1,538 research outputs found
Useful shortcuts: Using design heuristics for consent and permission in smart home devices
Prior research in smart home privacy highlights significant issues with how users understand, permit, and consent to data use. Some of the underlying issues point to unclear data protection regulations, lack of design principles, and dark patterns. In this paper, we explore heuristics (also called âmental shortcutsâ or ârules of thumbâ) as a means to address security and privacy design challenges in smart homes. First, we systematically analyze an existing body of data on smart homes to derive a set of heuristics for the design of consent and permission. Second, we apply these heuristics in four participatory co-design workshops (n = 14) and report on their use. Third, we analyze the use of the heuristics through thematic analysis highlighting heuristic application, purpose, and effectiveness in successful and unsuccessful design outcomes. We conclude with a discussion of the wider challenges, opportunities, and future work for improving design practices for consent in smart homes
The history of space exploration
Presented are the acknowledgements and introduction sections of the book 'Space: Discovery and Exploration.' The goal of the book is to address some basic questions of American space history, including how this history compares with previous eras of exploration, why the space program was initiated when it was, and how the U.S. space program developed. In pursuing these questions, the intention is not to provide exhaustive answers, but to point the reader toward a more varied picture of how our venture in space has intersected with American government, politics, business, and science
âIt becomes more of an abstract idea, this privacyââInforming the design for communal privacy experiences in smart homes
In spite of research recognizing the home as a shared space and privacy as inherently social, privacy in smart homes has mainly been researched from an individual angle. Sometimes contrasting and comparing perspectives of multiple individuals, research has rarely focused on how household members might use devices communally to achieve common privacy goals. An investigation of communal use of smart home devices and its relationship with privacy in the home is lacking. The paper presents a grounded analysis based on a synergistic relationship between an ethnomethodologically-informed (EM-informed) study and a grounded theory (GT) approach. The study focuses on household membersâ interactions to show that household membersâ ability to coordinate the everyday use of their devices depends on appropriate conceptualizations of roles, rules, and privacy that are fundamentally different from those embodied by off-the-shelf products. Privacy is rarely an explicit, actionable, and practical consideration among household members, but rather a consideration wrapped up in everyday concerns. Roles and rules are not used to create social order, but to account for it. To sensitize to this everyday perspective and to reconcile privacy as wrapped up in everyday concerns with the design of smart home systems, the paper presents the social organization of communal use as a descriptive framework. The framework is descriptive in capturing how households navigate the âmurky watersâ of communal use in practice, where prior research highlighted seemingly irreconcilable differences in interest, attitude, and aptitude between multiple individuals and with other stakeholders. Discussing how householdsâ use of roles, rules, and privacy in-practice differed from what off-the-shelf products afforded, the framework highlights critical challenges and opportunities for the design of communal privacy experiences
Further Exploring Communal Technology Use in Smart Homes: Social Expectations
Device use in smart homes is becoming increasingly communal, requiring
cohabitants to navigate a complex social and technological context. In this
paper, we report findings from an exploratory survey grounded in our prior work
on communal technology use in the home [4]. The findings highlight the
importance of considering qualities of social relationships and technology in
understanding expectations and intentions of communal technology use. We
propose a design perspective of social expectations, and we suggest existing
designs can be expanded using already available information such as location,
and considering additional information, such as levels of trust and
reliability.Comment: to appear in CHI '20 Extended Abstracts, April 25--30, 2020,
Honolulu, HI, US
âIt becomes more of an abstract idea, this privacyâ â Informing the design for communal privacy experiences in smart homes
In spite of research recognizing the home as a shared space and privacy as inherently social, privacy in smart homes has mainly been researched from an individual angle. Sometimes contrasting and comparing perspectives of multiple individuals, research has rarely focused on how household members might use devices communally to achieve common privacy goals. An investigation of communal use of smart home devices and its relationship with privacy in the home is lacking. The paper presents a grounded analysis based on a synergistic relationship between an ethnomethodologically-informed (EM-informed) study and a grounded theory (GT) approach. The study focuses on household membersâ interactions to show that household membersâ ability to coordinate the everyday use of their devices depends on appropriate conceptualizations of roles, rules, and privacy that are fundamentally different from those embodied by off-the-shelf products. Privacy is rarely an explicit, actionable, and practical consideration among household members, but rather a consideration wrapped up in everyday concerns. Roles and rules are not used to create social order, but to account for it. To sensitize to this everyday perspective and to reconcile privacy as wrapped up in everyday concerns with the design of smart home systems, the paper presents the social organization of communal use as a descriptive framework. The framework is descriptive in capturing how households navigate the âmurky watersâ of communal use in practice, where prior research highlighted seemingly irreconcilable differences in interest, attitude, and aptitude between multiple individuals and with other stakeholders. Discussing how householdsâ use of roles, rules, and privacy in-practice differed from what off-the-shelf products afforded, the framework highlights critical challenges and opportunities for the design of communal privacy experiences
Methodological criteria for the assessment of moderators in systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials : a consensus study
Background: Current methodological guidelines provide advice about the assessment of sub-group analysis within
RCTs, but do not specify explicit criteria for assessment. Our objective was to provide researchers with a set of
criteria that will facilitate the grading of evidence for moderators, in systematic reviews.
Method: We developed a set of criteria from methodological manuscripts (n = 18) using snowballing technique,
and electronic database searches. Criteria were reviewed by an international Delphi panel (n = 21), comprising
authors who have published methodological papers in this area, and researchers who have been active in the
study of sub-group analysis in RCTs. We used the Research ANd Development/University of California Los Angeles
appropriateness method to assess consensus on the quantitative data. Free responses were coded for consensus
and disagreement. In a subsequent round additional criteria were extracted from the Cochrane Reviewersâ
Handbook, and the process was repeated.
