Spanish Treatises on Musica Practica c. 1480-1525: Reflections from a Cultural Perspective

Se estudian los tratados de música práctica ibéricos entre 1480-1535, atendiendo en primer lugar a la distribución y orden de los contenidos, y a las autoridades y ejemplos de composiciones mencionados. En segundo lugar, se realiza una comparación minuciosa de los textos de los tratados sobre los problemas de las mutaciones, conjuntas, disjuntas, y efectos de los modos. Se demuestra la persistencia de las tradiciones orales, puesto que algunas coincidencias se remiten a Fernando de Estevan (1410) y a Gil de Zamora (ca. 1265). Las novedades que aportó Ramos de Pareja respecto a los paralelismos entre la música mundana, humana e instrumental también son comentadas en relación a sus posibles fuentes. Se relacionan las prácticas de improvisación con las principales características diferenciadoras de la teoría musical hispánica, que ya identificara Robert Stevenson (1960: 67), por lo cual, por primera vez se intenta dar una explicación a estas peculiaridades. Por último, gracias a las conclusiones del estudio, se matiza la negación de Bonnie Blackburn (2001: 318) acerca de la presencia del humanismo en estos teóricos.Este trabajo forma parte del proyecto de investigación “La obra musical renacentista: fundamentos, repertorios y prácticas” HAR 2015-70181-P (MINECO/FEDER, UE

Socio-economic inequalities in health in Catalonia

In this paper we measure the degree of income related inequality in mental health as measured by the GHQ instrument and general health as measured by the EQOL-5D instrument for the Catalan population. We find that income is the main contributor to inequality, although the share of inequality in mental health that can be explained by income is much greater than the corresponding share of inequality in general health. We also find that the variation in demographic structure reduces income related inequality in mental health but increases income related inequality in general health. The regional variations in both instruments for health are striking, with the Barcelona districts faring relatively bad with respect to the rest of geographical areas and Lleida being the health region where, all else held equal, the population reports the greatest level of health. A big share of inequality in the two health measures, but specially mental health, is due to the favourable position in both health and income of those who enjoy an indefinite contract with respect to the rest of individuals. We also find that risky working conditions affect both health measures and are able to explain an important share of socio-economic inequality.Health inequalities, decomposition analysis, Spain

Regional differences in socio-economic health inequalities in Spain

This paper reports an analysis of income related health inequalities at the Autonomous Community level in Spain using the self assessed health measure in the 2001 edition of the Encuesta Nacional de Salud. We use recently developed methods in order to cardinalise and model self assessed health within a regression framework, decompose the sources of inequality and explain the observed differences across regions. We find that the regions with the highest levels of mean health tend to enjoy the lowest degrees of income related health inequality and vice-versa. The main feature characterizing regions where income related health inequality is low is the absence of a positive gradient between income and health. In turn, the regions where income related health inequality is greater are characterized by a strong and significant positive gradient between health and income. These results suggest that policies aimed at eliminating the gradient between health and income can potentially lead to greate r reductions in socio-economic health inequalities than policies aimed at redistributing income.Health inequalities, decomnposition analysis, Spain

The evolution of inequity in the access to health care in Spain: 1987-2001

This paper reports an analysis of the evolution of equity in access to health care in Spain over the period 1987-2001, a time span covering the development of the modern Spanish National Health System. Our measures of access are the probabilities of visiting a doctor, using emergency services and being hospitalised. For these three measures we obtain indices of horizontal inequity from microeconometric models of utilization that exploit the individual information in the Spanish National Health Surveys of 1987 and 2001. We find that by 2001 the system has improved in the sense that differences in income no longer lead to different access given the same level of need. However, the tenure of private health insurance leads to differences in access given the same level of need, and its contribution to inequity has increased over time, both because insurance is more concentrated among the rich and because the elasticity of utilization for the three services has increased too.Health care utilization; health insurance; equity; Spain

La2 de Televisió Espanyola a Sant Cugat i la recuperació de la memòria històrica

La2 de TVE (Televisió Espanyola) a Catalunya ha estat pionera a fer programes i reportatges que volien recuperar temes i aspectes històrics que la censura franquista impedia tractar, així com fets i personatges oblidats o represaliats durant el franquisme; temes que avui en dia s'anomenen de recuperació de la memòria històrica. Després de la mort de Franco, la transició democràtica també va arribar a TVE. El programa Giravolt va ser fruit de la nova etapa. Aquest espai va ser una espècie d'Informe Semanal fet a Catalunya i en català. Línea 900 n'és un altre exemple. Nascut a l'abril del 1991, Línea 900 va començar a emetre en català per TVE a Catalunya, i sis mesos després va passar a l'emissió de La2 de TVE, en castellà i per a tot Espanya. L'espai va oferir molts temes centrats en l'època de la dictadura franquista des de la visió dels perdedors de la guerra. Tot i ser un referent del periodisme d'investigació i la denúncia social, l'any 2007 la nova direcció de la CRTVE (Corporació de Radiotelevisió Espanyola) va retirar de la programació Línea 900 justificant que buscaven fórmules més innovadores, argument que en cap cas no justifica la seva desaparició en una televisió pública, en què el rigor i la qualitat han d'estar per sobre de modes i nivells d'audiència. A dia d'avui, La2 de TVE a Catalunya no té espais per a oferir documentals històrics ni periodistes que es dediquin a investigar el nostre passat més recent. Ens trobem amb la paradoxa que vivim en un règim democràtic amb una televisió pública en què no s'incentiven els reportatges d'investigació, sinó el periodisme com a espectacle, a imitació de les cadenes privades.La2 (Channel 2) of TVE (Spanish Television) has been a pioneer in creating programs and educational reports on historical events that the Franco censorship kept hidden: forgotten events and people or those subject to reprisal during the Franco dictatorship. Such subject matter is part of what is now called historical memory. After Franco’s death, the transition towards democracy also took place within TVE. The program Giravolt, fruit of the new era, was a weekly news round up made in Catalonia in the Catalan language. Línea 900 was another example. Launched in April 1991, Línea 900 started out as a broadcast in Catalan by TVE in Catalonia; six months later the program went over to La2 of TVE, broadcast in Castilian to all of Spain. The program offered subject matter related with the Franco dictatorship from the point of view of those who lost the Spanish Civil War. Though Línea 900 was a benchmark of investigative journalism, the new management of the CRTVE (Spanish Radio and Television Corporation) withdrew the program claiming that more innovative forms were being sought, an argument that in no way justified the disappearance of the program from public television, where rigor and quality should be paramount to fashion and audience level. At present La2 of TVE in Catalonia has no space dedicated to historical or journalistic documentaries that investigate our more recent past. We find ourselves in the paradoxical situation of living in a democracy with a public television where no incentive is given to investigative reports, while journalism as entertainment is promoted, thus imitating the private channels

