Egzekucja administracyjna nakazu rozbiórki obiektów budowlanych będących tzw. samowolą budowlaną

Construction arbitrariness occurs when a construction object (or part of it) under construction or built was built (or is being built) without the required building permit or without the required construction notification, or despite objection to that notification. The law indicates which building objects do not require a building permit, which require a permit, and which are subject to notification only. In connection with the above, theconstruction of buildings without the required permit or notification (if the law requires these activities) must be treated as a construction permit, in other words as a pathological condition in which the construction process was started (and often also completed) without compliance required procedures by law. By stigmatizing such behavior, when it is not possible to legalize actions already taken, the administrative body is obliged to oblige the owner of the property in the form of an administrative decision to demolish a building constructed without the required permit or notification. On the other hand, as it will be shown in the further part of the study, enforcement of the obligation to demolish the building resulting from building arbitrariness will be carried out on the basis of the provisions of the Act on enforcement proceedings in administration. This is due to the fact that the demolition of a construction object resulting from building arbitrariness should be classified as a publiclaw obligation. Firstly, due to the fact that the content of the obligation (in accordance with the above-mentioned views of science representatives) results from the administrative act of the administrative body (in this case from the administrative decision). Secondly, the administrative decision regarding the necessity of demolition of a construction object resulting from building arbitrariness defines the entity (the addressee of the decision) which is obliged to take the actions specified in the decision. Thirdly, it indicates what the obligation imposed by way of decision (in this case, the demolition of a building object) and indicates the deadline for its implementation (whose ineffective expiry will result in taking action under the Act on enforcement proceedings in administration aimed at forcing theaddressee to perform an obligation which he does not want or cannot perform voluntarily). Thus, there is no doubt that the obligation imposed by way of administrative decision to demolish a building object (or under construction) without the required permit or notification belongs to the public law obligations justifying its implementation under the Act on administrative enforcement proceedings.Z samowolą budowlaną mamy do czynienia wówczas, gdy obiekt budowlany (lub jego część) będący w budowie lub wybudowany powstał (lub powstaje) bez wymaganego pozwolenia na budowę lub bez wymaganego zgłoszenia budowy albo pomimo wniesienia sprzeciwu do tego zgłoszenia. Przepisy prawa wskazują, które obiekty budowlane nie wymagają wydania pozwolenia na budowę, które z nich wymagają takiego pozwolenia, a które podlegają wyłącznie zgłoszeniu. W związku z tym budowa obiektów budowlanych bez wymaganego pozwolenia lub zgłoszenia (jeśli przepis prawa wymaga dokonania tych czynności) musi byćtraktowana jako samowola budowlana, czyli – innymi słowy – jako stan patologiczny, w którym uruchomiony (a często również zakończony) został proces budowlany bez spełnienia wymaganych prawem procedur. Po pierwsze, z uwagi na to, że treść obowiązku (zgodnie ze wskazywanymi wyżej poglądami przedstawicieli nauki) wynika z aktu administracyjnego organu administracji (w tym przypadku – z decyzji administracyjnej). Po drugie, decyzja administracyjna dotycząca konieczności rozbiórki obiektu budowlanego powstałego w wyniku samowoli budowlanej określa podmiot (adresata decyzji), na którym ciąży obowiązek podjęciaokreślonych w decyzji działań. Po trzecie, wskazuje, na czym ma polegać nałożony w drodze decyzji obowiązek (w tym przypadku – na rozbiórce obiektu budowlanego) oraz wskazuje termin na jego wykonanie (którego bezskuteczny upływ spowoduje podjęcie działań w trybie ustawy o postępowaniu egzekucyjnym w administracji mających na celu zmuszenie adresata do wykonania obowiązku, którego nie chce lub nie może wykonać w sposób dobrowolny). Tym samym nie ma wątpliwości, że nałożony w drodze decyzji administracyjnej obowiązek rozbiórki obiektu budowlanego powstałego (lub powstającego) bez wymaganego pozwolenia lub zgłoszenia należy do obowiązków o charakterze publicznoprawnym, uzasadniającym jego realizację w trybie ustawy o postępowaniu egzekucyjnym w administracji

