Biodeterioration patterns found in dammar resin used as art material

Since the middle of the XIX century, when dammar became popular in Occident, this natural resin is one of the most used in art painting techniques as final protective coating (varnish) as well as a component of pictorial media. The present work is the first approach to the study of the microbiological biodeterioration of this artistic material, which can seriously affect the appearance and integrity of works of art when bad conservation conditions -especially high humidity levels- take place. 12 microorganisms, fungi and bacteria, came from collection and from oil paintings affected by biodeterioration patterns, were inoculated on test specimens prepared with varnish dammar. These were incubated and analyzed by GC-MS to determine both the microbiological capacity of growth and chemical alteration on the resin. Some of the studied microorganisms have shown patterns of deterioration similar to those found in works dedicated to natural or accelerated photochemical ageing of triterpenoid varnishes.This study was supported by the National Spanish Project “I+D+I MCYT” CTQ2005-09339-C03-03

Electrochemical characterization of biodeterioration of paint films containing cadmium yellow pigment

[EN] The voltammetry of microparticles (VMP) methodology was used to characterize the biological attack of different bacteria and fungi to reconstructed egg tempera and egg linseed oil emulsion paint films containing cadmium yellow (CdS), which mimic historical painting techniques. When these paint films are in contact with aqueous acetate buffer, different cathodic signals are observed. As a result of the crossing of VMP data with attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), these voltammetric signals can be associated with the reduction of CdS and different complexes associated to the proteinaceous and fatty acid fractions of the binders. After biological attack with different fungi (Acremonium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger, Mucor rouxii, Penicillium chrysogenum, and Trichoderma pseudokoningii) and bacteria (Arthrobacter oxydans, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and Streptomyces cellulofans), the observed electrochemical signals experience specific modifications depending on the binder and the biological agent, allowing for an electrochemical monitoring of biological attack.Financial support from the MINECO Projects CTQ2014-53736-C3-1-P and CTQ2014-53736-C3-2-P which are supported with ERDF funds is gratefully acknowledged. The authors also wish to thank Dr. José Luis Moya López, Mr. Manuel Planes Insausti, and Mrs. Alicia Nuez Inbernón (Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politècnica de València) for technical support.Ortiz-Miranda, A.; Domenech Carbo, A.; Domenech Carbo, MT.; Osete Cortina, L.; Valle-Algarra, FM.; Bolivar Galiano, F.; Martin Sanchez, I.... (2016). 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Metodologías de estudio del Biodeterioro utilizadas para la investigación mediante electróquímica

Metodologías para el estudio de biodeterioro en obras de arte pictóricas y objetos arqueológicos mediante la emulación de procesos reales es lo que queremos mostrar en este trabajo. Este estudio experimental se basa en la inoculación e incubación de microorganismos procedentes de cepas de colección y obras reales en diversos sustratos propios de las obras pictóricas (barnices naturales y sintéticos, pigmentos y aglutinantes) sobre soporte lígneo, madera y vidrio. Los procesos de alteración producidos son analizados con técnicas de microscopia óptica con luz visible y luz ultravioleta (MO), microscopía electrónica de barrido/análisis elemental por energía dispersiva de rayos X (SEM/EDX), microscopia electrónica de barrido de presión variable (VP-SEM/EDX), microscopía electrónica por emisión de campo (FE-SEM), cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), espectroscopía de infrarrojos y micro-Raman (MRS) y como rasgo innovador su aplicación en el campo de la nanaoelectroquómica con las técnicas de microscopia electroquímica de barrido (SECM) y voltamperometría de micropartículas (VPM) y mediante técnicas de Biología Molecular, que han permitido complementar resultados obtenidos previamente con las técnicas convencionales, aportando datos novedosos sobre los procesos de biodeterioro en obras de arte pictóricas y arqueológica, tanto metálicas como pétreas

Contribution of the Microbial Communities Detected on an Oil Painting on Canvas to Its Biodeterioration

In this study, we investigated the microbial community (bacteria and fungi) colonising an oil painting on canvas, which showed visible signs of biodeterioration. A combined strategy, comprising culture-dependent and -independent techniques, was selected. The results derived from the two techniques were disparate. Most of the isolated bacterial strains belonged to related species of the phylum Firmicutes, as Bacillus sp. and Paenisporosarcina sp., whereas the majority of the non-cultivable members of the bacterial community were shown to be related to species of the phylum Proteobacteria, as Stenotrophomonas sp. Fungal communities also showed discrepancies: the isolated fungal strains belonged to different genera of the order Eurotiales, as Penicillium and Eurotium, and the non-cultivable belonged to species of the order Pleosporales and Saccharomycetales. The cultivable microorganisms, which exhibited enzymatic activities related to the deterioration processes, were selected to evaluate their biodeteriorative potential on canvas paintings; namely Arthrobacter sp. as the representative bacterium and Penicillium sp. as the representative fungus. With this aim, a sample taken from the painting studied in this work was examined to determine the stratigraphic sequence of its cross-section. From this information, “mock paintings,” simulating the structure of the original painting, were prepared, inoculated with the selected bacterial and fungal strains, and subsequently examined by micro-Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, in order to determine their potential susceptibility to microbial degradation. The FTIR-spectra revealed that neither Arthrobacter sp. nor Penicillium sp. alone, were able to induce chemical changes on the various materials used to prepare “mock paintings.” Only when inoculated together, could a synergistic effect on the FTIR-spectra be observed, in the form of a variation in band position on the spectrum.The FTIR analyses performed in this study were financed by the Junta de Andalucía (RNM-325 group). The molecular analyses performed in this study were financed by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) project ‘Hertha-Firnberg T137’ and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Project CTQ2008-06727-C03-03). G. Piñar also thanks the “Elise-Richter V194-B20” projects

Identificación y caracterización de comunidades microbianas presentes en pinturas sobre lienzo. Estudio de su capacidad como agentes de biodeterioro

Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de Microbiología. Leída el 22 de julio de 201

Functional Programming With Dynamic Binding

Dynamic binding is a runtime operation which looks up some names in some environments: examples are quote and eval in LISP or object-oriented message passing. We present a functional language, in the spirit of ML or Haskell, which supports dynamic binding. At the surface level, the language supports constructs such as extensible records, variants, extensible case selection, quoted terms, and can encode various forms of objects. The underlying execution model is a lambda-calculus with name-based (labels, keywords) parameter passing. The type system supports subtyping, through an extension of Hindley-Milner type inference with recursively constrained types

Comparative Analysis of Dalbavancin versus Other Antimicrobial Options for Gram-Positive Cocci Infections: Effectiveness, Hospital Stay and Mortality

Dalbavancin is a new antibiotic that is effective against Gram-positive microorganisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococci, and offers the possibility of administering intravenous therapy once weekly in an ambulatory setting. We conducted a multicenter observational case-control study, comparing all patients who received dalbavancin (cases) with hospitalized patients who were treated instead with daptomycin, linezolid or vancomycin (controls), based on clinical diagnosis, main microorganism involved, and age. The primary outcome was the length of hospital stay after starting the study antimicrobial. Secondary outcomes were 7-day and 30-day efficacy, 30-day mortality, 90-day recurrence, 90-day and 6-month hospitalization, presence of adverse events and healthcare-associated infections; 161 patients (44 cases and 117 controls) were included. Bivariate analysis showed that dalbavancin reduced the total length of hospital stay (p < 0.001), with fewer 90-day recurrences (p = 0.005), 6-month hospitalizations related to the same infection (p = 0.004) and non-related hospitalizations (p = 0.035). Multivariate analyses showed that length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in patients treated with dalbavancin (−12.05 days 95% CI [−17.00, −7.11], p < 0.001), and 30-day efficacy was higher in the dalbavancin group (OR 2.62 95% CI [1.07, 6.37], p = 0.034). Although sample size of the study may be a limitation, we can conclude that Dalbavancin is a useful antimicrobial drug against Gram-positive infections, including multidrug-resistant pathogens, and allows for a remarkable reduction in length of hospital stay with greater 30-day efficacy

Introducción al estudio del biodeterioro de la resina de acetato de polivinilo Mowilith 50 usando la espectroscopia FTIR y la pirolisis-cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas

Evaluation of the alteration produced by microbiological attack on the poly(vinyl) acetate (PVA) resin Mowilith 50 has been carried out using FTIR spectroscopy and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The latter proposed method includes the on-line derivatization of vinyl resins using hexamethyldisilazane during pyrolysis. Specimens consisting of thin films formed on glass slides from drying of an acetone solution of this PVA resin have been used. Analyses performed on the specimens on which different genera of bacteria and fungi were inoculated and allowed to grow, indicate that attack of microorganisms promotes the formation of acidic compounds. IR bands ascribed to carboxylic acids appearing in samples from inoculated specimens as well as an increase in the content of ethanoic acid detected by Py-GC/MS from specimens inoculated with fungi suggest that the effects of metabolic processes in these microorganisms are more significant than those of bacteria.La evaluación de la alteración producida por el ataque microbiológico en la resina de acetato de polivinilo (PVA) Mowilith 50 ha sido llevada a cabo usando un espectroscopio (FTIR) y Cromatografía de gases y pirólisis/espectrometría de masas (Py-GC/MS). El último método propuesto incluye la derivatización en linea de las resinas de vinilo usando hexametil-disilazano durante la pirólisis. Se han utilizado muestras consistentes en películas delgadas formadas sobre láminas de vidrio procedentes del secado de una solución de acetona de esta resina de acetato de polivinilo. Los análisis realizados sobre las muestras en los cuales fueron inoculados y guiados para crecer diferentes géneros de bacteria y hongo, indican que el ataque de microorganismos promueve la formación de componentes ácidos. Las bandas infrarrojas atribuidas a los ácidos carboxílicos que aparecen en las muestras de las probetas inoculadas así como el incremento del contenido de ácido etanoico detectado por Py-GC/MS de las probetas inoculadas con hongos sugiere que los efectos de los procesos metabólicos en estos microorganismos son mas significativos que los correspondientes a bacterias.Domenech Carbo, MT.; Bitossi, G.; Osete Cortina, L.; Yusa Marco, DJ.; Bolivar Galiano, F.; López Miras, MDM.; Fernández Vivas, MA.... (2007). Introduction to the study on the biodeterioration of the poly(vinyl) acetate resin mowilith 50 using ftir spectroscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Arché. (2):109-114. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/32240109114

Comparative analysis of dalbavancin versus other antimicrobial options for gram-positive cocci infections: effectiveness, hospital stay and mortality

Dalbavancin is a new antibiotic that is effective against Gram-positive microorganisms, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococci, and offers the possibility of administering intravenous therapy once weekly in an ambulatory setting. We conducted a multicenter observational case-control study, comparing all patients who received dalbavancin (cases) with hospitalized patients who were treated instead with daptomycin, linezolid or vancomycin (controls), based on clinical diagnosis, main microorganism involved, and age. The primary outcome was the length of hospital stay after starting the study antimicrobial. Secondary outcomes were 7-day and 30-day efficacy, 30-day mortality, 90-day recurrence, 90-day and 6-month hospitalization, presence of adverse events and healthcare-associated infections; 161 patients (44 cases and 117 controls) were included. Bivariate analysis showed that dalbavancin reduced the total length of hospital stay (p < 0.001), with fewer 90-day recurrences (p = 0.005), 6-month hospitalizations related to the same infection (p = 0.004) and non-related hospitalizations (p = 0.035). Multivariate analyses showed that length of hospital stay was significantly shorter in patients treated with dalbavancin (-12.05 days 95% CI [-17.00, -7.11], p < 0.001), and 30-day efficacy was higher in the dalbavancin group (OR 2.62 95% CI [1.07, 6.37], p = 0.034). Although sample size of the study may be a limitation, we can conclude that Dalbavancin is a useful antimicrobial drug against Gram-positive infections, including multidrug-resistant pathogens, and allows for a remarkable reduction in length of hospital stay with greater 30-day efficacy

RAPD-profiles derived from one representative bacterial and fungal strain of each RAPD group.

<p>A) Bacterial strains. Lane M: 100 bp ladder; lane 1: strain VG5B1; lane 2: strain VG6B1; lane 3: strain VG6B2; lane 4: strain VG6B4; lane 5: strain VG7B1; lane 6: strain VG7B2; lane 7: strain VG7B3; lane 8: strain VG7B4; lane 9: strain VG7B6; lane 10: strain VG7B6. B) Fungal strains. Lane M: 100 bp ladder; lane 1: strain VG6H1; lane 2: strain VG6H2; lane 3: strain VG7H1; lane 4: strain VG7H2; lane 5: strain VG7H3; lane 6: strain VG7H4; lane 7: strain VG7H5.</p