economics, 13(4), 319-333. doi:10.1080/01446199500000037Kaka, A. P., & Price, A. D. F. (1993). Modelling standard cost commitment curves for contractors’ cash flow forecasting. Construction Management and Economics, 11(4), 271-283. doi:10.1080/01446199300000027Blyth, K., & Kaka, A. (2006). A novel multiple linear regression model for forecasting S‐curves. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 13(1), 82-95. doi:10.1108/09699980610646511Khosrowshahi, F., & Kaka, A. P. (2007). A Decision Support Model for Construction Cash Flow Management. Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 22(7), 527-539. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8667.2007.00508.

Motivational analysis of tourists who visit a city with inscriptions World Heritage Site, Granada, Spain

In recent times, it has been noticed that cultural tourism attracts millions of people. One interesting aspect is the analysis of WHS (World Heritage Site) destinations or cultural destinations that have an inscription WHS. This research has the goal of analysing the different groups of tourists who visit a cultural destination with an inscription WHS, specifically the city of Granada (Spain). For this, segmentation was performed, studying the socio-demographic profile of the tourists and their assessment of the attributes of this destination. For the tourist segmentation, two models have been followed. Four different groups of tourists were found: alternative, cultural, emotional and heritage. In this last one, the relationship between curiosity about the culture of the tourist destination and the heritage visited has a determining role. This study makes an important contribution to the literature regarding the links between the tourist and the historic and monumental heritage they visit and their tourist behaviour

Automation of an atomic force microscope via Arduino

The Dimension 3000 AFM used in this work was kindly donated by Prof. Nicholas D. Spencer, and facilitated by Prof. Lucio Isa, and Dr. Shivaprakash N. Ramakrishna, from ETH-Zurich. We thank Prof. David Cuartielles for encouraging us to publish this work in this special issue on Arduino Science Hardware. We also thank Llorenc Mercadal Fernandez for frutiful discussions and ideas, and the BiblioMaker unit in the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Granada for their help in 3D printing the gears used here. MAFR acknowledges support by the project PID2020-116615RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and the EMERGIA grant with reference EMC21_00008 funded by Consejeria de Universidad, Investigacion e Innovacion de la Junta de Andalucia, and by FEDER "ERDF A way of making Europe". JGGF and CLMM acknowledge support from grant A1S35536 by Conacyt Mexico.The Atomic Force Microscopy is a very versatile technique that allows to characterize surfaces by acquiring topographies with sub-nanometer resolution. This technique often overcomes the problems and capabilities of electron microscopy when characterizing few nanometers thin coatings over solid substrates. They are expensive, in the half million dollar range for standard units, and therefore it is often difficult to upgrade to new units with improved characteristics. One of these improvements, motorization and automation of the measurements is very interesting to sample different parts of a substrate in an unattended way. Here we report a low cost upgrade under 60 $ to a Dimension 3000 AFM based on a control unit using an Arduino Leonardo. It enables to acquire dozens or hundreds of images automatically by mimicking keyboard shortcuts and interfacing the AFM PCI card.MCIN/AEI PID2020-116615RA-I00Consejeria de Universidad, Investigacion e Innovacion de la Junta de Andalucia EMC21_00008Marie Curie ActionsConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACyT) A1S3553

Visualization of Iron-Binding Micelles in Acidic Recombinant Biomineralization Protein, MamC

Biological macromolecules are utilized in low-temperature synthetic methods to exert precise control over nanoparticle nucleation and placement. They enable low-temperature formation of a variety of functional nanostructured materials with properties often not achieved via conventional synthetic techniques. Here we report on the in situ visualization of a novel acidic bacterial recombinant protein, MamC, commonly present in the magnetosome membrane of several magnetotactic bacteria, including Magnetococcus marinus, strain MC-1. Our findings provide an insight into the self-assembly of MamC and point to formation of the extended protein surface, which is assumed to play an important role in the formation of biotemplated inorganic nanoparticles. The self-organization of MamC is compared to the behavior of another acidic recombinant iron-binding protein, Mms6.This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division. The research was performed at the Ames Laboratory, which is operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by Iowa State University under Contract no. DE-AC02-07CH11358. MamC cloning and purification were done at the University of Granada, Spain. Concepción Jiménez López acknowledges the support from the Spanish Government through Grant CGL2010-18274 and the program Salvador de Madariaga

Selectividad migratoria y acumulación regional del capital humano cualificado en España

Durante los primeros años del siglo XXI, la movilidad de media y larga distancia se ha incrementado entre la población española, principalmente a expensas de una mayor intensidad migratoria de los jóvenes más instruidos. La emigración de trabajadores cualificados hacia el extranjero ha ocupado una posición preferente en el debate académico, pero los flujos migratorios interregionales en función del nivel educativo, que son mayoritarios respecto a la movilidad exterior, no han sido estudiados para el conjunto de regiones españolas de manera reciente. Los resultados de este trabajo, basado en un análisis de los censos de 2001 y 2011, apuntan hacia dinámicas migratorias diferenciadas: los graduados universitarios de las comunidades autónomas del interior peninsular y la cornisa cantábrica emigran con mayor intensidad hacia las regiones económicamente más desarrolladas, mientras que la población sin estudios superiores presenta índices migratorios relativamente estables. En la otra cara de la moneda se encuentra Madrid, que aumenta su capacidad de atracción hacia los universitarios del resto de España, al mismo tiempo que expulsa a su población menos cualificada hacia el norte de Castilla-La Mancha

