乳幼児期の孫育て研究の動向～1994年から2018年に報告された文献レビュー～

本研究は，乳幼児期の孫育てに関する研究の動向を文献レビューにより明らかにし，今後の課題を検討することを目的とした．「孫育て」「祖父母」等をキーワードに，医学中央雑誌Web（Ver. ５），CiNii を用いて検索し，乳幼児期の孫育てについて記述された24件を文献レビューの対象とした．対象文献について，発表年，タイトル，研究目的，研究対象者，結果を列挙し，５年ごとに研究の動向を検討した．文献レビューの結果，乳幼児期の孫育て研究は，祖父母が行う孫育ての内容，祖父母の健康への影響，祖父母を対象とした支援の３つに分類された．幅広い年齢の祖父母が乳幼児期の孫育てを行っている実態も明らかになったことから，今後は，祖父母の年齢別の分析やライフスタイルの影響を考慮した分析を行い，支援を検討することが必要ではないかと考えられた．This study aimed to both clarify trends in research on raising infant grandchildren through a literature review and to examine future issues. We searched Ichushi-Web from the Japan Medical Abstracts Society and CiNii Articles using keywords such as “raising grandchildren” and “grandparents”, and conducted a review of 24 cases in the literature that described raising infant grandchildren. For the target literature, the year of publication, title, research purpose, research design, research subjects, and results were listed, and the research trends were examined in 5-year increments. As a result of the literature review, research on raising infant grandchildren was classified into three themes: the contents of grandparents raising grandchildren, the impact of raising grandchildren on the health of grandparents, and support for grandparents raising grandchildren. In future research, it will be necessary to analyze the effects of the grandparents' age and lifestyle, and consider methods of support, because it became clear that grandparents of a wide range of ages are raising infant grandchildren

Relationship between Protection against Cold and the Physiological Index during a Cold Environment

A snow cave is a bivouac shelter used in mountain climbing that is widely used as a shelter against the cold during winter. In the outdoors, wind velocity and air temperature have an influence on temperature change. It could stabilize body temperature if it can control the convection of ambient air. This paper could develop a theory focusing on the relation between physiological indexes and the protection against the cold while staying in a snow cave. For example, protection against the cold could be thermal insulation underwear, thermal insulation gloves, thermal insulation socks, a steam warmed temperature sheet and a rescue sheet. Measurement items were heart rate, blood pressure, rectal temperature, score of a subjective thermal sensation and the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. It was clarified that the protection against the cold could be effective for the decrease of the physiological index. These field studies suggest that they would enable the adaptation in the adjustment range of the autonomic nervous system given these protections against the cold

Hitomi (ASTRO-H) X-ray Astronomy Satellite

The Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission is the sixth Japanese x-ray astronomy satellite developed by a large international collaboration, including Japan, USA, Canada, and Europe. The mission aimed to provide the highest energy resolution ever achieved at E  >  2  keV, using a microcalorimeter instrument, and to cover a wide energy range spanning four decades in energy from soft x-rays to gamma rays. After a successful launch on February 17, 2016, the spacecraft lost its function on March 26, 2016, but the commissioning phase for about a month provided valuable information on the onboard instruments and the spacecraft system, including astrophysical results obtained from first light observations. The paper describes the Hitomi (ASTRO-H) mission, its capabilities, the initial operation, and the instruments/spacecraft performances confirmed during the commissioning operations for about a month

JASMINE: Near-infrared astrometry and time-series photometry science

The Japan Astrometry Satellite Mission for INfrared Exploration (JASMINE) is a planned M-class science space mission by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. JASMINE has two main science goals. One is Galactic archaeology with a Galactic Center survey, which aims to reveal the Milky Way’s central core structure and formation history from Gaia-level (∼25 ${\mu}$as) astrometry in the near-infrared (NIR) Hw band (1.0–1.6 ${\mu}$m). The other is an exoplanet survey, which aims to discover transiting Earth-like exoplanets in the habitable zone from NIR time-series photometry of M dwarfs when the Galactic Center is not accessible. We introduce the mission, review many science objectives, and present the instrument concept. JASMINE will be the first dedicated NIR astrometry space mission and provide precise astrometric information on the stars in the Galactic Center, taking advantage of the significantly lower extinction in the NIR. The precise astrometry is obtained by taking many short-exposure images. Hence, the JASMINE Galactic Center survey data will be valuable for studies of exoplanet transits, asteroseismology, variable stars, and microlensing studies, including discovery of (intermediate-mass) black holes. We highlight a swath of such potential science, and also describe synergies with other missions

Pericardial injury from chest compression: a case report of incidental release of cardiac tamponade

Abstract Background Although chest compression is a standard technique in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, it is well recognized that manual chest compression causes various internal injuries, of which major injuries are often fatal. Similarly, when cardiac tamponade occurs in patients with type A acute aortic dissection, many patients die before reaching the hospital. We report a rare case in which chest compressions caused pericardial laceration that may have inadvertently played a life-saving role in releasing cardiac tamponade induced by acute aortic dissection. Case presentation A 67-year-old woman developed cardiac arrest soon after complaining of epigastric pain, and after successful resuscitation by manual chest compression, she was transferred to our hospital. On arrival, the patient was 14 on the Glasgow Coma Scale. An ECG showed a normal sinus rhythm, and no arrhythmias or signs of myocardial ischemia were observed. A chest X-ray revealed left pleural effusion, while cardiomegaly and pneumothorax were not identified. Computed tomography revealed type A aortic dissection, mild pericardial effusion, and massive left pleural effusion. No pulmonary embolus was found on the CT. After drainage of bloody effusion from the left pleural space, an emergency operation was begun. During surgery, a pericardial laceration with communication to the left pleural space and a hemothorax were found; however, no cardiac injury was identified. No other intra-thoracic injuries or rupture of the aortic dissection causing the hemothorax were detected. Hemiarch replacement was performed without difficulty, but the patient died of multi-organ failure 30 days after surgery. Conclusions We report a case of pericardial injury without skeletal fracture caused by chest compression. The pericardial laceration may have inadvertently served to release the cardiac tamponade induced by the acute aortic dissection, resulting in the hemothorax, and provided time to receive surgery