45 research outputs found
“Verily, This Is the Sheepfold of that Good Shepherd”: The Idea of the “True” Church in Sixteenth-Century Polish Catechisms
The article discusses how the authors of sixteenth-century Polish Catholic and Evangelical catechisms perceived and analysed the notion of “the Church”. Following the Tridentine programme, the Catholic authors present their Church as unified under the Pope’s authority and the only inheritor of the works of the Apostles. The veracity of its teaching is testified to with God’s unnatural interventions – miracles. Protestant theologians teach about “the visible and outward Church”, which exists whenever the pure Word of God is preached and where sacraments are administered in accordance with the Holy Writ. Alongside the Visible Church, there exists “the invisible and inward Church” that unites all those following Christ, who is the one and only head of the Church
The Reward, Discipline, and Installation of Church Leaders: an Examination of 1 Timothy 5:17-22
This dissertation investigates the practices of reward, discipline, and installation
of leaders in the church as portrayed in 1 Timothy 5: 17-22. The text itself is examined,
finding that well-governing congregational leaders were to be honoured for their labour
and provided with tangible support, that leaders were to be protected from
unsubstantiated accusations, that a leader whose misconduct was established was to be
disciplined publicly, and that care was to be taken to put only worthy persons into
positions of leadership.
These practices are compared to those seen in the disputed and undisputed
Pauline texts, the remainder of the New Testament, and the writings of the Apostolic
Fathers, establishing significant similarities as well as differences, some of these
reflecting the development from itinerant to resident leaders in the churches. The
practices of cognate groups such as synagogues, the Essenes, and voluntary
associations, seen in Jewish and Greco-Roman literature and inscriptions of the
contemporary period (ending with the Apostolic Fathers), are investigated for
similarities and differences. The study finds that, although there are some similarities to
Jewish practices, these groups substantially differed from the instructions of 1 Timothy
5: 17-22 in their practices of reward, discipline and installation of leaders. In the Gracco-
Roman context, in particular, leaders in these cognate groups were essentially immune
from accusations made by group members and any resulting discipline. Similarly, the
idea that leaders were to receive financial support from those below them was foreign
to normal practice in these groups and was deemed not 'honourable'.
The conclusion reached is that these congregational practices regarding leaders,
while conceptually quite similar to principles given regarding itinerant Christian
workers in the undisputed Paulines, are quite distinct from practices employed in the
cultural milieu of the Pastoral Epistles. Some of these differences appear problematic,
given the Pastoral Epistles' concerns about maintaini
Niemieccy kupcy i czarownica w Krakowie w 1642 r.
On 25 October 1642, Adam Fister, a Cracow merchant, reported to the local justice that the Lübeck tradesman Casper Bekman had recurred to magical practices with the help of the witch he visited at the Spital Garden, behind the city walls, near St Florian’s Gate. Next to the Spital, serving as an almshouse, there was a cemetery with the graves discovered in 1837. They were groundlessly connected with the Polish Brethren, and this false interpretation has its continuation today in the name of Arian St., downtown Cracow. In fact, the hospital and the graveyard belonged to the local Lutheran congregation, and the Cracow merchants whose opinions Fister recalled at the court were its members.25 października 1642 r. krakowianin Adam Fister zdał relację miejscowemu wójtowi o magicznych rytuałach odprawianych na prośbę lubeckiego kupca Kaspra Bekmana przez czarownicę w ogrodzie szpitalnym za murami miejskimi, nieopodal Bramy Floriańskiej. Wzmiankowany w źródle szpital-przytułek sąsiadował z cmentarzem, którego groby odkryto w 1837 r. Połączono je wtedy bezpodstawnie z braćmi polskimi, a współczesnym świadectwem tej fałszywej tradycji jest ul. Ariańska. Faktycznie szpital i cmentarz należały do miejscowej gminy luterańskiej, jej członkami byli zaś zapewne wymienieni w źródle krakowscy kupcy
Dochody z dóbr stołowych biskupów krakowskich i arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich w 1545 r.