Results: The recommendations are that meta-analysts report both confirmatory and exploratory findings for subgroups
analysis. Confirmatory findings must only come from studies in which a specific theory/evidence based apriori
statement is made. Exploratory findings may be used to inform future/subsequent trials. However, for
inclusion in the meta-analysis of moderators, the following additional criteria should be applied to each study:
Baseline factors should be measured prior to randomisation, measurement of baseline factors should be of
adequate reliability and validity, and a specific test of the interaction between baseline factors and interventions
must be presented.
Conclusions: There is consensus from a group of 21 international experts that methodological criteria to assess
moderators within systematic reviews of RCTs is both timely and necessary. The consensus from the experts
resulted in five criteria divided into two groups when synthesising evidence: confirmatory findings to support
hypotheses about moderators and exploratory findings to inform future research. These recommendations are
discussed in reference to previous recommendations for evaluating and reporting moderator studies
The soft X-ray and narrow-line emission of Mrk573 on kiloparcec scales
We present a study of the circumnuclear region of the nearby Seyfert galaxy
Mrk573 using Chandra, XMM-Newton and HST data. The X-ray morphology shows a
biconical region extending up to 12 arcsecs (4 kpc) in projection from the
nucleus. A strong correlation between the X-rays and the highly ionized gas
seen in the [O III] image is reported. Moreover, we have studied the line
intensities detected with the RGS/XMM-Newton and used them to fit the low
resolution EPIC/XMM-Newton and ACIS/Chandra spectra. The RGS spectrum is
dominated by emission lines of C VI, O VII, O VIII, Fe XVII, and Ne IX, among
others. A good fit is obtained using these emission lines found in the RGS
spectrum as a template for Chandra spectra of the nucleus and extended
emission. The photoionization model Cloudy provides a reasonable fit for both
the nuclear region and the cone-like structures. For the nucleus the emission
is modelled using two phases: a high ionization [log(U)=1.23] and a low
ionization [log(U)=0.13]. For the high ionization phase the transmitted and
reflected component are in a ratio 1:2, whereas for the low ionization the
reflected component dominates. For the extended emission, we successfully
reproduced the emission with two phases. The first phase shows a higher
ionization parameter for the NW (log(U)=0.9) than for the SE cone (log(U)=0.3).
The second phase shows a low ionization parameter (log(U)=-3) and is rather
uniform for NW and SE cones. In addition, the nuclear optical/infrared SED has
been modeled by a clumpy torus model. The torus bolometric luminosity agrees
with the AGN luminosity inferred from the observed hard X-ray spectrum. The
optical depth along the line of sight derived from the SED fit indicates a high
neutral column density in agreement with the classification of the nucleus as a
Compton-thick AGN.Comment: 15 pages, 14 figures, final version of the paper submitted to Ap
CASSIS: The Cornell Atlas of Spitzer/Infrared Spectrograph Sources. II. High-resolution observations
The Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) on board the Spitzer Space Telescope observed about 15,000 objects during the cryogenic mission lifetime. Observations provided low-resolution (R~60-127) spectra over ~5-38um and high-resolution (R~600) spectra over ~10-37um. The Cornell Atlas of Spitzer/IRS Sources (CASSIS) was created to provide publishable quality spectra to the community. Low-resolution spectra have been available in CASSIS since 2011, and we present here the addition of the high-resolution spectra. The high-resolution observations represent approximately one third of all staring observations performed with the IRS instrument. While low-resolution observations are adapted to faint objects and/or broad spectral features (e.g., dust continuum, molecular bands), high-resolution observations allow more accurate measurements of narrow features (e.g., ionic emission lines) as well as a better sampling of the spectral profile of various features. Given the narrow aperture of the two high-resolution modules, cosmic ray hits and spurious features usually plague the spectra. Our pipeline is designed to minimize these effects through various improvements. A super sampled point-spread function was created in order to enable the optimal extraction in addition to the full aperture extraction. The pipeline selects the best extraction method based on the spatial extent of the object. For unresolved sources, the optimal extraction provides a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio over a full aperture extraction. We have developed several techniques for optimal extraction, including a differential method that eliminates low-level rogue pixels (even when no dedicated background observation was performed). The updated CASSIS repository now includes all the spectra ever taken by the IRS, with the exception of mapping observations
International travel between global urban centres vulnerable to yellow fever transmission.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential for international travel to spread yellow fever virus to cities around the world. METHODS: We obtained data on the international flight itineraries of travellers who departed yellow fever-endemic areas of the world in 2016 for cities either where yellow fever was endemic or which were suitable for viral transmission. Using a global ecological model of dengue virus transmission, we predicted the suitability of cities in non-endemic areas for yellow fever transmission. We obtained information on national entry requirements for yellow fever vaccination at travellers' destination cities. FINDINGS: In 2016, 45.2Â million international air travellers departed from yellow fever-endemic areas of the world. Of 11.7Â million travellers with destinations in 472 cities where yellow fever was not endemic but which were suitable for virus transmission, 7.7Â million (65.7%) were not required to provide proof of vaccination upon arrival. Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Peru and the United States of America had the highest volumes of travellers arriving from yellow fever-endemic areas and the largest populations living in cities suitable for yellow fever transmission. CONCLUSION: Each year millions of travellers depart from yellow fever-endemic areas of the world for cities in non-endemic areas that appear suitable for viral transmission without having to provide proof of vaccination. Rapid global changes in human mobility and urbanization make it vital for countries to re-examine their vaccination policies and practices to prevent urban yellow fever epidemics
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