Face Recognition Algorithms

U diplomskom radu opisana je primjena algoritama za prepoznavanje lica u samom po- četku razvoja algoriama i danas. Opisani su glavni pristupi koji se koriste prilikom osmišljavanja algoritama kao što su psihloški i matematički pristup. Navedene su najbitnije sastavnice oba pristupa te je dan uvid u općeniti način pristupanja prepoznavanju lica. Algoritmi za prepoznavanje lica su u radu podijeljeni na dvije glavne kategorije - algoritmi koji koriste dvodimenzionalni i algoritmi koji koriste trodimenzionalni prikaz lica za prepoznavanje. Za svaku od kategorija navedena su po tri algoritma. Od dvodimenzionalnih algoritama opisane su Nixonova metoda, metoda Principal Component Analysis i Linear Discriminant Analysis. Metode algoritama koji koriste trodimenzionalni prikaz koje su opisane u radu su trodimenzionalno prepoznavanje bez rekonstrukcije lica, 3D Morphable Model i metoda bazirana na komponentama. Također, opisan je praktični dio rada u kojem je dana implemenatacija metode Principal Component Analysis i opisana je baza fotografija korištena u navedenoj implementaciji. U dijelovima isstraživanja ovoga rada korištena je FERET baza fotografija lica prikupljena u sklopu FERET programa, sponzorirana od strane ureda DOD Counterdrug Technology Development Program. Osim toga, pojašnjen je način korištenja implementiranog algoritmaThis thesis describes usage of face recognition algorithms since they first appeared until today. There is given insight into main approaches used in developing algorithms as psychological and mathematical approach. The most important components of both approaches are specified and there are explained general methods of face recognition. Face recognition algorithms are separated into two categories - algorithms using two-dimensional and three-dimensional face representations. There are described three methods for each category of algorithms. Among two-dimensional algorithms there are described Nixon method, Principal Component Analysis method and Linear Discriminant Method. Three-dimensional algorithms category consists of explanation od method for face recognition without face reconstruction, 3D Morphable Model method and method based on face components. Further more, there is explanation of practical part of this thesis where implementation of Principal Component Analysis method is given and there is description of images database used in implementation. Portions of the research in this paper use the FERET database of facial images collected under the FERET program, sponsored by the DOD Counterdrug Technology Development Program Office. Also, there is explained usage of implemented algorithm

U potrazi za invazivnim stranim svojtama: studija slučaja iz herbarijskih zbirki ZA & ZAHO

Herbarium collections are the most reliable source of historical data available with respect to alien plants. A review of the ZA and ZAHO herbarium collections revealed the presence of as many as 1,152 specimens of invasive alien plant species (IAS), belonging to 70 plant taxa. The extent of sampling invasive taxa was not constant over time; a high 67% of the collection has been collected since the Second World War, with the collection peaking between 1900 and 1920, between 1960 and 1970 and in the years after 2010. Herbarium records of 17 taxa revealed that they first appeared in Croatia much earlier than was known from the literature so far. In order to enhance its public availability, the collection of IAS studied has been digitised and published in the virtual herbarium.Herbarijske zbirke predstavljaju najpouzdanije povijesne izvore podataka o stranim biljnim vrstama. Unutar zbirki ZA i ZAHO pronađena su ukupno 1152 herbarijska lista sa 70 invazivnih biljnih svojti. Intenzitet sakupljanja invazivnih svojti nije bio konstantan kroz vrijeme, čak 67 % zbirke sakupljeno je nakon Drugog svjetskog rata, a vrhunci sakupljanja bili su od 1910. do 1920., od 1960. do 1970., te nakon 2010. godine. Herbarijski primjerci 17 vrsta dokazuju njihovu prvu pojavu u Hrvatskoj mnogo prije nego što je dosad bilo poznato iz literature. Kako bi se povećala javna dostupnost zbirke, svi primjerci su digitalizirani i objavljeni u virtualnom herbariju

