La cosa juzgada constitucional a sus 30 años de evolución: flexibilización del principio y nuevo balance entre estabilidad y cambio en el control constitucional de las leyes

This article shows how the Colombian Constitutional Court (CCC) has limited the scope of the principle of res judicata in constitutional judicial review. The authors analyzed the Court’s judicial practice between 1992 and 2019 to find that the CCC has relativized the effect of res judicata in most cases, especially when judicial review proceedings have been initiated by a claim, not ex officio by direct constitutional command. According to article 46 of Law 270 of 1996, the Court has the duty of carrying out a complete review of constitutionality: it must examine the statutory rule against the whole of the Constitution, including charges not explicitly brought up by the plaintiffs. Against this fiction, the Court has established through his practice a new default rule, especially since 2002: if judicial review procedure is triggered by a citizen’s claim (which occurs in fact in 86% of the cases), res judicata is merely relative to the charges brought up and, thus, it will be further possibilities to open up the constitutional debate against that statute. For the Court, the old exception has become the new principle: 92,4% of its decisions have established a relative res judicata between 2015-2019.Este artículo presenta la manera como la Corte Constitucional Colombiana (CCC) ha limitado el ámbito de aplicación de la cosa juzgada en los procesos de constitucionalidad. Los autores analizan la práctica de la Corte entre 1992 y 2019, y encuentra que la ccc ha relativizado el efecto de cosa juzgada en la mayoría de los casos, especialmente cuando el proceso fue iniciado por una acción, no de oficio por parte de la ccc. De acuerdo con el artículo 46 de la Ley 270 de 1996, la CCC tiene el deber de realizar una revisión de constitucionalidad completa: se debe analizar la norma demandada frente a toda la Constitución, incluyendo los cargos que no son presentados de manera explícita en la acción. En contra de esa ficción, la Corte estableció con su práctica una nueva regla, especialmente desde 2002: si el proceso inicia por una acción (lo que ocurre en el 86% de casos), la cosa juzgada es relativa a los cargos presentados por el accionante y, entonces, hay posibilidad de reabrir en el futuro el debate constitucional sobre la norma acusada. Para la Corte, la vieja excepción se ha vuelto un nuevo principio: entre 2015 y 2019, el 92,4% de las sentencias establecieron una cosa juzgada relativa

La investigación arqueológica en las sierras de Córdoba (breve respuesta al colega invisible)

En el número XXXI de esta revista, Andrés Laguens (cointegrante del campo de estudios académicos sobre el pasado indígena de Córdoba) publicó una nota (Laguens 2006: 337-346), en la que se presenta como un agente activo, dinámico, productor de ideas, conceptos y conocimientos sobre el problema, que luego vulgarizarían sus colegas sin siquiera tener la gratitud de reconocer su autoría a través de las citas. Una breve visión de la investigación arqueológica regional, a partir del análisis de los antecedentes inmediatos y de los datos más recientes obtenidos por nuestro equipo, nos permiten demostrar que los avances alcanzados en los últimos años proceden en gran parte de nuestros estudios y no de los aportes realizados por el crítico investigador.Sociedad Argentina de Antropologí

La investigación arqueológica en las sierras de Córdoba (breve respuesta al colega invisible)

En el número XXXI de esta revista, Andrés Laguens (cointegrante del campo de estudios académicos sobre el pasado indígena de Córdoba) publicó una nota (Laguens 2006: 337-346), en la que se presenta como un agente activo, dinámico, productor de ideas, conceptos y conocimientos sobre el problema, que luego vulgarizarían sus colegas sin siquiera tener la gratitud de reconocer su autoría a través de las citas. Una breve visión de la investigación arqueológica regional, a partir del análisis de los antecedentes inmediatos y de los datos más recientes obtenidos por nuestro equipo, nos permiten demostrar que los avances alcanzados en los últimos años proceden en gran parte de nuestros estudios y no de los aportes realizados por el crítico investigador.Sociedad Argentina de Antropologí

Combined Immune Defect in B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders Is Associated with Severe Infection and Cancer Progression

