Sobre la distinción innovador / conservador y los modelos secuenciales en la lingüística histórica

Se plantea en este trabajo una revisión de las categorías metalingüísticas [+/-innovador] y [+/- gramaticalizado] a partir de las analogías que presenta su uso en distintos marcos de la lingüística histórica (el uno tradicional, el método histórico-comparativo, y el otro más reciente, las teorías de la gramaticalización). Se propone su caracterización como “modelos secuenciales” y se estudian los límites que dichos modelos presentan a la hora de explicar el cambio lingüístico. Se contrastan para ello diferentes estructuras románicas, bien documentadas, y en particular la evolución de los perfectos compuestos en español y en francés, y se identifican dos tipos de problemas (la existencia de desajustes entre la estructura secuencial del modelo y los datos efectivamente atestiguados en las lenguas particulares), debidos al alto grado de generalización de las hipótesis, y a lo que llamaremos la falacia del estadio 0.In this paper, I propose a review of two metalinguistic categories: [+/- innovative] and [+/- grammaticalized]. On the basis of some analogies in their use by different frameworks of historical lin- guistics (a traditional one, the comparative-historical method, and a modern one, the grammaticali- zation theories), I argue that both of them can be described in terms of “sequential models” and I deal with the way this kind of model takes account of language change. Historical evidence is brought in from several well-known Romance structures, and in particular, from the development of present per- fects in Spanish and French, in order to point out to some of the methodological limits of the models: firstly the existence of mismatches between the sequential structure and empirical data, due to a high level of generalization in hypothesis, and secondly, what I will call the “stage 0 fallacy”

Efecto de factores contextuales en la composición corporal de jugadores profesionales de fútbol. Un estudio retrospectivo

La exigencia de las demandas físicas en el fútbol ha evolucionado en los últimos años, poniendo de manifiesto la necesidad de investigar sobre aquellos aspectos que condicionan el rendimiento deportivo. Es por esto que el objetivo de este estudio fue describir la incidencia del entrenamiento individualizado, la compañía en las comidas, la raza y la demarcación sobre las variables antropométricas en jugadores de fútbol profesional. Para ello se desarrolló un estudio retrospectivo sobre 51 jugadores profesionales de la Segunda División B española durante las temporadas de 2015/2016, 2016/2017 y 2017/2018. La valoración antropométrica se realizó bajo las normas técnicas de medición recomendadas por el International Working Group of Kinanthropometry, adoptadas por la International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK). Los resultados revelaron que el entrenamiento individualizado y la compañía en las comidas fueron los factores que más influyeron sobre las variables antropométricas. Los valores de masa grasa y de masa muscular, y el sumatorio de pliegues son sensibles al efecto de la intervención sobre dichos factores. Los mayores niveles de interacción se producen entre la compañía en las comidas y el entrenamiento individualizado, y entre la demarcación y la compañía en las comidas. Considerando la composición corporal como un aspecto a tener en cuenta en el desarrollo del rendimiento, se concluye que la aplicación de ciertos contenidos del entrenamiento según las características individuales y el estilo de vida de los jugadores es un factor que posee una influencia significativa sobre los futbolistas profesionales

Analysis of short-period internal waves using wave-induced surface displacement: A three-dimensional model approach in Algeciras Bay and the Strait of Gibraltar

A three-dimensional, nonlinear, high-resolution, sigma coordinate, hydrodynamic model was applied to study the sea surface manifestation of short-period internal waves measured in Algeciras Bay and the Strait of Gibraltar. Model results reproduce the tidally induced generation of the internal bore over the Camarinal Sill and its disintegration into wave trains as it moves eastward. While propagating along the Strait of Gibraltar toward the Mediterranean Sea, the wave trains partly penetrate into Algeciras Bay, with typical oscillation periods of 20 and 40 min. The modeled wave-induced surface train structures are compared with satellite images and in situ observational data obtained from two pressure sensors located inside the bay. Results demonstrate that wave-induced sea surface displacements are indicators of the presence of internal waves and may be used in the context of the internal wave analysis when surface oscillations are captured with sufficient precision

Enhanced Water Demand Analysis via Symbolic Approximation within an Epidemiology-Based Forecasting Framework

[EN] Epidemiology-based models have shown to have successful adaptations to deal with challenges coming from various areas of Engineering, such as those related to energy use or asset management. This paper deals with urban water demand, and data analysis is based on an Epidemiology tool-set herein developed. This combination represents a novel framework in urban hydraulics. Specifically, various reduction tools for time series analyses based on a symbolic approximate (SAX) coding technique able to deal with simple versions of data sets are presented. Then, a neural-network-based model that uses SAX-based knowledge-generation from various time series is shown to improve forecasting abilities. This knowledge is produced by identifying water distribution district metered areas of high similarity to a given target area and sharing demand patterns with the latter. The proposal has been tested with databases from a Brazilian water utility, providing key knowledge for improving water management and hydraulic operation of the distribution system. This novel analysis framework shows several benefits in terms of accuracy and performance of neural network models for water demand.Navarrete-López, CF.; Herrera Fernández, AM.; Brentan, BM.; Luvizotto Jr., E.; Izquierdo Sebastián, J. (2019). Enhanced Water Demand Analysis via Symbolic Approximation within an Epidemiology-Based Forecasting Framework. Water. 11(246):1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11020246S11711246Fecarotta, O., Carravetta, A., Morani, M., & Padulano, R. (2018). Optimal Pump Scheduling for Urban Drainage under Variable Flow Conditions. Resources, 7(4), 73. doi:10.3390/resources7040073Creaco, E., & Pezzinga, G. (2018). Comparison of Algorithms for the Optimal Location of Control Valves for Leakage Reduction in WDNs. Water, 10(4), 466. doi:10.3390/w10040466Nguyen, K. A., Stewart, R. A., Zhang, H., Sahin, O., & Siriwardene, N. (2018). Re-engineering traditional urban water management practices with smart metering and informatics. Environmental Modelling & Software, 101, 256-267. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2017.12.015Adamowski, J., & Karapataki, C. (2010). Comparison of Multivariate Regression and Artificial Neural Networks for Peak Urban Water-Demand Forecasting: Evaluation of Different ANN Learning Algorithms. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 15(10), 729-743. doi:10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000245Caiado, J. (2010). Performance of Combined Double Seasonal Univariate Time Series Models for Forecasting Water Demand. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 15(3), 215-222. doi:10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000182Herrera, M., Torgo, L., Izquierdo, J., & Pérez-García, R. (2010). Predictive models for forecasting hourly urban water demand. Journal of Hydrology, 387(1-2), 141-150. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.04.005Msiza, I. S., Nelwamondo, F. V., & Marwala, T. (2008). 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AI Communications, 29(6), 725-732. doi:10.3233/aic-160716Padulano, R., & Del Giudice, G. (2018). A Mixed Strategy Based on Self-Organizing Map for Water Demand Pattern Profiling of Large-Size Smart Water Grid Data. Water Resources Management, 32(11), 3671-3685. doi:10.1007/s11269-018-2012-7Lin, J., Keogh, E., Wei, L., & Lonardi, S. (2007). Experiencing SAX: a novel symbolic representation of time series. Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, 15(2), 107-144. doi:10.1007/s10618-007-0064-zAghabozorgi, S., & Wah, T. Y. (2014). Clustering of large time series datasets. Intelligent Data Analysis, 18(5), 793-817. doi:10.3233/ida-140669Yuan, J., Wang, Z., Han, M., & Sun, Y. (2015). A lazy associative classifier for time series. Intelligent Data Analysis, 19(5), 983-1002. doi:10.3233/ida-150754Rasheed, F., Alshalalfa, M., & Alhajj, R. (2011). Efficient Periodicity Mining in Time Series Databases Using Suffix Trees. 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Stability analysis of an HIV/AIDS epidemic model with treatment. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 229(1), 313-323. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2008.10.067Jackson, M., & Chen-Charpentier, B. M. (2017). Modeling plant virus propagation with delays. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, 309, 611-621. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2016.04.024Brentan, B. M., Meirelles, G., Herrera, M., Luvizotto, E., & Izquierdo, J. (2017). Correlation Analysis of Water Demand and Predictive Variables for Short-Term Forecasting Models. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2017, 1-10. doi:10.1155/2017/6343625Bhaskaran, K., Gasparrini, A., Hajat, S., Smeeth, L., & Armstrong, B. (2013). Time series regression studies in environmental epidemiology. International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(4), 1187-1195. doi:10.1093/ije/dyt092HELFENSTEIN, U. (1991). The Use of Transfer Function Models, Intervention Analysis and Related Time Series Methods in Epidemiology. 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Near real time pump optimization and pressure management

[EN] Management of existing systems can be interpreted as sets of decisions to make regarding pumps and valves to create hydraulic conditions able to satisfy the demand without operational problems such as pressures lower or higher than the normative pressure values. However, among the large number of combinations, some of them manage to reduce energy consumption, by finding the best operating point for pumps, and also water losses, by finding the best operating point for pressure reducing valves (PRV). Several works may be found in the literature using recent and advanced optimization techniques to define pump and valve operation. However, the processing time to define operational rules is a limiting factor for real time decision-making. Taking into account the need to improve the models in terms of optimal rules to apply in near real-time operations, this work presents a hybrid model (simulator + optimizer) to find pump speeds and PRV set points, aiming at combining energy savings with pressure control while reducing water losses. PSO is applied as the main optimization algorithm, which can also work in cooperation with other bio-inspired concepts to deploy an effective and fast search algorithm. The results allow comparisons with other techniques and show the ability of PSO to find an optimal point of operationBrentan, BM.; Luvizotto, EJ.; Montalvo, I.; Izquierdo Sebastián, J.; Pérez García, R. (2017). Near real time pump optimization and pressure management. Procedia Engineering. 186:666-675. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.248S66667518

Barriers to Accessing Eye Health Services in Suburban Communities in Nampula, Mozambique

