Sobre algunos elementos del contorno en el diccionario fraseológico

[Resumo] Como é sabido, a lingua conta con dous tipos de unidades léxicas, as monoverbais (as palabras) e as pluriverbais (grande parte das denominadas expresións fixas). Tal consideración supuxo unha paulatina entrada das expresións fixas nos dicionarios de lingua; porén, a diferente natureza das expresións pluriverbais e os elementos do seu contorno teñen reclamado unha metodoloxía particular. Froito disto foi a compilación de dicionarios exclusivamente fraseolóxicos nos que as variantes e os elementos afíns son primordiais. O presente estudo profundiza na necesidade de ir máis alá á hora de detallar os denominados «elementos do contorno », pois estes constitúen verdadeiros signos diacríticos á hora de establecer as diferenzas entre unha unidade e outra.[Resumen] Como se sabe, la lengua cuenta con dos tipos de unidades léxicas, las monoverbales (las palabras) y las pluriverbales (gran parte de las denominadas expresiones fijas). Tal consideración ha supuesto una paulatina entrada de las expresiones fijas en los diccionarios de lengua; sin embargo, la diferente naturaleza de las expresiones pluriverbales y los elementos de su contorno ha reclamado una metodología particular. Fruto de ello ha sido la compilación de diccionarios exclusivamente fraseológicos en los que las variantes y los elementos afines son primordiales. El presente estudio profundiza en la necesidad de ir más allá a la hora de detallar los denominados «elementos del contorno», pues estos constituyen verdaderos signos diacríticos a la hora de establecer las diferencias entre una unidad y otra.[Abstract] Language counts on to types of lexical units, the monoverbal (the word) and the pluriverbal (a considerable part of the fixed phrases). This consideration has opened up for more fixed phrases in dictionaries. However, the differences in the nature of these fixed phrases and the surrounding elements have demanded a particular method. The result of this is the creation of dictionaries of idioms, where the variants and the surrounding elements appear as central elements. The present study is focussing on the necessity of going a step further when we are talking in details about the surrounding elements, as these are the real signs to follow when we want to identify the differences in meaning and the variants of one specific unit

A Hybrid Water Distribution Networks Design Optimization Method Based on a Search Space Reduction Approach and a Genetic Algorithm

This work presents a new approach to increase the efficiency of the heuristics methods applied to the optimal design of water distribution systems. The approach is based on reducing the search space by bounding the diameters that can be used for every network pipe. To reduce the search space, two opposite extreme flow distribution scenarios are analyzed and velocity restrictions to the pipe flow are then applied. The first scenario produces the most uniform flow distribution in the network. The opposite scenario is represented by the network with the maximum flow accumulation. Both extreme flow distributions are calculated by solving a quadratic programming problem, which is a very robust and efficient procedure. This approach has been coupled to a Genetic Algorithm (GA). The GA has an integer coding scheme and variable number of alleles depending on the number of diameters comprised within the velocity restrictions. The methodology has been applied to several benchmark networks and its performance has been compared to a classic GA formulation with a non-bounded search space. It considerably reduced the search space and provided a much faster and more accurate convergence than the GA formulation. This approach can also be coupled to other metaheuristics

Characterization of electrical crosstalk in 4T-APS arrays using TCAD simulations

TCAD simulations have been conducted on a CMOS image sensor in order to characterize the electrical component of the crosstalk between pixels through the study of the electric field distribution. The image sensor consists on a linear array of five pinned photodiodes (PPD) with their transmission gates, floating diffusion and reset transistors. The effect of the variations of the thickness of the epitaxial layer has been addressed as well. In fact, the depth of the boundary of the epitaxial layer affects quantum efficiency (QE) so a correlation with crosstalk has been identified.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2015-66878-C3-1RJunta de Andalucía TIC 2012-2338Office of Naval Research (USA) N00014141035