Kontrola sprawowana przez Najwyższą Izbę Kontroli

mający jedną z najdłuższych historii w Polsce — Najwyższą Izbę Kontroli. W opracowaniu zasygnalizowano historię NIK oraz szczegółowo omówiono jej pozycję ustrojową i rolę we współczesnym systemie kontroli w Polsce. Omówione zostało również postępowanie kontrolne sprawowane przez ten szczególny organ kontroli państwowej, kryteria sprawowanej kontroli, przebieg postępowania kontrolnego oraz rozstrzygnięcia, jakie zapadają w wyniku przeprowadzonej kontroli, i ich konsekwencje dla jednostki kontrolowanej. W celu wyczerpania problematyki poruszanej w opracowaniu omówione zostały również sposoby oraz formy zaskarżenia wyników kontroli sprawowanej przez NIK. Podnoszone w opracowaniu argumenty oraz opisane procedury postępowania kontrolnego pozwoliły na stwierdzenie, że NIK odgrywa bardzo istotną rolę w zakresie kontroli najważniejszych organów państwa. Oczywiste stało się przy tym, że pełni również dominującą funkcję w zakresie bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego ujmowanego w szczególności pod kątem bezpieczeństwa, stabilności i pewności wydatkowania środków publicznych

Human resources responsibilities in logistic system of waste management for sustainable growth and circular economy

PURPOSE: A waste management system requires not only the right decisions, but also the responsibility of people in terms of effective waste management in the enterprise. So far, the literature has laconically addressed the challenges of human resources in the context of waste. Literature lacks collective concepts characterizing the responsibility of people and their actions for efficient organization and waste management in the enterprise. The aim of the article is to systematize the current knowledge in the field of waste management in relation to human resources, their responsibilities, required competences and qualifications.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The concept presented in this article is based on a literature review, considering the latest research in this field.FINDINGS: The concept confirms that in each of the company's processes, i.e., delivery, production, distribution and after-sales service, there are activities that can contribute to better organization of work for the circular economy in accordance with the principles of sustainable development.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The concept can be directly implemented in companies as an aspect improving human resource management, division of duties and requirements, the effect of which is to minimize the negative impact on the environment.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The approach presented in the article is an innovative approach that takes into account the responsibility of human resources in the logistic system of waste management and may constitute a contribution to further research in this field.peer-reviewe

Conceptual model of human resource management for the efficient management of a circular economy

PURPOSE: Employees of companies from the production and service industry can carry out a lot of work for sustainable growth and circular economy, especially in the processes of delivery, production, distribution, and after-sales service. The aim of the article is to conduct a pilot study covering the challenges in the aspect of waste management and human resources, and to develop a conceptual model of human resource management for efficient circular economy management in an enterprise.DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The article presents the results of preliminary research conducted with the use of a questionnaire consisting of 25 questions and conducted on a group of 101 small and large enterprises from the manufacturing or service industry. The results were prepared using the analysis of correlations confirmed by the Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient. The conceptual model was developed based on the results of preliminary research and literature analysis.FINDINGS: The conducted research shows that one of the key challenges related to waste management and the possibilities of circular economy implementation in a company is the knowledge and awareness of employees. There are also differences in key challenges between small and large enterprises in relation to human resources in the implementation of the circular economy.PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The developed conceptual model may constitute the company's health path at the stage of the implementation of the circular economy in production or service companies. The conclusions from the research indicate which areas and in what order should be emphasized in relation to human resource management.ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The developed conceptual model is one of the first holistic approaches covering both human resources, sustainability, circular economy and the logistic system of waste management in the enterprise.peer-reviewe

Ugoda administracyjna w świetle nowelizacji “Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego” z 2017 roku

