How Do Households Respond to Unreliable Water Supplies? : A Systematic Review

Although the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target for drinking water was met, in many developing countries water supplies are unreliable. This paper reviews how households in developing countries cope with unreliable water supplies, including coping costs, the distribution of coping costs across socio-economic groups, and effectiveness of coping strategies in meeting household water needs. Structured searches were conducted in peer-reviewed and grey literature in electronic databases and search engines, and 28 studies were selected for review, out of 1643 potentially relevant references. Studies were included if they reported on strategies to cope with unreliable household water supplies and were based on empirical research in developing countries. Common coping strategies include drilling wells, storing water, and collecting water from alternative sources. The choice of coping strategies is influenced by income, level of education, land tenure and extent of unreliability. The findings of this review highlight that low-income households bear a disproportionate coping burden, as they often engage in coping strategies such as collecting water from alternative sources, which is labour and time-intensive, and yields smaller quantities of water. Such alternative sources may be of lower water quality, and pose health risks. In the absence of dramatic improvements in the reliability of water supplies, a point of critical avenue of enquiry should be what coping strategies are effective and can be readily adopted by low income households

Governmental supports of Turquality and its significance in branding

Amaç- Ülkemizde kendi adıylada markalaşan TURQUALITY®Programı, dünyadaki ilk ve tek devlet destekli bir markalaşma programıdır. Bu çalışma, Turquality programının amacını, kapsamını ve Türk ürünlerinin markalaşmasında sağladığı desteği anlatmaktadır. Yöntem- 2006 yılında ilk olarak hayata geçirilen Turquality programın kapsamı, sonraki yıllarda genişletilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Turquality programının tanımı ve kapsamı analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular- Turquality programının yurt dışına açılmak isteyen firmalara sağladığı imkanlar ve firmaların bu desteklerden yararlanmak için, yapması gerekenler anlatılmaktadır. Sonuç- Türk ürünlerinin markalaşması, uluslararası piyasalarda rekabetçi olmaları ve bu üstünlüklerini uzun vadede sürüdürebilmeleri için, Turquality Programı çok önemli avantajlar sunmaktadır.Purpose- Turquality, a branding on its own, is the first and the single government supported national branding program. This study investigates the concept, coverage and the supports of Turquality program for branding the Turkish products. Methodology- The Turquality program has initiated in 2006 and then extended in later years. The definition and the coverage of the Turquality program is analyzed in this study. Findings- The paper explains that the advantages of Turquality Program for the Turkish firms intented to go international and requirements the firms must meet seeking support of the Turquality Program. Conclusion- Turquality program provides great advantages and governmental support for branding Turkish products and keeping these products comptetive in the long run.Publisher's Versio

Impoverished Rural Districts of Pakistan: An Independent Evaluation of Impact on Educational and Cognitive Outcomes in Sindh Province, Pakistan

This article presents findings of cognitive and performance assessment among recipient and non?recipient school girls in the catchment schools of the Tawana Pakistan Project using standardised matrices. This is the first such evaluation of the relationship of a school feeding programme with developmental outcomes in rural Pakistan. There was evidence of benefits of the school feeding programme on a range of outcomes with significant improvement in the literacy and numeracy scores. The paired analysis showed a significant improvement (p<0.001) in Raven's Coloured Progressive Matrices and Draw?a?Person test while no association was established in grade performance assessment (GPA). The correlation analyses in terms of the effects of intervention on child cognitive development confirmed the positive correlation in all aspects. DID estimates also revealed an improvement in cognitive outcomes due to the programme. Findings support such potential programmes for improving educational and cognitive outcomes of primary school girls in impoverished districts of Pakistan

A Case of Fallot Tetralogy Admitted for Acute Myocardial Infarction

We report the rare case of a 43-year-old male with untreated tetralogy of Fallot, admitted for acuteinferior myocardial infarction. The etiology of the myocardial infarction was atherosclerotic heartdisease. We discuss the case in detail.Keywords: Acute myocardial infarction; Fallot tetralogy; CKM

Rural community studies in Turkey

Donated by Klaus Kreise