This research received no external funding. K.G.-H is supported by The European Social Fund (ESF) through a Río Ortega Grant for Health Research Projects by the Carlos III Health Institute (ISCIII) (CM20/00098).B cell chronic lymphoproliferative diseases (B-CLPD) are associated with secondary antibody deficiency and other innate and adaptive immune defects, whose impact on infectious risk has not been systematically addressed. We performed an immunological analysis of a cohort of 83 B-CLPD patients with recurrent and/or severe infections to ascertain the clinical relevance of the immune deficiency expression. B-cell defects were present in all patients. Patients with combined immune defect had a 3.69-fold higher risk for severe infection (p = 0.001) than those with predominantly antibody defect. Interestingly, by Kaplan–Meier analysis, combined immune defect showed an earlier progression of cancer with a hazard ratio of 3.21, than predominantly antibody defect (p = 0.005). When B-CLPD were classified in low-degree, high-degree, and plasma cell dyscrasias, risk of severe disease and cancer progression significantly diverged in combined immune defect, compared with predominantly antibody defect (p = 0.001). Remarkably, an underlying primary immunodeficiency (PID) was suspected in 12 patients (14%), due to prior history of infections, autoimmune and granulomatous conditions, atypical or variegated course and compatible biological data. This first proposed SID classification might have relevant clinical implications, in terms of predicting severe infections and cancer progression, and might be applied to different B-CLPD entities.Depto. de Inmunología, Oftalmología y ORLFac. de MedicinaTRUEpu

Research results applied to the field of health: how experience impacts the classroom and society

The Health Sciences Faculty of the Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira has been advancing in the generation of new knowledge and has explored various fields of knowledge. This book presents four pieces of research that have a lot to do with new trends, both in the training of human talent in health, and in the way in which knowledge and technology are applied to solutions to context problems. In this case, it is important to mention the role that high-fidelity clinical simulation has been gaining in the training processes of our students, more specifically the use of theater and the “standardized patients” strategy, in the promotion of professional criteria. The positive impact of a focused training is evident, both in the conceptual development of the individual, and in the appropriation of his role as an agent of social change. The theater promotes an intentional interaction with which knowledge, skills and attitudes can be explored in a medical training process. Likewise, theater has been used as a useful tool in the introduction of therapeutic elements in hospital spaces, such as pediatric, oncology or mental health wards, promoting various ways of interacting with medical staff, or exploring personal aspects. that can improve the clinical evolution of patients. Clinical simulation also contemplates a series of technological elements that, when used for educational purposes, can also promote performance analysis of cognitive, technical, and dexterity skills. This is the case of the clinical simulation put to the service of a CPR skills analysis project, in which, through sensors and performance variables such as force, pressure or response time, they can account for advances in CPR training processes, both for university communities and for health professionals.PregradoCONTENT Introduction ....................................................................................................................5 CHAPTER ONE Project Jai Kazhirua: Actors for clinical simulation .......................................................9 Julio César Sánchez Naranjo, Heidy Yicel Mesa Arenas and Andrés Felipe Ramírez Herrera CHAPTER TWO Implementation of a flipped classroom methodology in the medical physiology course in the Faculty of Health Sciences ...................................................31 Julio César Sánchez Naranjo, Diego Fernando López Zapata, Óscar Alonso Pinzón Duque, Andrés Mauricio García Cuevas, Martha Doris Morales Medina and Samuel Eduardo Trujillo Henao CHAPTER THREE SANAR RIENDO (HEALING LAUGHTER): humor therapy for pediatric hospitalized patients.................................................................................53 Julio César Sánchez Naranjo, Heidy Yicel Mesa Arenas and Andrés Felipe Ramírez Herrera CHAPTER FOUR CPR performance characteristics of emergency teams in the city of Pereira, Colombia .....................................................................................................77 Giovanni García Castro, Yamileth Estrada Berrio, Johana Andrea Méndez Timaná, and Sandra Milena Bedoya Gaviri

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO

Measurement of the Radiation Energy in the Radio Signal of Extensive Air Showers as a Universal Estimator of Cosmic-Ray Energy

We measure the energy emitted by extensive air showers in the form of radio emission in the frequency range from 30 to 80 MHz. Exploiting the accurate energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory, we obtain a radiation energy of 15.8 \pm 0.7 (stat) \pm 6.7 (sys) MeV for cosmic rays with an energy of 1 EeV arriving perpendicularly to a geomagnetic field of 0.24 G, scaling quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy. A comparison with predictions from state-of-the-art first-principle calculations shows agreement with our measurement. The radiation energy provides direct access to the calorimetric energy in the electromagnetic cascade of extensive air showers. Comparison with our result thus allows the direct calibration of any cosmic-ray radio detector against the well-established energy scale of the Pierre Auger Observatory.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DOI. Supplemental material in the ancillary file

Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding $4{\times}10^{18}$ eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than $60^{\circ}$ detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above $5.3{\times}10^{18}$ eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law $E^{-\gamma}$ with index $\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)}$ followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy ($E_\text{s}$) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find $E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19}$ eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO