Exploring The Malleability Of The Zero-Sum Perspective Of Gender Status

Gender equality has broad individual and societal benefits. However, research continues to show evidence of gender-related biases and barriers to equality. One such barrier is the zero-sum perspective (ZSP) of gender status: the belief that any gains by women coincides with equal costs to men. Prior research has focused on between-group differences in ZSP endorsement after receiving a threat to gender status (i.e., women outperforming men in some capacity). The current study aimed to expand upon past research through three main objectives: assessing the between- and within-group malleability of the ZSP of gender status by introducing a threat to gender status quo, assessing whether ZSP endorsement can be diminished via an educational intervention and examining the association between ZSP and subsequent gender-equality behavior. The study utilized a 2 Status quo (threat, affirmation) x 2 Education (education, no education) factorial design with the ZSP of gender status assessed both before and after exposure to the status quo and education conditions. Adults (n = 242) from across the United States were recruited via Cloud Research to participate in the two-part study. At Time 1 participants completed demographics and measures of the ZSP of gender status, social dominance orientation, right wing authoritarianism, and hostile sexism. Two weeks later at Time 2, participants were randomly assigned to a Gender Status Quo Condition (threat or affirmation) and a Gender Equality Education Condition (education or control) then completed ZSP and donation measures. Contrary to expectations, the threat to gender status quo did not increase the ZSP and education did not decrease the ZSP. Surprisingly, there was a significant difference among men in the no-education condition, wherein men who received a threat to status-quo had lower levels ZSP than men who received an affirmation. Additionally, though not statistically significant, there was a trend wherein men who received the threat and education had higher levels of general ZSP than those who did not receive education. Results have implications for identifying potential methods of reducing the ZSP as well as identifying factors that may lead to increased endorsement of this barrier to gender equality

Online Comment Incivility And Its Impact On Social Perceptions Of Stalking

Much research has investigated the impact of online incivility on people’s opinions of controversial topics, but less has focused on social perceptions of personal disclosure-related online posts, despite large online-based social movements such as #MeToo. The current study focuses on stalking and will enable a better understanding of how stalking is perceived. There are two main study objectives: to examine social perceptions of an online disclosure by a target of stalking behavior and to examine the role of online incivility on mood and social perceptions of stalking. Overall, both men and women responded similarly to the stalking scenario. Participants expressed more concern for the female victim, ascribed her more credibility and less blame compared to the male victim. Exposure to incivility was found to have minimal impact on perceptions of the stalking victim. Overall, findings have implications for how stalking victims are perceived and potentially supported based on their gender

Nutrition and health situation of children and adolescents in Germany. Need for and options for action in the context of nutrition at school

Chronische Erkrankungen sowie ein hohes Lebenszeitrisiko für ernährungsmitbedingte chronische Erkrankungen stellen aktuelle Herausforderungen im Public Health (Nutrition) Bereich im Kontext der Kindergesundheit dar. Der Schule als Setting für Gesundheitsförderung & Prävention kommt dabei eine Schlüsselrolle zu. Ein Blick auf aktuelle Daten zeigt Handlungsbedarfe und Handlungspotentiale auf. (DIPF/Orig.)Chronic diseases and a high lifetime risk of diet-related chronic diseases are current challenges in the public health (nutrition) sector in the context of child health. The school as a setting for health promotion and prevention plays a key role. A look at current data reveals needs for action and potentials for action. (DIPF/Orig.

