The novelty of EU Passenger Name Records (PNR) in EU Trade Agreements: On shifting uses of data governance in light of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement PNR provisions

The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) offers a new chapter in the treatment of Passenger Name Records (PNR), placing PNR law in an EU trade agreement. The TCA exemplifies acutely pre-existing tensions now in the framework of an EU agreement with a third country. In this article, we examine the evolution of PNR law and look at aspects of the TCA as to PNR relating to the sensitive issue of personal data protection in the context of cross-border data sharing for law en-forcement, criminal justice, and border control purposes as an example of the thorny intersection of public law obligations placed on the private sector to provide bulk access to personal data collected for commercial purposes to public sector actors in the framework of counter-terrorism or countering serious crime. First, we provide a brief account of ‘repurposing’ the use of PNR data at the intersection of criminal justice and border controls in EU law and UK law. Secondly, we examine the question of oversight in EU law and under the TCA. Thirdly, we consider the TCA provisions on PNR data sharing in light of the strict fundamental rights review that the CJEU has adopted. Finally, we look at the incorporation of PNR data sharing in-to the agreement’s law enforcement section and the character of border control and criminal justice. The article argues that PNR law appears vulnerable when seen in the light of the other international data transfers emerging on the question of oversight and accountability

The Novelty of EU Passenger Name Records (PNR) in EU Trade Agreements: On Shifting Uses of Data Governance in Light of the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement PNR Provisions

The EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) offers a new chapter in the treatment of Passenger Name Records (PNR), placing PNR law in an EU trade agreement. The TCA exemplifies acutely pre-existing tensions now in the framework of an EU agreement with a third country. In this Article, we examine the evolution of PNR law and look at aspects of the TCA as to PNR relating to the sensitive issue of personal data protection in the context of cross-border data sharing for law enforcement, criminal justice, and border control purposes as an example of the thorny intersection of public law obligations placed on the private sector to provide bulk access to personal data collected for commercial purposes to public sector actors in the framework of counter-terrorism or countering serious crime. First, we provide a brief account of ‘repurposing’ the use of PNR data at the intersection of criminal justice and border controls in EU law and UK law. Secondly, we examine the question of oversight in EU law and under the TCA. Thirdly, we consider the TCA provisions on PNR data sharing in light of the strict fundamental rights review that the CJEU has adopted. Finally, we look at the incorporation of PNR data sharing into the agreement’s law enforcement section and the character of border control and criminal justice. The Article argues that PNR law appears vulnerable when seen in the light of the other international data transfers emerging on the question of oversight and accountability

The use of the laser confocal scanning microscopy to measure resin remnants on customized lingual bracket

Background: The study aimed to evaluate the permanence of resin and enamel remains on lingual brackets at the end of orthodontic treatment and after the debonding procedure. The evaluation of resin remnants on customized lingual brackets bases has never done before in other studies because they are curved, and traditional techniques are not applicable. Methods: The sample consisted of 100 lingual brackets (25 incisors, 25 canines, 25 premolars, 25 molars) scanned with a confocal laser microscope (OLS4000). We measured the brackets' surface and the area of resin remnants with the software of the microscope. Median and quartiles were presented to describe the data. ARI calculation was indirect for each tooth, measuring the resin remnants to the total surface of the bracket. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Fisher test were applied respectively to compare the percentages of remnants and the frequencies of the ARI between the four groups. Results: After the analyses, 13 brackets had no adhesive remnants (ARI 0), 29 brackets had less than 50% of resin remnants (ARI 1), 50 brackets had more than 50% of resin remnants (ARI 2), and 8 brackets had 100% of adhesive (ARI 3). Canines brackets presented the lower amount of resin followed by premolars, incisors, and molars. Conclusion: Lingual brackets showed a high frequency of ARI = 2. The median percentage of the bracket surface covered by resin was 41%. We observed a slight tendency of more resin remnants on molar brackets, due to half-pad configuration. The authors suggest paying attention during the debonding procedure of molar brackets since a stronger connection between the adhesive and the bracket mesh means a higher risk of enamel damage

Encuesta a estudiantes en actividad en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas - UNLP - noviembre 2004 - febrero 2005

En el transcurso del año 2004, la Prosecretaría de Evaluación Permanente puso a consideración de las autoridades de la Facultad la conveniencia de profundizar la realización de encuestas teniendo en cuenta en principio lo dispuesto por la Ley Nº 24.521 del 7 de julio de 1995, que establece entre otras cosas: - que las instituciones universitarias deberán asegurar el funcionamiento de instancias internas de evaluación institucional que tendrán por objeto analizar los logros y dificultades en el cumplimiento de sus funciones, así como sugerir medidas para su mejoramiento. - que las encuestas a alumnos y graduados son instrumentos de evaluación importantes para la realimentación del proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje. Las autoridades, entendiendo las razones expresadas por esta Prosecretaría, resolvieron mediante Resolución Nº 677/04 autorizar la realización periódica de encuestas para los alumnos de las carreras de grado de esta Facultad. En cumplimiento de lo dispuesto y como resultado del trabajo realizado en conjunto con investigadores del Departamento de Economía, el 1 de noviembre del 2004, se inició - con carácter obligatorio- una encuesta a los estudiantes en actividad con el objetivo de recolectar datos relativos a la composición, características sociales, demográficas y académicas del conjunto de los estudiantes así como conocer la opinión de los alumnos con respecto a servicios que brinda la facultad. La encuesta permitía el acceso tanto alumnos que cursan en la sede de La Plata como así también a aquellos alumnos de los centros regionales. La misma estaba conformada por cinco formularios, los que trataban sobre: Datos del estudiante y su familia (Formulario 1), Datos laborales y otras actividades (Formulario 2), Educación Secundaria (Formulario 3), Educación universitaria (Formulario 4) y Servicios de biblioteca e informáticos brindados por la Facultad (Formulario 5). Una copia de los formularios empleados se incluye en el Apéndice. Los datos resultados de la encuesta, que se presentan a continuación, incluyen un conjunto de informaciones elaboradas a partir del procesamiento de las respuestas válidas efectuadas por 4104 estudiantes de esta Facultad. Este número de alumnos representa el 62 % del total de votos sufragados en las elecciones de Claustro Estudiantil correspondientes al año 2004 y que se efectuaron los primeros días del mes de Noviembre de ese año. La presentación se ha organizado en cinco partes ordenadas por la temática abordada en cada uno de los formularios. Para una mejor comprensión de los datos consignados cabe tener presente que la encuesta permitía responder sobre cada uno de los formularios por separado, razón por la cual algunos de los estudiantes eligieron no contestar alguno de ellos y por lo tanto el total de respuestas por formulario difiere.Facultad de Ciencias Económicas (FCE

Biometric and behavioural mass surveillance in EU member states: report for the Greens/EFA in the European Parliament

The aim of this report is to establish a problematised overview of what we know about what is currently being done in Europe when it comes to remote biometric identification (RBI), and to assess in which cases we could potentially fall into forms of biometric mass surveillance.Institutions, Decisions and Collective Behaviou