The article discusses the revenues from the landed estates of Cracow bishops and Gniezno archbishops of 1545. The list of revenues was inserted into an inventory of the personal chattel of those dioceses’ pastor Piotr Gamrat, who had died that year without a last will and testament. Hence, the Cracow cathedral chapter decided to write down the inventory because their responsibility was to settle the archbishop’s debts and to cover the costs of his funeral. The 1545 revenues are confronted with the value of the Cracow bishops’ landed property according to its 1529 taxation, and with the manorial incomes that were documented for a part of the Gniezno archbishopric in 1531. This comparison shows a ca. thirty-percent total income growth in the Cracow bishops’ demesne. In one of the three Gniezno archbishops’ manorial estates that were taken into account, a hundred percent growth took place, while in the two others the incomes’ volume remained almost unchanged.Artykuł przedstawia dochody kluczy dóbr stołowych biskupów krakowskich i arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich spisane w 1545 r. Źródło to jest częścią inwentarza mobiliów pasterza tych diecezji, arcybiskupa Piotra Gamrata, który zmarł we wspomnianym roku, nie pozostawiwszy testamentu. Inwentarz sporządziła więc krakowska kapituła katedralna, jako że do niej należało spłacenie długów zmarłego oraz sfinansowanie kosztów jego pogrzebu. Dochody te skonfrontowano z wartością domeny biskupów krakowskich oszacowaną w 1529 r. oraz z dochodami dóbr arcybiskupów gnieźnieńskich zapisanymi w 1531 r. Wynika z tego, że szacunkowy dochód domeny biskupów krakowskich wzrósł między 1529 a 1545 r. o około trzydzieści procent. W jednym z trzech kluczy arcybiskupstwa gnieźnieńskiego dochody wzrosły o około sto procent, zaś dla pozostałych odnotowano tylko niewielkie różnice
Multiway Array Decomposition Analysis of EEGs in Alzheimer’s Disease
Methods for the extraction of features from physiological datasets are growing needs as clinical investigations of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in large
and heterogeneous population increase. General tools allowing diagnostic regardless of recording sites, such as different hospitals, are essential and if combined to
inexpensive non-invasive methods could critically improve mass screening of subjects with AD. In this study, we applied three state of the art multiway array
decomposition (MAD) methods to extract features from electroencephalograms (EEGs) of AD patients obtained from multiple sites. In comparison to MAD,
spectral-spatial average filter (SSFs) of control and AD subjects were used as well as a common blind source separation method, algorithm for multiple unknown
signal extraction (AMUSE). We trained a feed-forward multilayer perceptron (MLP) to validate and optimize AD classification from two independent databases.
Using a third EEG dataset, we demonstrated that features extracted from MAD outperformed features obtained from SSFs AMUSE in terms of root mean squared
error (RMSE) and reaching up to 100% of accuracy in test condition. We propose that MAD maybe a useful tool to extract features for AD diagnosis offering great
generalization across multi-site databases and opening doors to the discovery of new characterization of the disease
“Verily, This Is the Sheepfold of that Good Shepherd”: The Idea of the “True” Church in Sixteenth-Century Polish Catechisms
The article discusses how the authors of sixteenth-century Polish Catholic and Evangelical catechisms perceived and analysed the notion of “the Church”. Following the Tridentine programme, the Catholic authors present their Church as unified under the Pope’s authority and the only inheritor of the works of the Apostles. The veracity of its teaching is testified to with God’s unnatural interventions – miracles. Protestant theologians teach about “the visible and outward Church”, which exists whenever the pure Word of God is preached and where sacraments are administered in accordance with the Holy Writ. Alongside the Visible Church, there exists “the invisible and inward Church” that unites all those following Christ, who is the one and only head of the Church
Queen Barbara Radziwiłł’s Courtier Wawrzyniec Jelitowski and His Books
Artykuł przedstawia spis szesnastu książek będący częścią pośmiertnego inwentarza rzeczy Wawrzyńca Jelitowskiego, zmarłego w 1551 r. szafarza dworu królowej Barbary Radziwiłłówny. Ingrosowany do akt wójta Krakowa inwentarz jest jednym z nielicznych takich szesnastowiecznych rejestrów przybliżających zainteresowania czytelnicze szlachcica. Jest też jednym z najstarszych szlacheckich spisów książek. Księgozbiór ten potwierdza szerokie zainteresowanie literaturą reformacyjną w ówczesnych kręgach dworskich oraz ignorowanie przez ówczesne elity królestwa zakazów zakupu oraz udostępniania luterańskich druków.The article discusses a list of sixteen books making a part of the post-mortem inventory of Wawrzyniec Jelitowski’s possessions. Jelitowski was Dispenser at the court of Queen Barbara Radziwiłł. He died in 1551, and soon after his death, the inventory was inserted into the records of Cracow Justice. Sixteenth-century registers of noble owners’ property are sparse in Poland, and this list of books is one of the oldest such documents known. It confirms the widespread interest in Reformation literature at the royal court and its long-lasting disregard for the King’s edicts that forbade the purchasing and circulation of Lutheran prints