Palvelimen virtualisointi, Citrix XenServer -ohjelmistoa käyttäen

Opinnäytetyön tehtävänä on verrata Citrix XenServer- ja VMware-ohjelmistoja keskenään. Työ tehtiin opetusmateriaalikäyttöön oppilaitosta varten. Työ toteutet-tiin erillisessä demoympäristössä käyttäen luokassa A350.3 olevaa Fujitsu-palvelinlaitetta johon asennettiin XenServer-ohjelmisto ja sen alaisuuteen Win-dows Server 2016. Lisäksi työssä testattiin Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2016 -ohjelmistoa, joka tuli työn edetessä vastaan kilpailevana tuotteena. Tutkittavia asioita olivat, miten asentaa virtuaalikone XenServer- ohjelmistoon ja miten sitä pystyy hallinnoimaan. Työ lopussa saatiin testatuksi kaikki mikä oli mahdollista ilman omaa nettiyhteyttä laitteille, jäljelle jäävät asiat saatiin kuitenkin testatuksi ilman nettiyhteyttä.This thesis focused on creating learning material regarding Citrix XenServer and VMware, by comparing the two. The comparison was made in a test environment utilizing Fujitsu server with the XenServer together with Windows server 2016. The thesis also focused on new arrivals by testing the Microsoft Hyper-V server 2016 Software, which was encountered during the thesis project. For research purposes, the installation and management process were studied. For the final conclusion all available offline features were reviewed and online features simu-lated

Phrenic nerve block with ultrasound-guidance for treatment of hiccups: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Persistent hiccups can be more than a simple and short-lived nuisance and therefore sometimes call for serious consideration. Hiccupping episodes that last only a few minutes may be annoying, but persistent hiccups may initiate many major complications.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 72-year-old Caucasian man with spinal stenosis presented for L4-5 laminectomy under spinal anesthesia. The surgery and anesthesia, as well as the perioperative period, passed without any incident, except for persistent postoperative hiccups not responding to conservative and pharmacological treatment. Hiccups resulted in a prolonged hospital stay as they lasted until the seventh postoperative day. On that day, a right-sided ultrasound-guided phrenic nerve block with 5 ml of bupivacaine 5 mg/ml with epinephrine was performed successfully with a single-injection technique. Ten minutes after the procedure the hiccups vanished and a partial sensomotoric block of his right shoulder developed. No adverse effect occurred; our patient could be discharged on the same day and the hiccups did not return.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Ultrasound provides us with non-invasive information regarding anatomy and allows anesthesiologists to visualize needle insertion, to identify the exact location of the injected solution and to avoid such structures as arteries or veins. As such, this method should be actively utilized. In cases where both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments prove to be ineffective when treating persistent hiccups, a single-shot ultrasound-guided technique should be considered before the patient becomes exhausted.</p

The Impact of Interference on GNSS Receiver Observables – A Running Digital Sum Based Simple Jammer Detector

A GNSS-based navigation system relies on externally received information via a space-based Radio Frequency (RF) link. This poses susceptibility to RF Interference (RFI) and may initiate failure states ranging from degraded navigation accuracy to a complete signal loss condition. To guarantee the integrity of the received GNSS signal, the receiver should either be able to function in the presence of RFI without generating misleading information (i.e., offering a navigation solution within an accuracy limit), or the receiver must detect RFI so that some other means could be used as a countermeasure in order to ensure robust and accurate navigation. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to identify an interference occurrence and not to confuse it with other signal conditions, for example, indoor or deep urban canyon, both of which have somewhat similar impact on the navigation performance. Hence, in this paper, the objective is to investigate the effect of interference on different GNSS receiver observables in two different environments: i. an interference scenario with an inexpensive car jammer, and ii. an outdoor-indoor scenario without any intentional interference. The investigated observables include the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) measurements, the digitized IF (Intermediate Frequency) signal levels, the Delay Locked Loop and the Phase Locked Loop discriminator variances, and the Carrier-to-noise density ratio (C/N0) measurements. The behavioral pattern of these receiver observables is perceived in these two different scenarios in order to comprehend which of those observables would be able to separate an interference situation from an indoor scenario, since in both the cases, the resulting positioning accuracy and/or availability are affected somewhat similarly. A new Running Digital Sum (RDS) -based interference detection method is also proposed herein that can be used as an alternate to AGC-based interference detection. It is shown in this paper that it is not at all wise to consider certain receiver observables for interference detection (i.e., C/N0); rather it is beneficial to utilize certain specific observables, such as the RDS of raw digitized signal levels or the AGC-based observables that can uniquely identify a critical malicious interference occurrence