The subject of the discussion of this article are the changes in the regulation of the legal settlement administration in general administrative proceedings, which will be introduced an amendment to the Administrative Code, which comes into force in June 2017. Although created by the legislator the possibility of using this procedure precisely this form of administrative action settlement administration is used occasionally, and disputes are solved by means of an administrative decision. The reason for this is primarily governed by quite casuistically reasons conditioning the possibility of using an administrative. Thus, for many years, voices were raised both by the representatives of the science of administrative law, as well as by practitioners to make changes in the regulation of the legal settlement administration. The answer to these demands have to be changes made to the last novella the Administrative Code. The changes in particular as regards the conditions required to use an administrative are primarily aimed at creating conditions for its wider use. Is this due to the fact the amendment regulations will verify the coming years. The current way to address the possibility of concluding an agreement in the general administrative proceedings and to meet the statutory prerequisites created for parties to the proceedings and the administrative body that runs it, a number of difficulties discourage the use of this form of settlement of administrative matters

Perinatal manifestations of congenital disorders of glycosylation—A clue to early diagnosis

N-glycosylation defects—isolated or mixed with other glycosylation defects—are the most frequent congenital disorders of glycosylation and present mostly in childhood, with a specific combination of non-specific phenotypic features. The diagnosis, however, is often delayed. The aim of this study is to describe the perinatal phenotype of congenital disorders of N-glycosylation. We present an analysis of perinatal symptoms in a group of 24 one-center Polish patients with N-glycosylation defects—isolated or mixed. The paper expands the perinatal phenotype of CDGs and shows that some distinctive combinations of symptoms present in the perinatal period should raise a suspicion of CDGs in a differential diagnosis

Pro Libris: Lubuskie Pismo Literacko-Kulturalne, nr 4 (2011)

142 s. : il

Clinical course and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple sclerosis patients treated with disease-modifying therapies — the Polish experience

Introduction. The aim of this study was to report the course and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients treated with disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in Poland. A major concern for neurologists worldwide is the course and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with MS treated with different DMTs. Although initial studies do not suggest an unfavourable course of infection in this group of patients, the data is limited.Materials and methods. This study included 396 MS patients treated with DMTs and confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from 28 Polish MS centres. Information concerning patient demographics, comorbidities, clinical course of MS, current DMT use, as well as symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, need for pharmacotherapy, oxygen therapy, and/or hospitalisation, and short-term outcomes was collected up to 30 January 2021. Additional data about COVID-19 cases in the general population in Poland was obtained from official reports of the Polish Ministry of Health.Results. There were 114 males (28.8%) and 282 females (71.2%). The median age was 39 years (IQR 13). The great majority of patients with MS exhibited relapsing-remitting course (372 patients; 93.9%). The median EDSS was 2 (SD 1.38), and the mean disease duration was 8.95 (IQR 8) years. Most of the MS patients were treated with dimethyl fumarate (164; 41.41%). Other DMTs were less frequently used: interferon beta (82; 20.70%), glatiramer acetate (42; 10.60%), natalizumab (35;8.84%), teriflunomide (25; 6.31%), ocrelizumab (20; 5.05%), fingolimod (16; 4.04), cladribine (5; 1.26%), mitoxantrone (3; 0.76%), ozanimod (3; 0.76%), and alemtuzumab (1; 0.25%). The overall hospitalisation rate due to COVID-19 in the cohort was 6.81% (27 patients). Only one patient (0.3%) died due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and three (0.76%) patients were treated with mechanical ventilation; 106 (26.8%) patients had at least one comorbid condition. There were no significant differences in the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection regarding patient age, duration of the disease, degree of disability (EDSS), lymphocyte count, or type of DMT used.Conclusions and clinical implications. Most MS patients included in this study had a favourable course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The hospitalisation rate and the mortality rate were not higher in the MS cohort compared to the general Polish population. Continued multicentre data collection is needed to increase the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection impact on the course of MS in patients treated with DMTs

On (k,l)-kernel perfectness of special classes of digraphs

In the first part of this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for some special classes of digraphs to have a (k,l)-kernel. One of them is the duplication of a set of vertices in a digraph. This duplication come into being as the generalization of the duplication of a vertex in a graph (see [4]). Another one is the D-join of a digraph D and a sequence α of nonempty pairwise disjoint digraphs. In the second part we prove theorems, which give necessary and sufficient conditions for special digraphs presented in the first part to be (k,l)-kernel-perfect digraphs. The concept of a (k,l)-kernel-perfect digraph is the generalization of the well-know idea of a kernel perfect digraph, which was considered in [1] and [6]

