1,146 research outputs found
Modeling of the Terminal Velocities of the Dust Ejected Material by the Impact
We compute the distribution of velocities of the particles ejected by the
impact of the projectile released from NASA Deep Impact spacecraft on the
nucleus of comet 9P/Tempel 1 on the successive 20 hours following the
collision. This is performed by the development and use of an ill-conditioned
inverse problem approach, whose main ingredients are a set of observations
taken by the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC) of OSIRIS onboard the Rosetta
spacecraft, and a set of simple models of the expansion of the dust ejecta
plume for different velocities. Terminal velocities are derived using a maximum
likelihood estimator.
We compare our results with published estimates of the expansion velocity of
the dust cloud. Our approach and models reproduce well the velocity
distribution of the ejected particles. We consider these successful comparisons
of the velocities as an evidence for the appropriateness of the approach. This
analysis provides a more thorough understanding of the properties of the Deep
Impact dust cloud.Comment: Comments: 6 pages, 2 Postscript figures, To appear in the proceedings
of "Deep Impact as a World Observatory Event - Synergies in Space, Time", ed.
Hans Ulrich Kaeufl and Chris Sterken, Springer-Verla
London Loves the Thames - Flows and Assemblages - Movie
Visual represetation of flows and assemblages along London South ban
"Explosive Energy" during volcanic eruptions from fractal analysis of pyroclasts
Despite recent advances by means of experiments and high-resolution surveys and the growing understanding of the physical processes
before and during volcanic eruptions, duration and type of eruptive activity still remain highly unpredictable. This uncertainty hinders
appropriate hazard and associated risk assessment tremendously. In an effort to counter this problem, experimentally generated pyroclasts
have been studied by fractal statistics with the aim of evaluating possible relationships between eruption energy and fragmentation efficiency.
Rapid decompression experiments have been performed on three differently porous sample sets of the 1990–1995 eruption of Unzen
volcano (Japan) at 850 °C and at initial pressure values above the respective fragmentation threshold [U. Kueppers, B. Scheu, O. Spieler, D.
B. Dingwell, Fragmentation efficiency of explosive volcanic eruptions: a study of experimentally generated pyroclasts. J. Volcanol.
Geotherm. Res. 153 (2006) 125–135.,O. Spieler, B. Kennedy, U. Kueppers, D.B. Dingwell, B. Scheu, J. Taddeucci, The fragmentation
threshold of pyroclastic rocks. EPSL 226 (2004) 139–148.]. The size distribution of generated pyroclasts has been studied by fractal
fragmentation theory and the fractal dimension of fragmentation (Df), a value quantifying the intensity of fragmentation, has been measured
for each sample. Results showthat size distribution of pyroclastic fragments follows a fractal law(i.e. power-law) in the investigated range of
fragment sizes, indicating that fragmentation of experimental samples reflects a scale-invariant mechanism. In addition, Df is correlated
positively with the potential energy for fragmentation (PEF) while showing a strong influence of the open porosity of the samples.
Results obtained in this work indicate that fractal fragmentation theory may allow for quantifying fragmentation processes during
explosive volcanic eruptions by calculating the fractal dimension of the size distribution of pyroclasts. It emerges fromthis study that fractal
dimension may be utilised as a proxy for estimating the explosivity of volcanic eruptions by analysing their natural pyroclastic deposits
Optical computing by injection-locked lasers
A programmable optical computer has remained an elusive concept. To construct
a practical computing primitive equivalent to an electronic Boolean logic, one
should find a nonlinear phenomenon that overcomes weaknesses present in many
optical processing schemes. Ideally, the nonlinearity should provide a
functionally complete set of logic operations, enable ultrafast all-optical
programmability, and allow cascaded operations without a change in the
operating wavelength or in the signal encoding format. Here we demonstrate a
programmable logic gate using an injection-locked Vertical-Cavity
Surface-Emitting Laser (VCSEL). The gate program is switched between the AND
and the OR operations at the rate of 1 GHz with Bit Error Ratio (BER) of 10e-6
without changes in the wavelength or in the signal encoding format. The scheme
is based on nonlinearity of normalization operations, which can be used to
construct any continuous complex function or operation, Boolean or otherwise.Comment: 47 pages, 7 figures in total, 2 tables. Intended for submission to
Nature Physics within the next two week
Sungrazing comets: Properties of nuclei and in-situ detectability of cometary ions at 1 AU
A one dimensional sublimation model for cometary nuclei is used to derive
size limits for the nuclei of sungrazing comets, and to estimate oxygen ion
fluxes at 1 AU from their evaporation. Given that none of the ~300 sungrazers
detected by the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) was observed after
disappearing behind the sun, and that small nuclei with a radius of ~3.5m could
be observed, it is assumed that all SOHO sungrazers were completely destroyed.
For the case that sublimation alone is sufficient for destruction, the model
yields an upper size limit as a function of nuclear density, albedo and
perihelion distance. If the density of the nuclei is that typical of porous ice
(600kg/m^3), the maximum size is 63m. These results confirm similar model
calculations by Weissman (1983). An analytical expression is derived that
approximates the model results well. We discuss possible modifications of our
results by different disruption mechanisms. While disruption by thermal stress
does not change the upper size limits significantly, they may be somewhat
increased by tidal disruption (up to 100m for a density of 600kg/m^3) dependent
on the isotropy of the sublimation process and the tensile strength of the
comet. Implications for the Kreutz family of sungrazers are discussed.