The Voice of Confessionalism and Inter-Lutheran Relations : The Influence of the Missouri Synod in the Baltic and Ingrian Lutheran Churches, 1991-2001

The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (LCMS) had no contacts with the Baltic and Ingrian Lutheran Churches in the Soviet Union. It was virtually impossible for the Missouri Synod to make connections because of its narrow view of ecumenism, its anti-communism, and its non-membership in the Lutheran World Federation (LWF), which communicated to some extent with the churches of the USSR. However, the collapse of the Soviet Union made it possible for the Synod to establish totally new contacts with post-Soviet Lutherans. I examine how the Missouri Synod influenced the Baltic and Ingrian Churches between 1991 and 2001 in the context of inter-Lutheran relations. The starting point of the study is when the Missouri Synod first made contact with the Baltic and Ingrian Lutherans. It set up initial connections in 1991 through the LCMS auxiliary organizations in cooperation with the Finnish sister organization, the Confessional Lutheran Church of Finland. However, the first direct official Missourian contacts with the Lutherans in those countries were established in 1992. The Estonian Church, being more developed, more self-sufficient and strongly supported by the Finnish Church, was not so needful of support from the Missouri Synod. Having a more liberal theological approach it had allowed women to become pastors, and continued doing so, whereas the positions of the Ingrian, Latvian and Lithuanian Churches were and continued to be more open to cooperation with the Missouri Synod. The Latvian Church, for example, which allowed the ordination of women, overruled the decision in 1993 so that the problematic question of women´s ministry no longer hindered cooperation between the Latvians and the Missourians. As a result of the cooperation and of fellowship discussions between the Missouri Synod and the Ingrian Church, an altar and pulpit fellowship agreement was signed at the 1998 LCMS convention. Significantly, this was the very first time an existing member of the Lutheran World Federation entered into fellowship with the Missouri Synod. One could say that this fellowship became a model for the two Baltic Churches that later signed the agreement with the Missouri Synod. From the Missourian side, fellowship with the Ingrians meant that the Missouri Synod had developed a more tolerant and more open attitude towards its partner Churches and their pluralism. The end point of the study is July 2001, when the Missouri Synod´s convention delegates voted to declare church fellowship with the Latvians and the Lithuanians. Of most importance was the theological, financial and moral support the LCMS gave to the Ingrian, Latvian and Lithuanian Lutheran Churches, and to the Estonian Church to a lesser degree, and it also exerted the most significant influence in these areas. Theological support was the top priority. The LCMS extensively supported theological education in the area for two basic reasons. First, the Missouri Synod had reaffirmed its positions on many theological questions and was not as progressive as the German and Swedish Lutherans, for instance. LCMS theology was more understandable and more similar to the post-ghetto theology of the Churches that had been under Soviet rule. Second, the Missouri Synod had the capacity for educational cooperation with its comprehensive education system. Financial support was given on quite a large scale. Much of it directly served the purposes of theological education, but there was also some support for diaconal work, for example. Perhaps to the surprise of many Western Lutherans, the financial support made the Baltic and Ingrian Churches more independent and less vulnerable to the threat of being cut off from funding that came from some members of the LWF. Moral support was essential, and was usually connected with theological and financial support. At first it involved offering encouragement to the small Churches in Eastern Europe that had suffered under Communist persecution, but may have been of utmost significance in the new situation that arose when the Baltic and Ingrian Churches attracted heavy criticism and were under strong pressure from mainstream European Lutherans. Because of the Missouri Synod´s influence and the conservative nature of the Baltic and Ingrian Lutheran Churches a Lutheran New Deal or reallotment was made in Eastern Europe. Between mainstream and non-mainstream Lutheranism appeared the middle ground of the Ingrian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and to some degree Estonian Lutheran Churches, all of which were now deeply connected to both the LCMS and the LWF. In only one decade the Missouri Synod had gained a strong foothold in the Baltic and Ingrian Churches.Luterilainen kirkko