УДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ФІНАНСОВОГО НАГЛЯДУ НА ОСНОВІ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ПРИНЦИПІВ

The article is devoted to the problem of financial supervision system compliance in the countries with the international principles and the best world practices. The main international principles of effective banking supervision, insurance and regulation of the securities market are analyzed. We developed a scientific and methodological approach to assessing the country's financial supervision compliance with international principles, which allows to determine the dynamics of development and improvement of financial supervision in banking, insurance and securities segments of the financial sector. A scale for translating financial supervisory compliance assessments into international principles was developed and statistical tools of arithmetic weighted and geometric mean were used to summarize the implementation of Core Principles for Effective Banking Supervision, Insurance Core Principles and Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation. The average level the implementation of each of the principles of Effective Banking Supervision, Insurance Core Principles and Objectives and Principles of Securities Regulation is determined. Banking Supervision has been assessed to international principles in countries such as Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, Denmark, United Kingdom, Georgia, Hong Kong, Republic of Korea, Moldova, New Zealand, Russian Federation, Turkey, United States of America, South Africa, Insurance Supervision — Canada, Denmark, Hong Kong, Ireland, New Zealand, Turkey, United States of America, South Africa, securities market surveillance and financial supervision in general — Canada, Hong Kong, United States of America, South Africa. The work identifies key areas of modern and innovative development of the financial supervision system. The paper identifies key areas of modern and innovative development of the financial supervision. Our results showed that increasing the compliance of financial supervision with international standards can be ensured primarily through the introduction of risk-oriented financial supervision, improvement of corporate governance and disclosure of financial reporting by financial intermediaries.Розглянуто питання відповідності системи фінансового нагляду в країнах світу міжнародним принципам фінансового нагляду i найкращим світовим практикам. Проаналізовано основні принципи ефективного банківського нагляду, страхування i регулювання ринку цінних паперів. Розроблено науково-методичний підхід до оцінювання відповідності фінансового нагляду країни міжнародним принципам, що дозволяє визначати динаміку розбудови і поліпшення фінансового нагляду в різних сегментах фінансового сектору — банківському, страховому та цінних паперів. Для узагальненого оцінювання впровадження Основних принципів ефективного банківського нагляду, Ключових принципів страхування та Цілей і принципів регулювання цінних паперів розроблено шкалу переведення оцінок відповідності фінансового нагляду міжнародним принципам у бали та використано статистичний інструментарій середньої арифметичної зваженої та середньої геометричної Визначено середній рівень дотримання кожного з принципів ефективного банківського нагляду, страхування і регулювання ринку цінних паперів. Здійснено оцінювання відповідності банківського нагляду міжнародним принципам у таких країнах, як Австрія, Болгарія, Канада, Німеччина, Данія, Велика Британія, Грузія, Гонконг, Республіка Корея, Молдова, Нова Зеландія, Російська Федерація, Туреччина, Сполучені Штати Америки, Південна Африка, страхового нагляду — Канада, Данія, Гонконг, Ірландія, Нова Зеландія, Туреччина, Сполучені Штати Америки, Південна Африка, нагляду на ринку цінних паперів і фінансового нагляду в цілому — Канада, Гонконг, Сполучені Штати Америки, Південна Африка. Ідентифіковано ключові напрями сучасного та інноваційного розвитку системи фінансового нагляду. Визначено, що підвищення відповідності фінансового нагляду міжнародним стандартам може бути забезпечене передусім за рахунок упровадження ризик-орієнтованого фінансового нагляду, удосконалення корпоративного управління та розкриття фінансової звітності фінансових посередників

Underdiagnosis of mild cognitive impairment: A consequence of ignoring practice effects