Brain drain and the Second Wave of Depopulation

The territorial imbalances among the autonomous Spanish communities result in emigration of university-educated people in some regions and concentrations of qualified human capital in others. The hinterland of the peninsula and the Cantabrian coast, where the intensity of outflows became more serious with the turn of the century, are affected by the dynamics of educational decapitalisation and emigration of young people of their cities. Depopulation is no longer a phenomenon that is exclusive to rural areas. It has extended to the urban milieus of the traditional sending autonomous communities. Castile and León is the most affected region, with annual migration losses due to long-distance mobility -interregional and abroad- of -13.4‰ among the young people of the capitals of the province, -9.25‰ in other urban municipalities, and -9.63‰ in rural areas. To this migration deficit must be added the high levels of qualifications of the emigrants, since more than 53.8% of young people who leave have university studies and only 36.7% of who arriving from elsewhere in Spain are equally qualified. Madrid is the main receiver of talent, bringing together 38.7% of the interregional migratory movements of young Spanish people whose inflows present high levels of education. In this group, 64.8% are university degree holders. In this issue of Perspectives Demogràfiques we analyse the migratory movements of Spanish-born population between 25and 39 years whocrossed some autonomous region border from 2013 to 2017, focusing on interregional flows, the educational level of these exchanges, and the migratory balance according to the territorial setting (urban and rural). In order to do so, we analyse the data from Statistics on Residential Variations (EVR) and the Active Population Survey (EPA).Los desequilibrios territoriales entre comunidades autónomas españolas se traducen en la emigración de titulados universitarios de algunas regiones y en la concentración del capital humano cualificado en otras. El interior peninsular y la cornisa cantábrica, donde la intensidad de las salidas se agudiza con el cambio de siglo, se ven afectados por dinámicas de descapitalización educativa y por la emigración de jóvenes en las ciudades. La despoblación ya no es un fenómeno exclusivo del medio rural, sino que se extiende a los ámbitos urbanos de las comunidades autónomas secularmente expulsoras. Castilla y León es la región más afectada, con pérdidas migratorias anuales por movilidad de larga distancia -interregional y exteriordel -13,4‰ entre los jóvenes de las capitales de provincia, -9,25‰ en los restantes municipios urbanos y -9,63‰ en el medio rural. Al panorama migratorio deficitario, hay que añadir el elevado nivel de cualificación de los emigrantes: el 53,8% de los jóvenes que se marchan tienen estudios universitarios y solamente el 36,7% de los que llegan desde otras partes de España. Madrid se consolida como el principal receptor de talento, que aglutina el 38,7% de los movimientos migratorios interregionales de los jóvenes nacionales, y cuyos flujos de entrada presentan un alto nivel formativo, con un 64,8% de titulados universitarios. En este Perspectives Demogràfiques analizamos los movimientos migratorios de la población de 25 a 39 años nacida en España que traspasan algún límite autonómico entre 2013 y 2017: los flujos interregionales, el nivel educativo de estos intercambios y el balance migratorio según el ámbito territorial (urbano y rural). Para ello, utilizamos la Estadística de Variaciones Residenciales (EVR) y la Encuesta de Población Activa (EPA).Els desequilibris territorials entre comunitats autònomes espanyoles es tradueixen en l'emigració de titulats universitaris d'algunes regions i en la concentració del capital humà qualificat en altres. L'interior peninsular i la cornisa cantàbrica, on la intensitat de les sortides s'aguditza amb el canvi de segle, es veuen afectats per dinàmiques de descapitalització educativa i per l'emigració de joves urbans. La despoblació ja no és un fenomen exclusiu del medi rural, sinó que s'estén a les ciutats de les comunitats autònomes secularment expulsores. Castella i Lleó és la regió més afectada, amb pèrdues migratòries anuals per mobilitat de llarga distància -interregional i exterior- del -13,4‰ entre els joves de les capitals de província, -9,25‰ en altres municipis urbans i -9,63‰ en el medi rural. Al panorama migratori deficitari, cal afegir l'elevat nivell de qualificació dels emigrants, ja que més del 53,8% dels joves que marxen tenen estudis universitaris, i només el 36,7% dels que arriben des d'altres parts d'Espanya. Madrid es consolida com el principal receptor de talent, que és destinació del 38,7% dels moviments migratoris interregionals dels joves nacionals. A més, els fluxos d'entrada presenten un elevat nivell formatiu, amb un 64,8% de titulats universitaris. En aquest Perspectives Demogràfiques analitzem els moviments migratoris de la població de 25 a 39 anys nascuts a Espanya que travessen algun límit autonòmic en el període 2013-2017: els fluxos entre regions, el nivell educatiu d'aquests intercanvis i el balanç migratori segons l'àmbit territorial (urbà i rural). Per desenvolupar aquesta recerca utilitzem l'Estadística de Variacions Residencials (EVR) i l'Enquesta de Població Activa (EPA)