Missouri-synodi ei ollut yhteyksissä Baltian ja Inkerin luterilaisiin kirkkoihin Neuvostoliiton aikana. Missouri-synodin oli ollut lähes mahdotonta luoda kontakteja heidän kapean ekumeniakäsityksen ja heidän antikommunistisen asenteensa vuoksi ja koska Missouri-synodi ei kuulunut Luterilaiseen maailmanliittoon, joka oli jossain määrin tekemisissä neuvostoliittolaisten kirkkojen kanssa. Neuvostoliiton romahtamisen myötä Missouri-synodille avautui täysin uusia mahdollisuuksia päästä yhteyksiin jälkineuvostoliittolaisten luterilaisten kanssa. Tutkimuksessani selvitän sitä, millä tavoin Missouri-synodi on vaikuttanut Baltian ja Inkerin luterilaisiin kirkkoihin vuodesta 1991 vuoteen 2001, myös ottaen huomioon luterilaisten keskinäiset suhteet kansainvälisellä tasolla. Tutkimus alkaa Missouri-synodin ensimmäisistä kontakteista Baltian ja Inkerin luterilaisiin. Näitä yhteyksiä luotiin Missouri-synodin virallisten apuorganisaatioiden kautta yhteistyössä Suomen Tunnustuksellisen Luterilaisen Kirkon kanssa vuonna 1991. Ensimmäiset suorat viralliset Missouri-synodin kontaktit kyseisten maiden kirkkojen kanssa luotiin 1992. Viron luterilainen kirkko kehittyneempänä, omavaraisempana ja Suomen kirkon tukemana ei ollut samassa määrin Missouri-synodin tuen tarpeessa. Viron kirkolla oli myös liberaalimpi teologinen lähestymistapa ja se oli hyväksynyt naispappeuden ja jatkoi naisten vihkimistä papeiksi. Inkerin, Latvian ja Liettuan positiot olivat melko hyvin yhteensopivat ja edelleen kehittyivät sopivammiksi Missouri-synodin kanssa tehtävää yhteistyötä ajatellen. Esimerkiksi Latvian kirkko oli hyväksynyt naisten pappisvihkimyksen, mutta mitätöi päätöksen vuonna 1993. Tämän jälkeen ongelmallinen naispappeuskysymys ei ollut esteenä Latvian kirkon ja Missouri-synodin välisessä yhteistyössä. Yhteistyön ja kumppanuusneuvottelujen seurauksena Missouri-synodi ja Inkerin kirkko allekirjoittivat alttari- ja saarnastuolisopimuksen Missouri-synodin konventissa 1998. On merkittävää, että ensimmäistä kertaa kirkosta, joka jo oli Luterilaisen maailmanliiton jäsen, tuli Missouri-synodin kumppani. On mahdollista sanoa, että tästä kumppanuudesta tuli malli kahdelle muulle balttialaiselle kirkolle, jotka sitten myöhemmin allekirjoittivatkin kumppanuussopimuksen Missouri-synodin kanssa. Missouri-synodille sopimus inkeriläisten kanssa tarkoitti sitä, että Missouri-synodi otti askeleen suvaitsevaisempaan ja avoimempaan suuntaan suhteessa partnerikirkkoihin ja niiden monimuotoisuuteen. Tämän tutkimuksen päätekohta on heinäkuu 2001, jolloin Missouri-synodin konventin delegaatit äänestivät kumppanuussopimuksen puolesta Latvian ja Liettuan luterilaisten kirkkojen kanssa. Missouri-synodin tärkeimmät avustamisen muodot ja samalla merkittävimmät vaikutukset Inkerin, Latvian ja Liettuan luterilaisille kirkoille ja vähemmässä määrin Viron kirkolle olivat teologinen, taloudellinen ja moraalinen tuki. Teologinen tuki oli tärkein avustamisen muoto. Missouri-synodi tuki laajasti alueen teologista koulutusta erityisesti kahdesta syystä. Ensinnäkin, Missouri-synodi oli uudelleen vahvistanut kantansa monissa teologisissa kysymyksissä eikä mennyt niissä yhtä progressiivisesti eteenpäin kuin esimerkiksi saksalaiset tai ruotsalaiset luterilaiset. Näin ollen Missouri-synodin teologia oli ymmärrettävämpää postghettoteologialle ja lähempänä sitä. Toiseksi, Missouri-synodilla oli kapasiteettia tarjota koulutuksellista yhteistyötä, koska sillä oli erittäin kattava koulutussysteemi. Taloudellista tukea annettiin monenlaisiin tarpeisiin. Tuki oli usein suoraan liitetty palvelemaan teologisen koulutuksen tarpeita, mutta tukea annettiin myös jossain määrin mm. diakoniseen työhön. Ehkä monien läntisten luterilaisten yllätykseksi Missouri-synodilta saatu taloudellinen tuki teki Baltian ja Inkerin kirkoista itsenäisempiä eivätkä ne enää olleet yhtä haavoittuvia rahoituksen lopettamiseen liittyvien uhkausten suhteen, joita heihin kohdistivat eräät Luterilaiseen maailmanliittoon kuuluvat kirkot. Moraalinen tuki oli arvokasta ja se oli yhteydessä teologiseen ja taloudelliseen tukeen. Alkuvaiheessa kommunistisen vainon alla kärsineiden itäeurooppalaisten pienten kirkkojen tukeminen koettiin tärkeäksi. Moraalisen tuen merkitys ehkä jopa lisääntyi, kun eurooppalaisen luterilaisuuden valtavirran puolelta tuli ankaraa kritiikkiä ja painostusta Baltian ja Inkerin kirkkojen suuntaan. Missouri-synodin vaikutuksen ja Baltian ja Inkerin luterilaisten kirkkojen konservatiivisen luonteen takia luterilainen uusjako tai uudelleen asemoituminen tapahtui Itä-Euroopassa. Inkerin, Latvian ja Liettuan kirkoista ja jossain määrin myös Viron kirkosta, kasvoi välimaaston kirkkoja jotka kaikki olivat laajalti yhteydessä molempiin, sekä Luterilaiseen maailmanliitoon että Missouri-synodiin. Missouri-synodi oli saavuttanut vain yhden vuosikymmenen aikana tukevan jalansijan Baltian ja Inkerin luterilaisissa kirkoissa