Attorneys' disciplinary responsibility taking into account the profession ethics in the interwar period of the IInd Republic

Praca magisterska przedstawia problematykę odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej adwokatury oraz wybrane aspekty etyki zawodowej w okresie dwudziestolecia międzywojennego w II Rzeczpospolitej. Impulsem do jej napisania był między innymi zbliżający się jubileusz stulecia istnienia adwokatury w odrodzonym państwie polskim przypadający na rok 2018. Mając świadomość dużego partykularyzmu prawnego na ziemiach polskich tuż po zakończeniu I wojny światowej, a jednocześnie pamiętając jak duże znaczenie ma dla obecnej adwokatury jej historia i tradycja, próbowano uchwycić te elementy, które pozostały wspólne w zakresie omawianej problematyki dla całej palestry .Przedmiotem badań były zarówno obowiązujące akty prawne, jak i bogate orzecznictwo sądów dyscyplinarnych. Ich analiza i porównanie miały odpowiedzieć na pytanie, czy mimo oczywistych różnic legislacyjnych, da się odnaleźć takie cechy, instytucje, rozwiązania i zasady, które były nadrzędne dla całego obszaru kraju? I tym samym, czy można mówić o jakiejkolwiek wspólnej dyscyplinie adwokackiej w latach 198-1939? Obraz jaki powstał z analizy odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej adwokatury w przyjętym okresie, pozwala odpowiedzieć twierdząco na wszystkie postawione wyżej pytania.W pracy przyjęta została struktura składająca się ze wstępu, pięciu rozdziałów i podsumowania. W pierwszej części omówiony został ustrój samorządu adwokatury i jego zadania, który regulowało sześć różnych aktów prawnych na poszczególnych obszarach kraju. Drugi i trzeci rozdział poświęcono modelom sądownictwa dyscyplinarnego w ramach korporacji adwokackiej oraz rodzajom postępowania przed sądami dyscyplinarnymi. W czwartej części praca szeroko omawia zakres odpowiedzialności adwokatów, ich praw i obowiązków, a także najczęściej popełniane wykroczenia w świetle obowiązującego orzecznictwa sądów oraz uchwał organów samorządowych. W ostatnim rozdziale przedstawione zostały kwestie etyki zawodowej, jej kodyfikacji i obowiązujących zasad, a także ścisłe związki z odpowiedzialnością dyscyplinarną. W bibliografii, poza tekstami prawnymi i orzecznictwem, uwzględnione zostały zarówno opracowania współczesnych autorów, jak i źródła pochodzące z lat dwudziestych.The master thesis shows the problems of disciplinary responsibility of the Bar and chosen aspects of professional ethics during the interwar period in the IInd Republic. The impulse to write it was primarily an upcoming in 2018 hundred years anniversary of the Bar in a reborn Polish State. Having in mind a great legal particularism on Polish territory just after the Ist World War and memorizing the immense meaning of history and tradition for the Bar today, one tried to capture these elements, that remained common for the whole palestra in frames of the discussed issues. Valid legal acts as well as rich jurisprudence of disciplinary courts were the research subject. Their analysis and comparison were about to answer the question if despite so important legislative differences, it is possible to find the features, institutions, solution and rules which were parent for the whole country’s territory. Same, if one may speak of any common attorney’s discipline whatsoever in 1918-1939. The picture that has been created from the analysis of the disciplinary responsibility of the Bar in adopted period, allows to answer affirmatively to all the above questions. The structure adopted in the thesis implies the introduction, five chapters and summary. In the first part of the work the regime of the Bar and its aims, which were regulated by six different legal acts on specific areas of the State, is talked over. Second and third chapter deal with the disciplinary judiciary model in frames of the attorneys’ corporation and with the types of the disciplinary court proceedings. The fourth part widely presents the range of attorneys’ responsibility, rights and obligations as well as the most frequently committed offences in the light of binding courts jurisprudence and local governments resolutions. The last chapter treats the professional ethics issues, its codification and applicable rules as well as its tight connections with disciplinary responsibility. In bibliography, aside to legal texts, there were also mentioned both contemporary authors’ essays and the sources from 1920s