Calcium and inorganic carbon speciation in Spanish Mediterranean brackish waters

The concentrations of free ions and major inorganic complexes of calcium and inorganic carbon (i.e. free Ca >, free HCO3, free CO2- H3 , 2CO3 , CaSO°4 , CaCO°3 , CaHC0+ 3 , NaHCO°3 , MgHC0+3 , NaC0-3 and MgCO°3 ) have been calculated according to an ion-pair model, on the basis of their relative abundance in total concentrations, in Spanish Mediterranean brackish waters. Calcium complexes amount to 25% of total calcium, whereas bicarbonate and carbonate complexes reach 10 and 47% of total alkalinity respectively. NaHCO° 3 and MgHC0+ 3 expressed as percentages of total alkalinity, and NaC0- 3 , MgCO°3 and free CO2-3 expressed as percentages of total carbonate are dependent on ionic strength. NaC0-3 , MgCO°3 referred to total carbonate and free HCO3 , and free CO2- 3 as percentages of total alkalinity are strongly dependent on pH. Inorganic carbon complexes amount to an important fraction of total alkalinity when I (ionic strength)> 0.05 and pH> 8.5, when I> 0.10 and pH> 8.3, and when I> 0.20 and pH> 8.1. Calcium complexes cannot be expressed as single function of pH or ionic strength. Their maximum percentages appear at high pH values and moderate or high ionic strength, when CaS0° 4 and CaCO° 3 coexist at significant levels.Especiación de calcio y carbono inorgánico en aguas salobres del litoral mediterráneo español. Se han calculado las concentraciones de iones libres y de los principales complejos inorgánicos de calcio y de carbono inorgánico (es decir, Ca> libre, HCO3 libre, CO2- 3 libre, H2CO3 , CaSO°4 , CaCO°3 , CaHC0+ 3 , NaHCO°3 , MgHC0+ 3 , NaC0- 3 y MgCO°3) según un modelo de pares iónicos, sobre la base de su importancia relativa en las concentraciones totales, en aguas salobres del litoral mediterráneo español. Los complejos de calcio suponen el 25% del calcio total, mientras que los complejos de bicarbonato y carbonato alcanzan, respectivamente, el 10 y el 47% de la alcalinidad total. NaHCO°3, MgHC0+ 3 , expresados como porcentajes de la alcalinidad total, y NaC0- 3 , MgCO°3 y CO2 - 3 libre, expresados como porcentajes de los carbonatos totales, dependen de la fuerza iónica. NaC0-3 y MgCO° 3 referidos a carbonato total y HCO3 libre, y CO2- 3 libre, como porcentajes de la alcalinidad total dependen mucho del pH. Los complejos de carbono inorgánico suponen una fracción importante de la alcalinidad total cuando I (fuerza iónica) > 0,05 y pH > 8,5, cuando I > 0,10 y pH >8,3 y cuando I > 0,20 y pH > 8,1. Los complejos de calcio no pueden expresarse como una función sencilla del pH o de la fuerza iónica. Sus porcentajes máximos aparecen a valores altos de pH y a fuerza iónica moderada o alta, situaciones en las que CaSO°4 y CaCO°3 coexisten a niveles significativos

Dissecting the ΔI=1/2\Delta I= 1/2 rule at large NcN_c

We study the scaling of kaon decay amplitudes with the number of colours, $N_c$, in a theory with four degenerate flavours, $N_f=4$. In this scenario, two current-current operators, $Q^\pm$, mediate $\Delta S=1$ transitions, such as the two isospin amplitudes of non-leptonic kaon decays for $K\to (\pi\pi)_{I=0,2}$, $A_0$ and $A_2$. In particular, we concentrate on the simpler $K\to\pi$ amplitudes, $A^\pm$, mediated by these two operators. A diagrammatic analysis of the large-$N_c$ scaling of these observables is presented, which demonstrates the anticorrelation of the leading ${\mathcal O}(1/N_c)$ and ${\mathcal O}(N_f/N_c^2)$ corrections in both amplitudes. Using our new $N_f=4$ and previous quenched data, we confirm this expectation and show that these corrections are $naturally$ large and may be at the origin of the $\Delta I=1/2$ rule. The evidence for the latter is indirect, based on the matching of the amplitudes to their prediction in Chiral Perturbation Theory, from which the LO low-energy couplings of the chiral weak Hamiltonian, $g^\pm$, can be determined. A NLO estimate of the $K \to (\pi\pi)_{I=0,2}$ isospin amplitudes can then be derived, which is in good agreement with the experimental value.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures. Minor change