Feedbacks from the metabolic network to the genetic network reveal regulatory modules in E. coli and B. subtilis

The genetic regulatory network (GRN) plays a key role in controlling the response of the cell to changes in the environment. Although the structure of GRNs has been the subject of many studies, their large scale structure in the light of feedbacks from the metabolic network (MN) has received relatively little attention. Here we study the causal structure of the GRNs, namely the chain of influence of one component on the other, taking into account feedback from the MN. First we consider the GRNs of E. coli and B. subtilis without feedback from MN and illustrate their causal structure. Next we augment the GRNs with feedback from their respective MNs by including (a) links from genes coding for enzymes to metabolites produced or consumed in reactions catalyzed by those enzymes and (b) links from metabolites to genes coding for transcription factors whose transcriptional activity the metabolites alter by binding to them. We find that the inclusion of feedback from MN into GRN significantly affects its causal structure, in particular the number of levels and relative positions of nodes in the hierarchy, and the number and size of the strongly connected components (SCCs). We then study the functional significance of the SCCs. For this we identify condition specific feedbacks from the MN into the GRN by retaining only those enzymes that are essential for growth in specific environmental conditions simulated via the technique of flux balance analysis (FBA). We find that the SCCs of the GRN augmented by these feedbacks can be ascribed specific functional roles in the organism. Our algorithmic approach thus reveals relatively autonomous subsystems with specific functionality, or regulatory modules in the organism. This automated approach could be useful in identifying biologically relevant modules in other organisms for which network data is available, but whose biology is less well studied.Comment: 15 figure

Predictive Switching Control for Multilevel Inverter using CNN-LSTM for Voltage Regulation

Now-a-days, model predictive control (MPC) is very commonly used for three phase inverters. But conventional MPC suffers computational complexities as well as unstable switching frequency issues. To address these issues related with conventional MPC model, this paper aims to use the benefits of deep learning model for predictive switching control. In this paper, CNN-LSTM network based predictive control is proposed for three phase inverters. Along with predictive control LC filter is cascaded to reduce the harmonics. The model is simulated using SIMULINK under fixed and dynamic load condition. The result shows decreased THD under different load conditions. Finally, the result is validated with existing models and achieves better performance

A GOAL PROGRAMMING MODEL FOR DECISION MAKING IN PRODUCTION PLANNING OF GROUNDNUT EDIBLE OIL

The aim of this paper is to minimize the total production  cost within a maximum permitted  budget without violating the demand constraints for production planning of edible groundnut oil using supply chain problem . Effort will be put for minimize waste materials and pollution. Keywords : Goal programming, decision making, edible oi

A discussion on some recent coupled fixed point results via new generalized nonlinear contractive conditions

Recently, Samet et al. [34], by using the equivalence of the three basic metrics showed that certain coupled fixed point results can be obtained immediately from the well-known fixed point theorems. In the setting of partially ordered metric spaces, we establish a generalization of the recent coupled fixed/ coincidence point results under new nonlinear contractive conditions. The significant feature of the presented work is that, our obtained results are not the immediate consequence of the already existing results in the literature. Presented work generalizes some of the results of Bhaskar and Lakshmikantham [6], Berinde [7], Choudhury et al. [10], Harjani et al. [17], Jain et al. [21] , Karapinar et al. [22], Luong and Thuan [25], and Rasouli and Bahrampour [30].Publisher's Versio

Liquefaction proneness of stratified sand-silt layers based on cyclic triaxial tests

Most studies on liquefaction have addressed homogeneous soil strata using sand or sand with fine content without considering soil stratification. In this study, cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on the stratified sand specimens embedded with the silt layers to investigate the liquefaction failures and void-redistribution at confining stress of 100 kPa under stress-controlled mode. The loosening of underlying sand mass and hindrance to pore-water flow caused localized bulging at the sand-silt interface. It is observed that at a silt thickness of 0.2H (H is the height of the specimen), nearly 187 load cycles were required to attain liquefaction, which was the highest among all the silt thicknesses with a single silt layer. Therefore, 0.2H is assumed as the optimum silt thickness (topt). The silt was placed at the top, middle and bottom of the specimen to understand the effect of silt layer location. Due to the increase in depth of the silt layer from the top position (capped soil state) to the bottom, the cycles to reach liquefaction (Ncyc,L) increased 2.18 times. Also, when the number of silt layers increased from single to triple, there was an increase of about 880% in Ncyc,L. The micro-characterization analysis of the soil specimens indicated silty materials transported in upper sections of the specimen due to the dissipated pore pressure. The main parameters, including thickness (t), location (z), cyclic stress ratio (CSR), number of silt layers (n) and modified relative density (Dr,m), performed significantly in governing the liquefaction resistance. For this, a multilinear regression model is developed based on critical parameters for prediction of Ncyc,L. Furthermore, the developed constitutive model has been validated using the data from the present study and earlier findings