A Review on Precise Orbit Determination of Various LEO Satellites

The need for precise orbit determination (POD) has grown significantly due to the increased amount of space-based activities appearing at an accelerating pace. POD has a positive contribution in achieving the requirements of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite mission which includes improved reliability and continuity. In this paper, we will review the POD approaches of various LEO satellites and discuss the accuracy levels obtained as well as the methods and algorithms used to achieve the POD of LEO satellites. With recent advancements in miniature space technology, a greater number of smaller low-cost satellites are launched into the LEO for various purposes. Furthermore, development in the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and chipsets played a vital role in revolutionizing the GNSS receiver technology. Lower-cost, smaller size but yet high performing GNSS receivers need to be implemented also in CubeSats in addition to the various terrestrial applications. POD using onboard GNSS receiver data will benefit the development of several upcoming space applications in the field of navigation systems, telecommunication, remote sensing, and earth observation. In the future, it is anticipated that LEO-based satellites enabled by POD can also offer positioning capabilities that will enhance GNSS and create vast opportunities for users with new features and possibilities to the navigation field.© 2021 Copyright for this paper by its authors. Use permitted under Creative Commons License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). CEUR Workshop Proceedings (CEUR-WS.org)fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed

Survey on Recent Advances in Integrated GNSSs Towards Seamless Navigation Using Multi-Sensor Fusion Technology