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach: Bibliographie seiner Schriften

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752-1840) war Professor der Medizin und Naturgeschichte an der Universität Göttingen. Er ist einer der führenden Exponenten der revolutionären Umwandlung des geologischen und biologischen Weltbildes um die Wende vom 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert. Seine lange Lebensspanne wirkte als Brücke zwischen der Biologie Carl von Linnés und der Biologie Charles Darwins. Die vorliegende Bibliographie dokumentiert und erschließt das wissenschaftliche Werk Blumenbachs, das von entscheidender Bedeutung für unser Verständnis der Wissenschaftskultur Europas im späten 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert ist. Erkennbar wird darin die intensive Wechselwirkung zwischen den Wissenschaften vom Leben und insbesondere vom Menschen einerseits und andererseits den Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften dieser Epoche

Syntheses and Molecular Structures of Liquid Pyrophoric Hydridosilanes

Trisilane, isotetrasilane, neopentasilane, and cyclohexasilane have been prepared in gram scale. In-situ cryo crystallization of these pyrophoric liquids in sealed capillaries on the diffractometer allows access to the single crystal structures of these compounds. Structural parameters are discussed and compared to gas-phase electron diffraction structures from literature and with the results from quantum chemical calculations. Significantly higher packing indices are found for the silanes compared to the corresponding alkanes. Radiation with ultraviolet light (365 nm) and parallel ESR (EPR) measurement shows that cyclohexasilane is easily split into radicals, which subsequently leads to the formation of branched and chain-like oligomers. The other compounds form no radicals under these conditions. NMR spectra of all four compounds have been recorded. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA

Splitting of the magnetic monopole pair-creation energy in spin ice

The thermodynamics in spin-ice systems are governed by emergent magnetic monopole excitations and, until now, the creation of a pair of these topological defects was associated with one specific pair-creation energy. Here, we show that the electric dipole moments inherent to the magnetic monopoles lift the degeneracy of their creation process and lead to a splitting of the pair-creation energy. We consider this finding to extend the model of magnetic relaxation in spin-ice systems and show that an electric dipole interaction in the theoretically estimated order of magnitude leads to a splitting which can explain the controversially discussed discrepancies between the measured temperature dependence of the magnetic relaxation times and previous theory. By applying our extended model to experimental data of, various spin-ice systems, we show its universal applicability and determine a dependence of the electric dipole interaction on the system parameters, which is in accordance with the theoretical model of electric dipole formation. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by IOP Publishing Ltd

Amino acid intakes are associated with bone mineral density and prevalence of low bone mass in women: evidence from discordant monozygotic twins

Although a higher protein intake, particularly from vegetable sources, has been shown to be associated with higher bone mineral density (BMD) the relative impact of specific amino acids (AA) on BMD and risk of osteoporosis remains to be determined. Mechanistic research suggests that a number of specific AA, including five non-essential AA, alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, glycine and proline, may play a role in bone health, principally through improved production of insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 and the synthesis of collagen and muscle protein. However to date, no previous studies have examined the associations between habitual intake of AA and direct measures of BMD and prevalence of osteoporosis or osteopenia and no studies have examined this relationship in discordant identical twin-pairs. In these analyses of female monozygotic twin-pairs discordant for AA intake (n=135), twins with higher intakes of alanine and glycine had significantly higher BMD at the spine than their co-twins with within-pair differences in spine-BMD of 0.012 g/cm2 (SE 0.01 P=0.039) and 0.014g/cm2 (SE 0.01 P=0.026) respectively. Furthermore, in cross-sectional multivariable analyses of 3160 females aged 18-79y, a higher intake of total protein was significantly associated with higher DXA-measured BMD at the spine (Q4-Q1 0.017g/cm2 SE 0.01 P=0.035) and forearm (Q4-Q1 0.010g/cm2 SE 0.003 P=0.002). Intake of six AA (alanine, arginine, glutamic acid, leucine, lysine and proline) were associated with higher BMD at the spine and forearm with the strongest association observed for leucine (Q4-Q1 0.024g/cm2 SE 0.01 P=0.007). When intakes were stratified by protein source, vegetable or animal, prevalence of osteoporosis or osteopenia was 13-19% lower comparing extreme quartiles of vegetable intake for five AA (not glutamic acid or proline). These data provide evidence to suggest that intake of protein and several AA, including alanine and glycine, may be beneficial for bone health, independent of genetic background