Globally, an estimated 2.2 billion people are visually impaired (VI) or blind, and a large proportion (90%) of those affected live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access to eye health services is limited. This study aimed to identify barriers to accessing eye health services and associated factors in suburban communities of Nampula. A cross-sectional community-based study was carried out on adults ≥18 years old. A total of 338 adults were randomly selected from three communities (Muthita, Piloto, and Nthotta). Individual interviews were carried out and socio-demographic data, eye symptoms, date of last eye examination, and barriers to access to eye health services were extracted. Among participants, 49.4% had eye symptoms and 41.7% did not have their eye examinations up to date. The most cited barriers were crowding in hospitals (40.7%), financial difficulties (30.0%), self-medication (20.5%), traditional treatment (17.8%), and buying eyeglasses on the street (11.6%). Barriers limited the service target to 33%. Lower levels of schooling and monthly family income and farmer occupation were statistically associated with the most barriers as risk factors. The use of eye health services was lower due to barriers to accessing eye services. More specific intervention plans and greater cooperation between sectors are needed to improve these indicators

Interacción genotipo x tipo de dosis de inseminación artificial para la fertilidad del macho de conejo

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar los parámetros genéticos de la fertilidad tras la IA con 3 tipos de dosis obtenidas de eyaculados de machos de la línea Caldes: 1) tipo 10: con 10 x 106 espermatozoides/ml y 24h de conservación en un diluyente comercial tipo A. 2) tipo 40: con 40 x 106 espermatozoides/ml y las mismas condiciones de conservación que las del tipo 10. 3) tipo X: dosis preparadas tras diluir los eyaculados con un diluyente comercial tipo B (1:5) siendo desconocida la concentración y sin periodo de conservación. Se realizaron 3,628 IA con dosis del tipo 10 sobre hembras cruzadas, 3,027 con dosis del tipo 40 y la misma población de hembras, y 5,779 con dosis del tipo X sobre hembras puras de la línea Caldes. La fertilidad tras la IA con dosis del tipo 10 (F10), 40 (F40) y X (FX) fue considerada un carácter distinto en cada caso, de tipo binario. Los datos se analizaron utilizando un modelo umbral tri-carácter. La estima de la media de la distribución marginal posterior (DMP) de F10 menos F40 fue de -0.13. Este resultado indica un claro efecto de la concentración sobre la fertilidad, que podría no ser lineal. Las medias de la DMP de F10 menos FX y F40 menos FX fueron -0.37 y -0.23, respectivamente, lo que indica que el efecto de las condiciones de conservación sobre la fertilidad podría ser más importante que el de la concentración ya que FX fue muy próxima a la fertilidad tras la MN y la concentración del tipo de dosis X sería en promedio de unos 50 x 106 espermatozoides/ml. Las heredabilidades parecen ser similares para F10 y F40 y ambas mayores que las correspondientes a la fertilidad tras la MN y a FX. La interacción del genotipo x concentración de la dosis de IA es prácticamente despreciable debido a que las varianzas genéticas fueron similares para F10 y F40 y a que su correlación genética fue próxima a 1. Sin embargo, la interacción podría ser de mayor importancia entre el genotipo y las condiciones de conservación

The 8-Odorant Barcelona Olfactory Test (BOT-8): Validation of a New Test in the Spanish Population During the COVID-19 Pandemic

COVID-19; Pèrdua d'olfacte; Prova de l'olfacteCOVID-19; Loss of smell; Smell testCOVID-19; Pérdida de olfato; Prueba del olfatoBackground and objective: Most smell tests are difficult to implement in daily clinical practice owing to their long duration. The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a short, easy-to-perform, and reusable smell test to be implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study population comprised 120 healthy adults and 195 patients with self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD). The 8-Odorant Barcelona Olfactory Test (BOT-8) was used for detection, memory/recognition, and forced-choice identification. In addition, a rose threshold test was performed, and a visual analog scale was applied. The Smell Diskettes Olfaction Test (SDOT) was used for correlation in healthy volunteers, and the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was used for patients with OD to establish cut-offs for anosmia and hyposmia. In order to take account of the COVID-19 pandemic, disposable cotton swabs with odorants were compared with the original test. Results: In healthy persons, the mean (SD) BOT-8 score was 100% for detection, 94.5% (1.07) for memory/recognition, and 89.6% (0.86) for identification. In patients with OD, the equivalent values were 86% (32.8), 73.2% (37.9), and 77.1% (34.2), respectively. BOT-8 demonstrated good test-retest reliability, with agreement of 96.7% and a quadratic k of 0.84 (P<.001). A strong correlation was observed between BOT-8 and SDOT (r=0.67, P<.001) and UPSIT (r=0.86, P<.001). Agreement was excellent for disposable cotton swabs, with a k of 0.79 compared with the original test. The cut-off point for anosmia was ≤3 (area under the curve, 0.83; sensitivity, 0.673; specificity, 0.993). Conclusion: BOT-8 offers an efficient and fast method for assessment of smell threshold, detection, memory, and identification in daily clinical practice. Disposable cotton swabs with odorants proved to be useful and safe during the COVID-19 pandemic