Pier Failure of Bridge and Geotechnical Investigation − A Case Study

In this paper a case of foundation failure, due to which the complete bridge structure has collapsed, is considered. The bridge is situated in Km. 26/6 on Langi Durg Road. It was constructed in the year 1980-81. This bridge has two solid slab spans of 15.25 meters each. The substructure is of solid coarse rubble stone masonry. The base dimensions of pier foundation are 3780 mm. in traffic direction and 10080 mm. in current direction at R.L. 94.00m. The pier foundation is resting on bouldary strata. During the floods in the year 1995 the pier constructed in mid-stream failed. This brought down both the deck slabs of the bridge at the bed level. Both the deck slabs are in good condition and it is proposed to use them by lifting of slabs and reconstructing central pier after complete investigation of founding strata

Short term effects of restricted food availability and peripheral leptin injections in redheaded bunting, Emberiza bruniceps

Migratory birds need continued food supply and efficient metabolic machinery to meet high energy demands of the magnanimous feat of flight. Two questions are important i.e. as to 1) how a bird adapts to a temporary food constrain on a daily basis, and 2) how peripheral leptin, an anorectic hormone, impacted feeding and migratory behaviour in buntings? The aim of this study was to induce a non-photoperiodic tweak in the physiology of redheaded buntings through exogenous leptin administration and study its effect on their food intake and migratory behaviour. Groups of male redheaded buntings, Emberiza bruniceps (n=17) were transferred from short (8L: 16D) to long (16L: 8D) days and presented with food only either for first (morning food presence, MFP) or second (evening food presence, EFP) half of the 16h lighted phase, while control group received food ad libitum. Total daily food intake (FI) did not differ significantly between the MFP, EFP and controls, but hourly FI in MFP and EFP indicated increased activity differences based on time of food availability and bird’s tendency to cache food/ recompense for food scarcity during migration. In another experiment, a chemical tweak in bird’s FI was induced by peripheral administration of leptin, to add to current understanding of transition in buntings’ metabolic efficiency during high energy demanding migratory journey. Exogenous leptin appeared to safeguard cadaveric effect of exogenous injection in migrating buntings through promoting blood cholesterol and reduced liver fibrosis. Food restriction in the morning was better responded by buntings than that in evening. Therefore, migratory buntings exhibited diurnal variation in response to food scarcity

Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern of Candida Isolates Recovered from Urine and Blood Specimens from Patients Admitted in Wards of a Tertiary Care Hospital, North Delhi

Background: Candida species are responsible for various clinical infections ranging from mucocutaneous infection to life-threatening invasive diseases. Increased resistance to antifungal drugs during the last decade has become a serious concern. Therefore, identification of Candida up to species level and its antifungal susceptibility testing is very important in the management of Candida infections. This study aimed to identify these organisms and study their susceptibility patterns.Subjects and Method: A retrospective study was conducted over 9 months (July 2022 to March 2023) from urine and blood samples collected from 80 IPD patients admitted to various wards of Hindu Rao Hospital. The samples were selected based on their growth on blood agar. The variables of interest are the different species of Candida and susceptibility to antibiotics. Identification of Candida species was done by Gram stain, Germ tube formation test, color on HiCrome Candida agar medium, chlamydospore formation on corn meal agar, and VITEK 2 Compact System. The MICs were interpreted according to the CLSI guidelines 2022.Results: 47 and 33 of urine and blood cultures were positive for Candida species respectively. Most of the isolates were from the Paediatric ward (28.75%), followed by the Medicine ward (27.5%). The most common species was C. tropicalis (56.25%) followed by C. albicans (23.75%). Most species of Candida were sensitive to amphotericin B, fluconazole, voriconazole, caspofungin, micafungin, and flucytosine except Candida albicans which showed 100% resistance to amphotericin B and Candida krusei which showed 66% sensitivity to voriconazole and 33% to caspofungin.Conclusion: Candida colonization has a considerable prevalence among patients hospitalized in our hospital. The species identification of Candida isolates along with their antifungal susceptibility pattern can help the clinician in better treatment of patients with candiduria and candidemia. Keywords: Candida, bloodstream infection, minimum inhibitory concentratio