Oxygen ions from the sublimation of sungrazing comets form a tail. Fluxes
from this tail are sufficiently high to be measured at 1 AU by particle
detectors on spacecraft, but the duration of a tail crossing is only about half
an hour. Therefore the probability of a spacecraft actually encountering a tail
of an evaporating sungrazer is only of the order of two percent per year.Comment: 32 pages, 11 figures, accepted for publication in Icaru
Field-based density measurements as tool to identify preeruption dome structure: set-up and first results from Unzen volcano, Japan
For an improvement in the quality of conduit flow and dome-related explosive eruption models, knowledge of the
preeruption or precollapse density of the rocks involved is necessary. As close investigation is impossible during eruption, the
best substitute comes from quantitative investigation of the eruption deposits. The porosity of volcanic rocks is of primary
importance for the eruptive behaviour and, accordingly, a key-parameter for realistic models of dome stability and conduit flow.
Fortunately, this physical property may be accurately determined via density measurements.
We developed a robust, battery-powered device for rapid and reliable density measurements of dry rock samples in the
field. The density of the samples (sealed in plastic bags at 250 mbar) is determined using the Archimedean principle. We
have tested the device on the deposits of the 1990–1995 eruption of Unzen volcano, Japan. Short setup and operation
times allow up to 60 measurements per day under fieldwork conditions. The rapid accumulation of correspondingly large
data sets has allowed us to acquire the first statistically significant data set of clast density distribution in block-and-ash
flow deposits.
More than 1100 samples with a total weight of 2.2 tons were measured. The data set demonstrates that the deposits of the last
eruptive episode at Unzen display a bimodal density distribution, with peaks at 2.0F0.1 and 2.3F0.1 g/cm3, corresponding to
open porosity values of 20 and 8 vol.%, respectively. We use this data set to link the results of laboratory-based fragmentation
experiments to field studies at recently active lava domes
Physical Properties of OSIRIS-REx Target Asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36 derived from Herschel, ESO-VISIR and Spitzer observations
In September 2011, the Herschel Space Observatory performed an observation
campaign with the PACS photometer observing the asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36 in
the far infrared. The Herschel observations were analysed, together with ESO
VLT-VISIR and Spitzer-IRS data, by means of a thermophysical model in order to
derive the physical properties of 1999 RQ36. We find the asteroid has an
effective diameter in the range 480 to 511 m, a slightly elongated shape with a
semi-major axis ratio of a/b=1.04, a geometric albedo of 0.045 +0.015/-0.012,
and a retrograde rotation with a spin vector between -70 and -90 deg ecliptic
latitude. The thermal emission at wavelengths below 12 micron -originating in
the hot sub-solar region- shows that there may be large variations in roughness
on the surface along the equatorial zone of 1999 RQ36, but further measurements
are required for final proof. We determine that the asteroid has a
disk-averaged thermal inertia of Gamma = 650 Jm-2s-0.5K-1 with a 3-sigma
confidence range of 350 to 950 Jm-2s-0.5K-1, equivalent to what is observed for
25143 Itokawa and suggestive that 1999 RQ36 has a similar surface texture and
may also be a rubble-pile in nature. The low albedo indicates that 1999 RQ36
very likely contains primitive volatile-rich material, consistent with its
spectral type, and that it is an ideal target for the OSIRIS-REx sample return
mission.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics, 9 pages, 7
figure
Lattice mechanical study of the structure of dodecasil-3C
A recently developed partial charge potential model for SiO2 polymorphs, derived from quantum chem. calcns., was applied to the calcn. of the lattice energy-minimized structure and phys. properties of the low-d. SiO2 crystal Dodecasil-3C. Calcns. were performed using Ewald summations and without symmetry constraints. Results are compared with calcns. using the shell model of Sanders et al. (1983). Best agreement between exptl. and theor. predicted elastic consts. is achieved assuming a triclinic structure. To establish lattice stability, the vibrational frequency spectrum was calcd. For structures with imaginary frequencies, the corresponding at. displacements are used to deform the quasi-stationary geometry. On lattice energy minimization, the deformed structure transforms to a stable energy min. The large anisotropic temp. factors obsd. exptl. are mainly due to static disorder in at. position
Fragmentation efficiency of explosive volcanic eruptions: A study of experimentally generated pyroclasts
Products of magma fragmentation can pose a severe threat to health, infrastructure, environment, and aviation. Systematic
evaluation of the mechanisms and the consequences of volcanic fragmentation is very difficult as the adjacent processes cannot be
observed directly and their deposits undergo transport-related sorting. However, enhanced knowledge is required for hazard
assessment and risk mitigation. Laboratory experiments on natural samples allow the precise characterization of the generated
pyroclasts and open the possibility for substantial advances in the quantification of fragmentation processes. They hold the promise
of precise characterization and quantification of fragmentation efficiency and its dependence on changing material properties and
the physical conditions at fragmentation.
We performed a series of rapid decompression experiments on three sets of natural samples from Unzen volcano, Japan. The
analysis comprised grain-size analysis and surface area measurements. The grain-size analysis is performed by dry sieving for
particles larger than 250 Am and wet laser refraction for smaller particles. For all three sets of samples, the grain-size of the most
abundant fraction decreases and the weight fraction of newly generated ash particles (up to 40 wt.%) increases with experimental
pressure/potential energy for fragmentation. This energy can be estimated from the volume of the gas fraction and the applied
pressure. The surface area was determined through Argon adsorption. The fragmentation efficiency is described by the degree of fineparticle
generation. Results show that the fragmentation efficiency and the generated surface correlate positively with the applied
energy
Towards longitudinal data analytics in Parkinson's Disease
The CloudUPDRS app has been developed as a Class I med- ical device to assess the severity of motor symptoms for Parkinson’s Disease using a fully automated data capture and signal analysis pro- cess based on the standard Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale. In this paper we report on the design and development of the signal pro- cessing and longitudinal data analytics microservices developed to carry out these assessments and to forecast the long-term development of the disease. We also report on early findings from the application of these techniques in the wild with a cohort of early adopters
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