During the past few decades, the presence of global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) such as GPS, GLONASS, Beidou and Galileo has facilitated positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) for various outdoor applications. With the rapid increase in the number of orbiting satellites per GNSS, enhancements in the satellite-based augmentation systems (SBASs) such as EGNOS and WAAS, as well as commissioning new GNSS constellations, the PNT capabilities are maximized to reach new frontiers. Additionally, the recent developments in precise point positioning (PPP) and real time kinematic (RTK) algorithms have provided more feasibility to carrier-phase precision positioning solutions up to the third-dimensional localization. With the rapid growth of internet of things (IoT) applications, seamless navigation becomes very crucial for numerous PNT dependent applications especially in sensitive fields such as safety and industrial applications. Throughout the years, GNSSs have maintained sufficiently acceptable performance in PNT, in RTK and PPP applications however GNSS experienced major challenges in some complicated signal environments. In many scenarios, GNSS signal suffers deterioration due to multipath fading and attenuation in densely obscured environments that comprise stout obstructions. Recently, there has been a growing demand e.g. in the autonomous-things domain in adopting reliable systems that accurately estimate position, velocity and time (PVT) observables. Such demand in many applications also facilitates the retrieval of information about the six degrees of freedom (6-DOF - x, y, z, roll, pitch, and heading) movements of the target anchors. Numerous modern applications are regarded as beneficiaries of precise PNT solutions such as the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), the automatic guided vehicles (AGV) and the intelligent transportation system (ITS). Hence, multi-sensor fusion technology has become very vital in seamless navigation systems owing to its complementary capabilities to GNSSs. Fusion-based positioning in multi-sensor technology comprises the use of multiple sensors measurements for further refinement in addition to the primary GNSS, which results in high precision and less erroneous localization. Inertial navigation systems (INSs) and their inertial measurement units (IMUs) are the most commonly used technologies for augmenting GNSS in multi-sensor integrated systems. In this article, we survey the most recent literature on multi-sensor GNSS technology for seamless navigation. We provide an overall perspective for the advantages, the challenges and the recent developments of the fusion-based GNSS navigation realm as well as analyze the gap between scientific advances and commercial offerings. INS/GNSS and IMU/GNSS systems have proven to be very reliable in GNSS-denied environments where satellite signal degradation is at its peak, that is why both integrated systems are very abundant in the relevant literature. In addition, the light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems are widely adopted in the literature for its capability to provide 6-DOF to mobile vehicles and autonomous robots. LiDARs are very accurate systems however they are not suitable for low-cost positioning due to the expensive initial costs. Moreover, several other techniques from the radio frequency (RF) spectrum are utilized as multi-sensor systems such as cellular networks, WiFi, ultra-wideband (UWB) and Bluetooth. The cellular-based systems are very suitable for outdoor navigation applications while WiFi-based, UWB-based and Bluetooth-based systems are efficient in indoor positioning systems (IPS). However, to achieve reliable PVT estimations in multi-sensor GNSS navigation, optimal algorithms should be developed to mitigate the estimation errors resulting from non-line-of-sight (NLOS) GNSS situations. Examples of the most commonly used algorithms for trilateration-based positioning are Kalman filters, weighted least square (WLS), particle filters (PF) and many other hybrid algorithms by mixing one or more algorithms together. In this paper, the reviewed articles under study and comparison are presented by highlighting their motivation, the methodology of implementation, the modelling utilized and the performed experiments. Then they are assessed with respect to the published results focusing on achieved accuracy, robustness and overall implementation cost-benefits as performance metrics. Our summarizing survey assesses the most promising, highly ranked and recent articles that comprise insights into the future of GNSS technology with multi-sensor fusion technique.©2021 The Authors. Published by ION.fi=vertaisarvioimaton|en=nonPeerReviewed

Using Machine Learning for In-Out decision accuracy for venue owner definable services

Presence confirmation for being inside certain venue becomes matter of more importance when venue owner might have option to restrict or to provide value added contents for the user per its presence in a given venue during a given time window. In this paper, machine learning is applied to find the confidence of decision about a User Equipment (UE) presence inside a designated venue based on the accumulated data set used for learning. 20 UEs are used such that some are placed inside venue and other outside to collect data set to be used for ML algorithms. The outside locations are the possible human movement areas around the venue. The UEs works as reference data collection sources both from outside and inside. The received mobile network info by each UE is collected over extended time. Data is labeled based on the actual positions of the UEs. Using Python, Machine Learning is applied with very encouraging results to conclude the presence confirmation inside venue or the other way around. Hyper parameter tuning is applied for kNN ML algorithm.©2021 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works.fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed