In Vivo MR Imaging of Magnetically Labeled Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Rat Model of Renal Ischemia

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate in vivo MR imaging for the depiction of intraarterially injected superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-labeled mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in an experimental rat model of renal ischemia. Materials and Methods: Left renal ischemia was induced in 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats by use of the catheter lodging method. In vivo MR signal intensity variations depicted on T2*-weighted sequences were evaluated in both the left and right kidneys prior to injection (n = 2), two hours (n = 4), 15 hours (n = 2), 30 hours (n = 2) and 72 hours (n = 2) after injection of SPIO-labeled MSCs in both kidneys. Signal intensity variations were correlated with the number of Prussian blue stain-positive cells as visualized in histological specimens. Results: In an in vivo study, it was determined that there was a significant difference in signal intensity variation for both the left and right cortex (40.8 +/- 4.12 and 26.4 +/- 7.92, respectively) and for both the left and right medulla (23.2 +/- 3.32 and 15.2 +/- 3.31, respectively) until two hours after injection (p < 0.05). In addition, signal intensity variation in the left renal cortex was well correlated with the number of Prussian blue stain-positive cells per high power field (r = 0.98, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Intraarterial injected SPIO-labeled MSCs in an experimental rat model of renal ischemia can be detected with the use of in vivo MR imaging immediately after injection.This study was partly supported by a grant from the Seoul Research and Business Development Program 10548 and by a grant (A062260) from the Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy, Republic of Korea.Ittrich H, 2007, J MAGN RESON IMAGING, V25, P1179, DOI 10.1002/jmri.20925Hauger O, 2006, RADIOLOGY, V238, P200, DOI 10.1148/radiol.2381041668Togel F, 2005, AM J PHYSIOL-RENAL, V289, pF31, DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.00007.2005Bos C, 2004, RADIOLOGY, V233, P781, DOI 10.1148/radiol.2333031714Bulte JWM, 2004, NMR BIOMED, V17, P484, DOI 10.1002/nbm.924Grove JE, 2004, STEM CELLS, V22, P487Herzog EL, 2003, BLOOD, V102, P3483, DOI 10.1182/blood-2003-05-1664Kalish H, 2003, MAGNET RESON MED, V50, P275, DOI 10.1002/mrm.10556Frank JA, 2003, RADIOLOGY, V228, P480, DOI 10.1148/radiol.2281020638Jo SK, 2003, KIDNEY INT, V64, P43Kale S, 2003, J CLIN INVEST, V112, P42, DOI 10.1172/JCI200317856Bulte JWM, 2003, MAGNET RESON MED, V50, P201, DOI 10.1002/mrm.10511Kraitchman DL, 2003, CIRCULATION, V107, P2290, DOI 10.1161/01.CIR.0000070931.62772.4EGupta S, 2002, KIDNEY INT, V62, P1285Krause DS, 2002, GENE THER, V9, P754Bulte JWM, 2001, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V19, P1141Lewin M, 2000, NAT BIOTECHNOL, V18, P410Kelly KJ, 2000, SEMIN NEPHROL, V20, P4Firbank MJ, 1999, PHYS MED BIOL, V44, pN261, DOI 10.1088/0031-9155/44/12/403Josephson L, 1999, BIOCONJUGATE CHEM, V10, P186Sutton TA, 1998, SEMIN NEPHROL, V18, P490Thadhani R, 1996, NEW ENGL J MED, V334, P1448SHANLEY PF, 1986, AM J PATHOL, V122, P462

FDG-PET for evaluating the antitumor effect of intraarterial 3-bromopyruvate administration in a rabbit VX2 liver tumor model

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to investigate the feasibility of using FDG-PET for evaluating the antitumor effect of intraarterial administration of a hexokinase II inhibitor, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), in a rabbit VX2 liver tumor model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: VX2 carcinoma was grown in the livers of ten rabbits. Two weeks later, liver CT was performed to confirm appropriate tumor growth for the experiment. After tumor volume-matched grouping of the rabbits, transcatheter intraarterial administration of 3-BrPA was performed (1 mM and 5 mM in five animals each, respectively). FDG-PET scan was performed the day before, immediately after and a week after 3-BrPA administration. FDG uptake was semiquantified by measuring the standardized uptake value (SUV). A week after treatment, the experimental animals were sacrificed and the necrosis rates of the tumors were calculated based on the histopathology. RESULTS: The SUV of the VX2 tumors before treatment (3.87+/-1.51 [mean+/-SD]) was significantly higher than that of nontumorous liver parenchyma (1.72+/-0.34) (p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U test). The SUV was significantly decreased immediately after 3-BrPA administration (2.05+/-1.21) (p = 0.002, Wilcoxon signed rank test). On the one-week follow up PET scan, the FDG uptake remained significantly lower (SUV 1.41+/-0.73) than that before treatment (p = 0.002), although three out of ten animals showed a slightly increasing tendency for the FDG uptake. The tumor necrosis rate ranged from 50.00% to 99.90% (85.48%+/-15.87). There was no significant correlation between the SUV or the SUV decrease rate and the tumor necrosis rate in that range. CONCLUSION: Even though FDG-PET cannot exactly reflect the tumor necrosis rate, FDG-PET is a useful modality for the early assessment of the antitumor effect of intraarterial administration of 3-BrPA in VX2 liver tumor