INTRODUCTION: Longitudinal testing is necessary to accurately measure cognitive change. However, repeated testing is susceptible to practice effects, which may obscure true cognitive decline and delay detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS: We retested 995 late-middle-aged men in a ∼6-year follow-up of the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. In addition, 170 age-matched replacements were tested for the first time at study wave 2. Group differences were used to calculate practice effects after controlling for attrition effects. MCI diagnoses were generated from practice-adjusted scores. RESULTS: There were significant practice effects on most cognitive domains. Conversion to MCI doubled after correcting for practice effects, from 4.5% to 9%. Importantly, practice effects were present although there were declines in uncorrected scores. DISCUSSION: Accounting for practice effects is critical to early detection of MCI. Declines, when lower than expected, can still indicate practice effects. Replacement participants are needed for accurately assessing disease progression.Published versio

Characterization of complex fractionated atrial electrograms by sample entropy: An international multi-center study

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most commonly clinically-encountered arrhythmia. Catheter ablation of AF is mainly based on trigger elimination and modification of the AF substrate. Substrate mapping ablation of complex fractionated atrial electrograms (CFAEs) has emerged to be a promising technique. To improve substrate mapping based on CFAE analysis, automatic detection algorithms need to be developed in order to simplify and accelerate the ablation procedures. According to the latest studies, the level of fractionation has been shown to be promisingly well estimated from CFAE measured during radio frequency (RF) ablation of AF. The nature of CFAE is generally nonlinear and nonstationary, so the use of complexity measures is considered to be the appropriate technique for the analysis of AF records. This work proposes the use of sample entropy (SampEn), not only as a way to discern between non-fractionated and fractionated atrial electrograms (A-EGM), but also as a tool for characterizing the degree of A-EGM regularity, which is linked to changes in the AF substrate and to heart tissue damage. The use of SampEn combined with a blind parameter estimation optimization process enables the classification between CFAE and non-CFAE with statistical significance (p < 0:001), 0.89 area under the ROC, 86% specificity and 77% sensitivity over a mixed database of A-EGM combined from two independent CFAE signal databases, recorded during RF ablation of AF in two EU countries (542 signals in total). On the basis of the results obtained in this study, it can be suggested that the use of SampEn is suitable for real-time support during navigation of RF ablation of AF, as only 1.5 seconds of signal segments need to be analyzed

Human Verbal Memory Encoding Is Hierarchically Distributed in a Continuous Processing Stream.

Processing of memory is supported by coordinated activity in a network of sensory, association, and motor brain regions. It remains a major challenge to determine where memory is encoded for later retrieval. Here, we used direct intracranial brain recordings from epilepsy patients performing free recall tasks to determine the temporal pattern and anatomical distribution of verbal memory encoding across the entire human cortex. High γ frequency activity (65-115 Hz) showed consistent power responses during encoding of subsequently recalled and forgotten words on a subset of electrodes localized in 16 distinct cortical areas activated in the tasks. More of the high γ power during word encoding, and less power before and after the word presentation, was characteristic of successful recall and observed across multiple brain regions. Latencies of the induced power changes and this subsequent memory effect (SME) between the recalled and forgotten words followed an anatomical sequence from visual to prefrontal cortical areas. Finally, the magnitude of the memory effect was unexpectedly found to be the largest in selected brain regions both at the top and at the bottom of the processing stream. These included the language processing areas of the prefrontal cortex and the early visual areas at the junction of the occipital and temporal lobes. Our results provide evidence for distributed encoding of verbal memory organized along a hierarchical posterior-to-anterior processing stream

Electrical Stimulation Modulates High γ Activity and Human Memory Performance.

Direct electrical stimulation of the brain has emerged as a powerful treatment for multiple neurological diseases, and as a potential technique to enhance human cognition. Despite its application in a range of brain disorders, it remains unclear how stimulation of discrete brain areas affects memory performance and the underlying electrophysiological activities. Here, we investigated the effect of direct electrical stimulation in four brain regions known to support declarative memory: hippocampus (HP), parahippocampal region (PH) neocortex, prefrontal cortex (PF), and lateral temporal cortex (TC). Intracranial EEG recordings with stimulation were collected from 22 patients during performance of verbal memory tasks. We found that high γ (62-118 Hz) activity induced by word presentation was modulated by electrical stimulation. This modulatory effect was greatest for trials with poor memory encoding. The high γ modulation correlated with the behavioral effect of stimulation in a given brain region: it was negative, i.e., the induced high γ activity was decreased, in the regions where stimulation decreased memory performance, and positive in the lateral TC where memory enhancement was observed. Our results suggest that the effect of electrical stimulation on high γ activity induced by word presentation may be a useful biomarker for mapping memory networks and guiding therapeutic brain stimulation

Mapping species distributions: A comparison of skilled naturalist and lay citizen science recording

To assess the ability of traditional biological recording schemes and lay citizen science approaches to gather data on species distributions and changes therein, we examined bumblebee records from the UK’s national repository (National Biodiversity Network) and from BeeWatch. The two recording approaches revealed similar relative abundances of bumblebee species but different geographical distributions. For the widespread common carder (Bombus pascuorum), traditional recording scheme data were patchy, both spatially and temporally, reflecting active record centre rather than species distribution. Lay citizen science records displayed more extensive geographic coverage, reflecting human population density, thus offering better opportunities to account for recording effort. For the rapidly spreading tree bumblebee (Bombus hypnorum), both recording approaches revealed similar distributions due to a dedicated mapping project which overcame the patchy nature of naturalist records. We recommend, where possible, complementing skilled naturalist recording with lay citizen science programmes to obtain a nation-wide capability, and stress the need for timely uploading of data to the national repository

Genetic determinants of cortical structure (thickness, surface area and volumes) among disease free adults in the CHARGE Consortium

Cortical thickness, surface area and volumes (MRI cortical measures) vary with age and cognitive function, and in neurological and psychiatric diseases. We examined heritability, genetic correlations and genome-wide associations of cortical measures across the whole cortex, and in 34 anatomically predefined regions. Our discovery sample comprised 22,824 individuals from 20 cohorts within the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) consortium and the United Kingdom Biobank. Significant associations were replicated in the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-analysis (ENIGMA) consortium, and their biological implications explored using bioinformatic annotation and pathway analyses. We identified genetic heterogeneity between cortical measures and brain regions, and 160 genome-wide significant associations pointing to wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β and sonic hedgehog pathways. There was enrichment for genes involved in anthropometric traits, hindbrain development, vascular and neurodegenerative disease and psychiatric conditions. These data are a rich resource for studies of the biological mechanisms behind cortical development and aging

Hedgerows enhance beneficial insects on adjacent tomato fields in an intensive agricultural landscape

Within-farm habitat enhancements such as hedgerows could aid pest control in adjacent crops; however, there is little information on whether small-scale restoration impacts pests and natural enemies, and crop damage, and how far effects may extend into fields. We compared restored, California native perennial hedgerows to unenhanced field edges consisting of commonly occurring semi-managed, non-native weeds. Pest and natural enemy communities were assessed in both edge types and into adjacent processing tomato fields. Using sentinel pest eggs, pest control was quantified, and pest pressure and crop damage was compared between field types. Economically-important pests were fewer and parasitoid wasps were more abundant in hedgerows than weedy crop edges. There was no difference in predatory arthropod abundance between edge types, but there was greater predator richness in hedgerow than weedy edges. Predatory lady beetles were more abundant and aphids were lower in fields with hedgerows, up to 200. m into fields, the maximum extent of observations. Fewer of the fields adjacent to hedgerows reached threshold pest levels requiring insecticide application. Benefits of hedgerows to pest control from parasitism extended to 100. m but not 200. m into fields. Farm-scale hedgerow restoration can provide pest control benefits up to 100 or 200. m into fields and multiple hedgerows around fields could enhance pest control throughout entire fields, reducing the need for chemical pest control. © 2014 Published by Elsevier B.V