Elite Influence? Religion, Economics, and the Rise of the Nazis

Adolf Hitler's seizure of power was one of the most consequential events of the twentieth century. Yet, our understanding of which factors fueled the astonishing rise of the Nazis remains highly incomplete. This paper shows that religion played an important role in the Nazi party's electoral success -- dwarfing all available socioeconomic variables. To obtain the first causal estimates we exploit plausibly exogenous variation in the geographic distribution of Catholics and Protestants due to a peace treaty in the sixteenth century. Even after allowing for sizeable violations of the exclusion restriction, the evidence indicates that Catholics were significantly less likely to vote for the Nazi Party than Protestants. Consistent with the historical record, our results are most naturally rationalized by a model in which the Catholic Church leaned on believers to vote for the democratic Zentrum Party, whereas the Protestant Church remained politically neutral

APPLICATION OF GENERALIZED VENEZIANO MODEL TO K-P-]K]- PI-DELTA++ AND PI+P-]K+K]-DELTA++

Baier R, KUEHNELT H, WIDDER F. APPLICATION OF GENERALIZED VENEZIANO MODEL TO K-P-]K]- PI-DELTA++ AND PI+P-]K+K]-DELTA++. Nuclear Physics B. 1971;27(2):372-380

Zonal large eddy simulation for the numerical prediction of the acoustic performance of an axial fan

Advanced aerodynamic and aeroacoustic simulation methodologies are becoming a major topic in the modern vehicle industry and even more in the design of Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. The computation of airborne noise requires highly accurate numerical approaches to deal with the complexity of phenomena involved, such as turbulence, transition to turbulence and laminar instabilities. Moreover the requirements in terms of time and space resolution for the aeroacoustics as well as the identification and calculation of aeroacoustic sources make the computation of aerodynamic generated noise often extremely time demanding and thus not suitable for implementation within design and optimization loops. The objective of the present paper is to perform the aeroacoustic simulation of an axial fan by using an innovative LES technique, the Zonal LES. The proposed approach consists of a fully resolved LES in the acoustic generation region (embedded into the LES sub-domain) merged with a RANS solution in the outer flow region. In this way, the impact of the LES computational burden is significantly reduced and complex geometries can be simulated within reasonable computational time. The acoustic propagation is performed by using the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FWH) acoustic analogy. The test-case chosen for this study is based on the geometry of a 5-bladed axial fan with an outer diameter of 350 mm, blade Reynolds number of 0.06 M at the root and 0.16 M at the tip and tested in free field condition. The aeroacoustic and aerodynamic predictions of the numerical model are compared with the experimental data collected by the authors

Experimental study on the aeroacoustic performance of an axial fan for HVAC

In the frame of the design process of a fan the prediction of the sound radiated from the rotor requires efficient and reliable numerical models. The model reliability requires to be proved by an extensive validation against experimental data, unfortunately scarcely available in the literature. The aim of the present paper is to ease this lack of knowledge providing to the scientific community an extensive experimental characterization of the aerodynamics and aeroacustics of an axial fan designed for industrial applications. The flow field past a 5 blades axial fan was measured by means of the planar Particle Image Velocimetry technique (2D-PIV), whereas the aeroacoustic measurements were performed in an anechoic chamber by means of a microphone array. The results of the experimental campaign are then used for the validation of CFD/CAA simulations

Deindividuation: From Le Bon to the social identity model of deindividuation effects

Deindividuation may be described as the situation in which individuals act in groups and do not see themselves as individuals, thereby facilitating antinormative behavior. The present article analyzes the construct deindividuation theory from its conceptualization by Le Bon to the most recent theoretical model, the Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects. The aim of this study is to compare theories about deindividuation and to highlight its advances, identify theoretical questions that remain and suggest future directions for the study of this issue. Recent research conducted on deindividuation may promote prosocial behavior, prevent social disturbance and prevent the development of prejudice among children. Furthermore, it may provide a feasible way to comprehend and intervene in contemporary social issues. Recent scientific techniques, such as neuroimaging and predictive mathematical models, may improve comprehension of the construct in terms of its definition and prospective effects