Inventarisation and mapping of vascular flora and habitats of park forest Adica (Vukovar, Croatia)

Park-šuma Adica nalazi se u Vukovaru, na krajnjem istoku Republike Hrvatske. Vaskularna flora Adice istraživana je po prvi puta tijekom vegetacijske sezone 2014. godine kada je zabilježeno ukupno 290 biljnih svojti (286 vrste i četiri podvrste) koje pripadaju u 203 roda i 77 porodica. Najbrojnije porodice su Poaceae (26 svojti), Fabaceae (25 svojti) te Asteraceae (21 svojta). U spektru životnih oblika prevladavaju hemikriptofiti (39,4%), a slijede terofiti (22%). Fitogeografska analiza pokazala je dominaciju biljaka koje pripadaju euroazijskom flornom elementu (31,4%) i biljaka široke rasprostranjenosti (30,7%). Na istraživanom području Adice zabilježeno je osam strogo zaštićenih vrsta, te prema Crvenoj listi vaskularne flore Hrvatske, jedna ugrožena, četiri osjetljive i četiri gotovo ugrožene biljne svojte. U flori Adice nalazi se 11 invazivnih biljaka. Također je provedeno i kartiranje staništa, te je utvrđeno devet stanišnih tipova sukladno Nacionalnoj klasifikaciji staništa.Adica park-forest is situated in Vukovar, in the far eastern part of the Republic of Croatia. The vascular flora of Adica has been researched for the first time during the vegetation period of 2014 when a total of 290 plant taxa were recorded (286 species and four subspecies) and classified into 203 genera and 77 families. The most numerous families are Poaceae (26 taxa), Fabaceae (25 taxa) and Asteraceae (21 taxa). In the life form spectrum hemicryptophytes dominate (39,4%), followed by therophytes (22%). Phytogeographical analysis shows the prevalence of plants that belong to the Eurasian floral element (31,4%) and plants of wide distribution (30,7%). In the investigated area of Adica eight strictly protected species and, according to the Red list of vascular flora of Croatia, one endangered, four vulnerable and four near threatened plant taxa were noted. The flora of Adica also consists of 11 invasive plants. At the same time, habitat mapping was conducted and consequently nine habitat types were recorded following the National habitat classification

Inventarisation and mapping of vascular flora and habitats of park forest Adica (Vukovar, Croatia)

Park-šuma Adica nalazi se u Vukovaru, na krajnjem istoku Republike Hrvatske. Vaskularna flora Adice istraživana je po prvi puta tijekom vegetacijske sezone 2014. godine kada je zabilježeno ukupno 290 biljnih svojti (286 vrste i četiri podvrste) koje pripadaju u 203 roda i 77 porodica. Najbrojnije porodice su Poaceae (26 svojti), Fabaceae (25 svojti) te Asteraceae (21 svojta). U spektru životnih oblika prevladavaju hemikriptofiti (39,4%), a slijede terofiti (22%). Fitogeografska analiza pokazala je dominaciju biljaka koje pripadaju euroazijskom flornom elementu (31,4%) i biljaka široke rasprostranjenosti (30,7%). Na istraživanom području Adice zabilježeno je osam strogo zaštićenih vrsta, te prema Crvenoj listi vaskularne flore Hrvatske, jedna ugrožena, četiri osjetljive i četiri gotovo ugrožene biljne svojte. U flori Adice nalazi se 11 invazivnih biljaka. Također je provedeno i kartiranje staništa, te je utvrđeno devet stanišnih tipova sukladno Nacionalnoj klasifikaciji staništa.Adica park-forest is situated in Vukovar, in the far eastern part of the Republic of Croatia. The vascular flora of Adica has been researched for the first time during the vegetation period of 2014 when a total of 290 plant taxa were recorded (286 species and four subspecies) and classified into 203 genera and 77 families. The most numerous families are Poaceae (26 taxa), Fabaceae (25 taxa) and Asteraceae (21 taxa). In the life form spectrum hemicryptophytes dominate (39,4%), followed by therophytes (22%). Phytogeographical analysis shows the prevalence of plants that belong to the Eurasian floral element (31,4%) and plants of wide distribution (30,7%). In the investigated area of Adica eight strictly protected species and, according to the Red list of vascular flora of Croatia, one endangered, four vulnerable and four near threatened plant taxa were noted. The flora of Adica also consists of 11 invasive plants. At the same time, habitat mapping was conducted and consequently nine habitat types were recorded following the National habitat classification