Spatial spillovers in public expenditure on a municipal level in Spain

A key function of local governments is to provide a wide array of public services. The supply of these services has been found to create spatial spillovers among neighbouring municipalities. Although it is generally agreed that spillovers are present in models that explain government expenditures, their type—whether endogenous, exogenous or residual—and sign—whether positive or negative—remain ambiguous. In most cases, a subjective process is used to select the type of spatial regression model used in analysis, with mixed results. Per capita expenditures of ten subprogrammes (Security, Housing, Welfare, Environment, Social services, Employment promotion, Health, Education, Culture and Sport) are analysed for all Spanish municipalities with more than 5000 inhabitants in the 2010–2012 period. A Spatial Seemingly Unrelated Regression methodology in a panel framework is used to incorporate correlation between different subprogrammes and spatial dependence. Our results show that the three types of spatial effects are present. Furthermore, substantive dependence is positive in most cases, while negative residual dependence is observed in some.We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of three anonymous reviewers in helping us improve the quality of this paper. Prof. Fernando A. López , grateful for the financial support offered by the projects from Programa de Ayudas a Grupos de Excelencia de la Región de Murcia, Fundación Seneca (#19884-GERM-15) and Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (ECO2015-651758)

Valoración de la calidad biológica de los ríos: claves de identificación para la enseñanza secundaria

Siguiendo las directrices da las Naciones Unidas en pro del estudie, conservación y mejora del agua dulce, preponemos una clave da determinación da lea macroinvertebrados acuáticos para valorar la calidad biológica da lea ríos, con espacial atención a lea bioindicadores. Con elle pretendamos disminuir las dificultades existentes en las aulas, y facilitar la realización da proyectos dirigidos al alumnado de enseñanza secundaria

Chemometrics-Based TLC and GC-MS for Small Molecule Analysis: A Practical Guide

Nowadays, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instruments can produce more data than even before. At this point, the use of mathematical and statistical tools has provided the key to resolve the information overload. In this chapter, a practical guide is provided for the TLC and GC-MS analysis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), amino acids, and monosaccharides. A methodology for extracting and transforming the chromatographic data to a suitable format for chemometrics is described. Furthermore, a procedure for chemometric analysis based on principal components analysis and clustering analysis is suggested

Las locuciones adjetivas y verbales en un diccionario fraseológico de producción

En el presente trabajo se parte del concepto de que la fraseología es, posiblemente, una de las parcelas de la lengua que mayores dificultades presenta en el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera. Por esta razón, los diccionarios fraseológicos dedicados a este fin han de reunir unos requisitos particulares al objeto de ser útiles en dicha labor. Puede decirse a este respecto que las locuciones adjetivas y verbales son las que presentan una estructura más complicada, tanto en lo que respecta a los elementos del entorno, como a su combinación con otros elementos del entramado discursivo. Por ello es fundamental, a nuestro juicio, plantear, ya desde el principio, una lematización correcta que aporte la mayor información posible sobre las limitaciones combinatorias en función de la naturaleza de los elementos que actúan como sujeto o complementos, así como sus posibles combinaciones y restricciones con los verbos copulativos.Phraseology is possibly one of the most difficult areas when learning a foreign language. This concept is the starting point of this paper. This is why dictionaries of idioms have to fulfil certain criteria so that they are useful to foreign-language learners. We might say that adjectival and verbal expressions are the ones that present the most complex structure, both when referring to the elements involved and the combination of other elements of the discursive framework. This is why it is fundamental, from our point of view, to establish a correct lemmatization, providing as much information as possible about the limitations of the different combinations, depending both on the nature of the elements acting as subject or complements and on the possible combinations and restrictions with attributive verbs.peerReviewe

An Experimentally-Validated Verilog-A SPAD Model Extracted from TCAD Simulation

Single-photon avalanche diodes (SPAD) are photodetectors with exceptional characteristics. This paper proposes a new approach to model them in Verilog-A HDL with the help of a powerful tool: TCAD simulation. Besides, to the best of our knowledge, this is first model to incorporate a trap-assisted tunneling mechanism, a cross-section temperature dependence of the traps, and the self-heating effect. Comparison with experimental data establishes the validity of the model.Junta de Andalucía TIC 2012-2338Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad TEC2015-66878-C3-1-ROffice of Naval Research (USA) N00014141035