Serial CT Findings of Paragonimus Infested Dogs and the Micro-CT Findings of the Worm Cysts

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the serial CT findings of Paragonimus westermani infected dogs and the microscopic structures of the worm cysts using Micro-CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the committee on animal research at our institution. Fifteen dogs infected with P. westermani underwent serial contrast-enhanced CT scans at pre-infection, after 10 days of infection, and monthly thereafter until six months for determining the radiologic-pathologic correlation. Three dogs (one dog each time) were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 6 months, respectively. After fixation of the lungs, both multi-detector CT and Micro-CT were performed for examining the worm cysts. RESULTS: The initial findings were pleural effusion and/or subpleural ground-glass opacities or linear opacities at day 10. At day 30, subpleural and peribronchial nodules appeared with hydropneumothorax and abdominal or chest wall air bubbles. Cavitary change and bronchial dilatation began to be seen on CT scan at day 30 and this was mostly seen together with mediastinal lymphadenopathy at day 60. Thereafter, subpleural ground-glass opacities and nodules with or without cavitary changes were persistently observed until day 180. After cavitary change of the nodules, the migratory features of the subpleural or peribronchial nodules were seen on all the serial CT scans. Micro-CT showed that the cyst wall contained dilated interconnected tubular structures, which had communications with the cavity and the adjacent distal bronchus. CONCLUSION: The CT findings of paragonimiasis depend on the migratory stage of the worms. The worm cyst can have numerous interconnected tubular channels within its own wall and these channels have connections with the cavity and the adjacent distal bronchus

Diagnostic Benefit of Thyroglobulin Measurement in Fine-Needle Aspiration for Diagnosing Metastatic Cervical Lymph Nodes from Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Correlations with US Features

Objective: Our goals were to determine the added value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB)-thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements over FNAB-cytology alone for diagnosing metastatic nodes, and to determine whether the ultrasound features of lymph nodes can be used to identify lymph nodes that may benefit from FNAB-Tg measurement in patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 76 surgically proven cervical lymph nodes. Twenty-nine patients were awaiting surgery and 18 patients had undergone thyroid surgery for papillary thyroid cancer. Ultrasound-guided FNAB and Tg measurements were performed and the ultrasound features were evaluated. Results: The accuracies, sensitivities, and specificities of FNAB-cytology, FNAB-Tg, and combined FNAB-Tg/cytology were 90%, 80%, and 100%; 92%, 95%, and 90%; and 93%, 96%, and 90%, respectively. The diagnostic sensitivity of FNAB-Tg for metastatic nodes was significantly higher than that of FNAB-cytology (p = 0.011). Furthermore, combined FNAB-Tg/cytology significantly increased sensitivity (p = 0.002) and accuracy (p = 0.03) as compared with FNAB-cytology. Conclusion: Combined FNAB-Tg/cytology is significantly more sensitive and accurate at detecting metastatic nodes than FNAB-cytology alone. FNAB-Tg was better at diagnosing metastases in small lymph nodes

CT Analysis of the Anterior Mediastinum in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to determine whether the amount and shape of the anterior mediastinal fat in the patients suffering with usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) was different from those of the normal control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected patients who suffered with UIP (n = 26) and NSIP (n = 26) who had undergone CT scans. Twenty-six controls were selected from individuals with normal CT findings and normal pulmonary function tests. All three groups (n = 78) were individually matched for age and gender. The amounts of anterior mediastinal fat, and the retrosternal anteroposterior (AP) and transverse dimensions of the anterior mediastinal fat were compared by one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's test. The shapes of the anterior mediastinum were compared using the Chi-square test. Exact logistic regression analysis and polychotomous logistic regression analysis were employed to assess whether the patients with NSIP or UIP had a tendency to show a convex shape of their anterior mediastinal fat. RESULTS: The amount of anterior mediastinal fat was not different among the three groups (p = 0.175). For the UIP patients, the retrosternal AP dimension of the anterior mediastinal fat was shorter (p = 0.037) and the transverse dimension of the anterior mediastinal fat was longer (p = 0.001) than those of the normal control group. For the NSIP patients, only the transverse dimension was significantly longer than those of the normal control group (p < 0.001). The convex shape of the anterior mediastinum was predictive of NSIP (OR = 19.7, CI 3.32-infinity, p < 0.001) and UIP (OR = 24.42, CI 4.06-infinity, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: For UIP patients, the retrosternal AP and transverse dimensions are different from those of normal individuals, whereas the amounts of anterior mediastinal fat are similar. UIP and NSIP patients have a tendency to have a convex shape of their anterior mediastinal fat.This study is supported by KISTEP, the Ministry of Science and Technology, Korea

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data. Methods: We estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting. Findings: Globally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1–4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0–8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421–723) to 853 million (642–1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6–9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4–7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782–3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279–1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082–3583] vs 2336 [2154–2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943–3630] vs 5643 [5057–6302]). Interpretation: Global all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury

Detection of Metastatic Cervical Lymph Nodes in Recurrent Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Computed Tomography Versus Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography

Objective: We sought to determine whether positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) is more accurate than CT for detecting metastatic cervical lymph nodes in recurrent papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and to determine the relationship between the CT features and PET-CT findings of metastatic nodes. Methods: Eleven consecutive patients with recurrent PTC underwent contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) and PET-CT before surgery. We retrospectively evaluated CECT and PET-CT images to determine the presence of metastatic nodes by level-by-level analysis. The CT findings of the PET-CT results that were positive and negative for metastatic nodes were compared. Results: Metastatic nodes were found at 28 (78%) of 36 neck levels surgically explored. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CECT for the detection of metastatic nodes were 75.0%, 87.5%, and 77.8%, respectively, and those of PET-CT were 35.7%, 87.5%, and 48.6%, respectively, by level-by-level analysis. No significant difference in the CT features was found between the PET-CT findings positive and negative for metastatic nodes (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Computed tomography is more sensitive and accurate than PET-CT for detecting metastatic lymph nodes in recurrent PTC. No significant relationship was found between the CT features and the PET-CT findings of the metastatic nodes.Pfannenberg AC, 2007, BRIT J RADIOL, V80, P437, DOI 10.1259/bjr/34082277Jeong HS, 2006, CLIN ENDOCRINOL, V65, P402, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02612.xWang SH, 2006, THYROID, V16, P1Ferris RL, 2005, LARYNGOSCOPE, V115, P1979, DOI 10.1097/01.mlg.0000178328.70288.55Branstetter BF, 2005, RADIOLOGY, V235, P580, DOI 10.1148/radiol.2352040134Nahas Z, 2005, LARYNGOSCOPE, V115, P237, DOI 10.1097/01.mlg.0000154725.00787.00Antoch G, 2004, J CLIN ONCOL, V22, P4357, DOI 10.1200/JCO.2004.08.120Torlontano M, 2004, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V89, P3402, DOI 10.1210/jc.2003-031521Schoder H, 2004, RADIOLOGY, V231, P65, DOI 10.1148/radiol.2311030271Menzel C, 2004, NUCL MED COMMUN, V25, P239, DOI 10.1097/01.mnm.0000113337.33882.84Bui CD, 2003, INVEST RADIOL, V38, P593, DOI 10.1097/01.RLI.0000077126.42858392Pacini F, 2003, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V88, P3668, DOI 10.1210/jc.2002-021925Yoon YC, 2003, RADIOLOGY, V227, P764, DOI 10.1148/Frasoldati A, 2003, CANCER, V97, P90, DOI 10.1002/cncr.11031GREENE FL, 2002, AJCC CANC STAGING MA, P77Frilling A, 2001, ANN SURG, V234, P804Hooft L, 2001, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V86, P3779Mazzaferri EL, 2001, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V86, P1447Yeo JS, 2001, HEAD NECK-J SCI SPEC, V23, P94SCHLUMBERGER MJ, 2000, BAILLIERE CLIN ENDOC, V14, P610Chung JK, 1999, J NUCL MED, V40, P986Mazzaferri EL, 1999, THYROID, V9, P421Nygaard B, 1998, ACAD RADIOL, V5, P409Myers LL, 1998, LARYNGOSCOPE, V108, P232Schlumberger MJ, 1998, NEW ENGL J MED, V338, P297Dietlein M, 1997, EUR J NUCL MED, V24, P1342Feine U, 1996, J NUCL MED, V37, P1468SOM PM, 1994, AM J NEURORADIOL, V15, P1123JABOUR BA, 1993, RADIOLOGY, V186, P27HAY ID, 1993, SURGERY, V14, P1050SOM PM, 1992, AM J ROENTGENOL, V158, P961VANDENBREKEL MWM, 1990, RADIOLOGY, V177, P379DEGROOT LJ, 1990, J CLIN ENDOCR METAB, V71, P414MANCUSO AA, 1983, RADIOLOGY, V148, P715*NCCN, THYR CARC CLIN PRACT*EUR SOC UR RAD, ESUR GUID CONTR MED