Merenje ispoljavanja aleksitimije i autističnih odlika kod studenata: unutrašnja konzistentnost i konvergentna validnost skala

Uvod: Aleksitimija kao subklinički fenomen i poremećaj iz spektra autizma dele pojedine karakteristike, a jedna od njih je upravo smanjena sposobnost razumevanja i identifikacije kako svojih, tako i tuđih emocija, kao i smanjena i kvalitativno izmenjena sposobnost komunikacije u vezi sa iskazivanjem ovih emocija kroz razgovor sa drugima. Cilj: Usled prepletenosto aleksitimije i autizma cilj našeg rada bio je da na populaciji studenata utvrdimo povezanost dve skale za procenu aleksitimije – Torontske skale za procenu aleksitimije (TAS-20) i Pertskog upitnika za procenu aleksitimije (PAQ), kao i povezanost skala za procenu aleksitimije i autističnih odlika – crta autizma u oblasti socijalne komunikacije i stereotipnog ponašanja, izraženih kroz koeficijent autističnosti (AQ). Metode: Uzorak je činilo 159 studenata (131 ženskog i 28 muškog pola) starosti od 19 do 36 godina. Za procenu aleksitimije korišćeni su TAS-20 i PAQ, dok je za procenu autističnih odlika korišćen koeficijent autističnosti (AQ). Rezultati: Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na visoku povezanost dva instrumenta za procenu aleksitimije (rs = 0,80, p < 0,001), s tim da je Pertski upitnik za procenu aleksitimije imao bolju unutrašnju konzistentnost 0,96, u odnosu na 0,86 i ukazivao na manji procenat osoba sa visokim nivoom aleksitimije (5,7% u odnosu na 12,6%). Između aleksitimije i autističnih odlika utvrđena je umerena pozi- tivna povezanost (AQ i PAQ: rs = 0,46, p < 0,001; AQ i TAS-20: rs = 0,51, p<0,001). Zaključak: Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvo istraživanje u kome je korišćen Pertski upitnik aleksitimije preveden na srpski jezik. Upitnik je pokazao odličnu unutrašnju konzistentnost, kao i konvergentnu validnost, izraženu kroz visoku korelaciju sa Toronto skalom za procenu aleksitimije. Dobijena korelacija između dve mere za procenu aleksitimije, kao i između skala za procenu aleksitimije i autističnih odlika, u skladu je sa rezultatima prethodnih inostranih istraživanjantroduction: Alexithymia, as a subclinical phenomenon, and a disorder within the autism spectrum share certain characteristics, one of which is a reduced ability to understand and identify one’s own and others’ emotions, as well as a reduced and qualitatively altered ability to communicate and express these emotions through conversation with others. Aim: Due to the interweaving of alexithymia and autism, the aim of our study was to determine, on the student population, the correlation of two alexithymia assessment scales, the Toronto Alexithymia Assessment Scale (TAS-20) and the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ), as well as the association between alexithymia and autistic features – autism in the area of social communication and stereotypic behavior, expressed through the autistic coefficient (AQ). Methods: The sample consisted of 159 students (131 female and 28 male) aged 19 to 36 years. The Toronto Alexithymia Assessment Scale (TAS-20) and the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) were used to assess alexithymia, while the Autism Quotient (AQ) was used to assess autistic features. Results: The results of the study indicate a high correlation between the two instruments for assessing alexithymia (rs = .80, p< .001), with the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire showing better internal consistency (α =.96, compared to α = .86) and indicating a lower percentage of individuals with high levels of alexithymia (5.7% compared to 12.6%). A moderate positive correlation was found between alexithymia and autistic traits (AQ and PAQ: rs= .46, p < .001; AQ and TAS-20: rs = .51, p < .001). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the used Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire for alexithymia has been translated into the Serbian language. The questionnaire demonstrated excellent internal consistency, as well as convergent validity, expressed through a high correlation with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The obtained correlation between the two measures of alexithymia, as well as between alexithymia and AQ, is in line with the results of previous international studies

The effects of differently charged micelles as biomembrane mimetic systems on the ionization of rupatadine

Rupatadin je selektivni antagonist histaminskih H1 receptora druge generacije koji se primenjuje u terapiji alergijskog rinitisa i hronične urtikarije. Rupatadin sadrži tri jonizaciona centra, dva aromatična amina i jedan cikličan alkilamin. Dozirani farmaceutski oblici za oralnu primenu kao aktivnu supstancu sadrže rupatadin fumarat. U rastvoru rupatadin fumarata uspostavlja se složen sistem protolitičkih ravnoteža koji uključuje tri bazna centra rupatadina i dve karboksilne grupe fumarne kiseline. Poznavanje pKa vrednosti lekova neophodno je za procenu farmakokinetičkih osobina i bioraspoloživosti. U fiziološkim uslovima pKa vrednosti mogu biti promenjene u odnosu na vodeni rastvor usled interakcija sa naelektrisanim i polarnim biomolekulima. Ispitivanje jonizacije u pojednostavljenim sistemima biomembrana, kao što su micelarni rastvori surfaktanata, pruža bolji uvid u ponašanje lekova u fiziološkim uslovima. Ispitan je uticaj micelarnih rastvora, anjonskog natrijum‐dodecilsulfata (SDS), katjonskog cetiltrimetilamonijum‐bromida (CTAB) i nejonskog 4‐oktilfenol polietoksilata (TX‐100) na protolitičke ravnoteže rupatadina. Potenciometrijski su određene pKa vrednosti bez i u prisustvu 10‐2 M surfaktanata, na temperaturi 25oC i pri konstantnoj jonskoj sili (0,1 M NaCl). Potenciometrijski podaci analizirani su primenom programa Hyperquad. Nezavisno određene pKa vrednosti fumarne kiseline korišćene su kao ulazni parametri za određivanje pKa vrednosti rupatadina. Određene su pKa vrednosti u vodenom rastvoru (pKa1=3,34; pKa2=4,72; pKa3=6,75) i uočen je uticaj svih primenjenih surfaktanata, SDS (ΔpKa do +1,44); CTAB (ΔpKa od ‐1,99 do +0,14); TX‐100 (ΔpKa od ‐0,72 do +0,38), na promenu jonizacije. Jonizujući centri rupatadina uključuju se u elektrostatičke, hidrofobne, dipol interakcije i vodonične veze sa micelama. Dijagram raspodele ravnotežnih oblika u funkciji pH ukazuje da je promena raspodele najizraženija u pH oblasti 4 – 8 koja obuhvata biofarmaceutski značajne pH vrednosti. Pomeranje protolitičkih ravnoteža rupatadina pod uticajem micela ukazuje da biomolekuli različite polarnosti i naelektrisanja u fiziološkim uslovima mogu izazvati promenu raspodele ravnotežnih oblika od kojih zavise rastvorljivost i permeabilnost.Rupatadine belongs to selective second‐generation histamine H1 receptors antagonists, used in seasonal allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria. Rupatadine contains three ionizable basic centers, two aromatic and one cyclic aliphatic amine. Pharmaceutical dosage forms contain rupatadine fumarate as an active substance. Complex system of protolytic equilibria establishes in solution of rupatadine fumarate including three rupatadine basic centers and two carboxylic groups of fumaric acid. The pKa values are necessary for estimation of pharmacokinetic properties and bioavailability of drugs. Under the physiological conditions protolytic equilibria could be shifted due to interactions with biomolecules. The investigations of ionization in the present of simplified biomembrane systems (micellar solutions of surfactants) give better insight into physiological drug behavior. The effects of surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and 4‐octylphenol polyethoxylates (TX‐100) on rupatadine ionization have been investigated. The pKa values were determined potentiometrically in the absence and in the presence of 10‐2 M surfactants at 25°C and constant ionic strength (0.1 M NaCl). Potentiometric data were analyzed in program Hyperquad. Independently determined pKa values of fumaric acid were used as input parameters for determination of rupatadine pKa values. The ionization in water was defined (pKa1=3.34; pKa2=4.72; pKa3=6.75) and shift in protolytic equilibria in the presence of micelles, SDS (ΔpKa up to +1.44); CTAB (ΔpKa from ‐1.99 to +0.14); TX‐100 (ΔpKa from ‐0.72 to +0.38), were observed. The ionization centers of rupatadine are involved in electrostatic, hydrophobic, dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonds with micelles. Distribution diagram of equilibrium forms as a function of pH indicates that change in ionization is the most expressed in pH range 4–8 which includes biopharmaceutically important pH values. The shift in rupatadine protolytic equilibria indicates that biomolecules of different charge and polarity could change distribution of equilibrium forms responsible for solubility and permeability.VII Kongres farmaceuta Srbije sa međunarodnim učešćem Zajedno stvaramo budućnost farmacije, Beograd, 10-14. oktobar 201

Merenje ispoljavanja aleksitimije i autističnih odlika kod studenata: unutrašnja konzistentnost i konvergentna validnost skala

Uvod: Aleksitimija kao subklinički fenomen i poremećaj iz spektra autizma dele pojedine karakteristike, a jedna od njih je upravo smanjena sposobnost razumevanja i identifikacije kako svojih, tako i tuđih emocija, kao i smanjena i kvalitativno izmenjena sposobnost komunikacije u vezi sa iskazivanjem ovih emocija kroz razgovor sa drugima. Cilj: Usled prepletenosto aleksitimije i autizma cilj našeg rada bio je da na populaciji studenata utvrdimo povezanost dve skale za procenu aleksitimije – Torontske skale za procenu aleksitimije (TAS-20) i Pertskog upitnika za procenu aleksitimije (PAQ), kao i povezanost skala za procenu aleksitimije i autističnih odlika – crta autizma u oblasti socijalne komunikacije i stereotipnog ponašanja, izraženih kroz koeficijent autističnosti (AQ). Metode: Uzorak je činilo 159 studenata (131 ženskog i 28 muškog pola) starosti od 19 do 36 godina. Za procenu aleksitimije korišćeni su TAS-20 i PAQ, dok je za procenu autističnih odlika korišćen koeficijent autističnosti (AQ). Rezultati: Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na visoku povezanost dva instrumenta za procenu aleksitimije (rs = 0,80, p < 0,001), s tim da je Pertski upitnik za procenu aleksitimije imao bolju unutrašnju konzistentnost 0,96, u odnosu na 0,86 i ukazivao na manji procenat osoba sa visokim nivoom aleksitimije (5,7% u odnosu na 12,6%). Između aleksitimije i autističnih odlika utvrđena je umerena pozi- tivna povezanost (AQ i PAQ: rs = 0,46, p < 0,001; AQ i TAS-20: rs = 0,51, p<0,001). Zaključak: Prema našim saznanjima, ovo je prvo istraživanje u kome je korišćen Pertski upitnik aleksitimije preveden na srpski jezik. Upitnik je pokazao odličnu unutrašnju konzistentnost, kao i konvergentnu validnost, izraženu kroz visoku korelaciju sa Toronto skalom za procenu aleksitimije. Dobijena korelacija između dve mere za procenu aleksitimije, kao i između skala za procenu aleksitimije i autističnih odlika, u skladu je sa rezultatima prethodnih inostranih istraživanjantroduction: Alexithymia, as a subclinical phenomenon, and a disorder within the autism spectrum share certain characteristics, one of which is a reduced ability to understand and identify one’s own and others’ emotions, as well as a reduced and qualitatively altered ability to communicate and express these emotions through conversation with others. Aim: Due to the interweaving of alexithymia and autism, the aim of our study was to determine, on the student population, the correlation of two alexithymia assessment scales, the Toronto Alexithymia Assessment Scale (TAS-20) and the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ), as well as the association between alexithymia and autistic features – autism in the area of social communication and stereotypic behavior, expressed through the autistic coefficient (AQ). Methods: The sample consisted of 159 students (131 female and 28 male) aged 19 to 36 years. The Toronto Alexithymia Assessment Scale (TAS-20) and the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire (PAQ) were used to assess alexithymia, while the Autism Quotient (AQ) was used to assess autistic features. Results: The results of the study indicate a high correlation between the two instruments for assessing alexithymia (rs = .80, p< .001), with the Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire showing better internal consistency (α =.96, compared to α = .86) and indicating a lower percentage of individuals with high levels of alexithymia (5.7% compared to 12.6%). A moderate positive correlation was found between alexithymia and autistic traits (AQ and PAQ: rs= .46, p < .001; AQ and TAS-20: rs = .51, p < .001). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study in which the used Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire for alexithymia has been translated into the Serbian language. The questionnaire demonstrated excellent internal consistency, as well as convergent validity, expressed through a high correlation with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The obtained correlation between the two measures of alexithymia, as well as between alexithymia and AQ, is in line with the results of previous international studies

Oral cavity protozoa relevant in the practice of dentistry

Introduction: Oral cavity is the colonization site of most diverse microorganisms. The homeostasis of oral microbioma is affected by numerous factors. Periodontal diseases occur as a consequence of disturbed oral microbioma homeostasis, when an inflammatory reaction occurs in the periodontal tissue. The impact of parasites on periodontal pathophysiology has not been sufficiently studied, and present and future research should hopefully answer quite a few questions concerning the issue. Aim of the paper: In the light of the present knowledge of the pathogenesis, diagnosis and epidemiology of oral cavity infections caused by Entamoeba gingivalis and Trichomonas tenax, the aim of the paper was review of literature which could to point to the importance of protozoa in the practice of dentistry and to possible oral cavity manifestations of parasitic infections relevant for public health. Conclusion: Dentists have an essential role in the diagnosis of oral diseases caused by oral cavity protozoa, and protozoa relevant for public health that produce systemic infections, the pathological changes of which may manifest in the oral cavity. Their identification represents a challenge and requires multidisciplinary approach for a timely diagnosis and adequate management

Investigation of biodegradability of levan-polystyrene graft copolymers in liquid and solid medium

In the present study graft copolymer with microbial levan and polystyren was synthesized and its biodegradable potential inliquid and soil medium was investigated

Diallel analysis of grain number per spike in triticale

In this paper the inheritance of grain number per spike in hexaploid (6x) winter triticale was investigated. Studies were performed on primary spikes of parents, F1 and F2 progenies of a 5 x 5 complete diallel crossing with reciprocals. The results highlighted the prevalence of dominance and over-dominance in the expression of this trait at majority of combinations of F1 generation. Significant difference between direct and reciprocal crosses appeared in both generations and in generally with combinations of the most divergent parents. Analysis of variance for combining abilities demonstrated the existence of highly significant values for general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and effects of reciprocal crosses (REC). GCA and SCA variations demonstrated similar values, which were for about three times higher than variation caused by reciprocal effects. The best SCA were expressed in generally in combinations of good x average or good x poor GCA of parents