Globally invariant metabolism but density-diversity mismatch in springtails.

Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning

Global fine-resolution data on springtail abundance and community structure

Springtails (Collembola) inhabit soils from the Arctic to the Antarctic and comprise an estimated ~32% of all terrestrial arthropods on Earth. Here, we present a global, spatially-explicit database on springtail communities that includes 249,912 occurrences from 44,999 samples and 2,990 sites. These data are mainly raw sample-level records at the species level collected predominantly from private archives of the authors that were quality-controlled and taxonomically-standardised. Despite covering all continents, most of the sample-level data come from the European continent (82.5% of all samples) and represent four habitats: woodlands (57.4%), grasslands (14.0%), agrosystems (13.7%) and scrublands (9.0%). We included sampling by soil layers, and across seasons and years, representing temporal and spatial within-site variation in springtail communities. We also provided data use and sharing guidelines and R code to facilitate the use of the database by other researchers. This data paper describes a static version of the database at the publication date, but the database will be further expanded to include underrepresented regions and linked with trait data.</p

Brazilian cave heritage under siege

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Pseudosinella aggtelekiensis Stach 1929

&lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; Stach, 1929 &lt;p&gt;Figs 1&ndash;9&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Lepidocyrtus (Pseudosinella) aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; Stach, 1929: 296.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Eyes and pigmentation absent. Labium with &lt;b&gt;M1M2reL1L2&lt;/b&gt; basal setae, &lt;b&gt;r&lt;/b&gt; strongly reduced. Dorsal macrosetae: &lt;b&gt;R111/32/0201+3&lt;/b&gt;. On Abd.IV proximal macroseta in position A4. Setal pattern of abdominal tergite II: &lt;b&gt;pABq1q2&lt;/b&gt;. Abd.IV with supplementary microseta &lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt; in front of anterior trichobothrium and 3+3 smooth mesosetae. Antennal segments with conical microsetae &lt;b&gt;cm&lt;/b&gt;. Apical half of Ant.III segment without additional leaf-like setae, Ant.II apically with 1 such modified seta. Foot complex as in Fig. 8. Unguiculus without any tooth on outer lamella. Tibiotarsal tenent hair pointed. Trochanteral organ with 18&ndash;22 smooth setae.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type material.&lt;/b&gt; Hungary, Domica-Baradla cave system, Baradla Cave, 18&ndash;20.viii.1924, leg. E. Dudich &amp; E. Bokor; ibid. 1.xi. and 5.xii.1928, leg. E. Dudich (not examined, number of specimens and place of deposition unknown).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Examined material from type locality.&lt;/b&gt; Hungary, Slovak-Aggtelek Karst, Domica-Baradla cave system, Baradla Cave, 5 specimens mounted on a permanent slide, 19.xii.1929, leg. Dudich. ISEA, Polish Academy of Sciences Krak&oacute;w, Poland. Slovakia, Slovak-Aggtelek Karst, Domica-Baradla cave system, &Ccaron;ertova diera Cave, &ldquo;D&oacute;m netopierov&rdquo; Hall and &ldquo;Vstupn&aacute; sie&ncaron;&rdquo; Hall, 5 specimens (3 females, 2 males), collected by pitfall traps, 23.x.&ndash;9. xii.1997, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; ibid. L&iacute;&scaron;&ccaron;ia diera Cave, &ldquo;Ve&lcaron;k&aacute; sie&ncaron;&rdquo; Hall, 1 specimen (female), 1.xii.2000, leg. P. &Lcaron;upt&aacute;&ccaron;ik. 6 specimens saved in collection of the Mus&eacute;um Nationalle d&acute;Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) in Paris.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;, &lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;; side&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;internal&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;,&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;III leg&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;of&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;trochanter&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;, &lt;b&gt;7&lt;/b&gt;;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;side&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;left). 8,&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &ndash; dorsally (7 Figs, III. m ̝ Abd) 50,, 6 &lt;b&gt;6&lt;/b&gt; &ndash; side; 5 Figs left, (m dorsally 200:: ̝ segment, bars Scale II. Abd., &lt;b&gt;5&lt;/b&gt; enlarged: &lt;i&gt;aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt;, macroseta &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella&lt;/i&gt; of a&mdash;tip internal., &lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt; II &lt;b&gt;&ndash; 5&lt;/b&gt; leg &lt;b&gt;FIGURES&lt;/b&gt; of unguis&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Other examined material.&lt;/b&gt; Slovakia, Slovak-Aggtelek Karst, Ardovsk&aacute; Cave, &ldquo;Zr&uacute;ten&yacute; d&oacute;m&rdquo; Dome, 2 specimens, pitfall trap, 29.iv.&ndash;13.vi.1997, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; ibid., main cave passage in upper level, 6 specimens, pitfall traps, 4.iv.&ndash;30.x.1997, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; ibid., &ldquo;Rozpr&aacute;vkov&aacute; sie&ncaron;&rdquo; Hall, 11 specimens, collected on bat guano, 31.iii.2011, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; ibid., &ldquo;Zr&uacute;ten&yacute; d&oacute;m&rdquo; Dome, 2 specimens, collected on rotten wood, 10.x.2008, leg. P. &Lcaron;upt&aacute;&ccaron;ik; Gombaseck&aacute; Cave, &ldquo;Blatist&aacute; chodba&rdquo; Passage, 7 specimens, 22.x.1999, hand collecting on surface of water pool and on rotten wood, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; ibid., 4 specimens, collected on rotten wood, 8.x.2008, leg. P.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&Lcaron;upt&aacute;&ccaron;ik; Ha&ccaron;avsk&aacute; Cave, 3 specimens, pitfall trap, 24.v.&ndash;23.vi.1996, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; Majkova Cave, 4 specimens, pitfall trap, 5.iii.&ndash;15.v.1998, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron; and A. Mock; Milada Cave, &ldquo;D&oacute;m Vysok&yacute;ch Tatier&rdquo; Dome, 5 specimens, collected on bait, 8.ix.2010. leg. P. &Lcaron;upt&aacute;&ccaron;ik. Other material kept in the Institute of Biology &amp; Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. &Scaron;af&aacute;rik University (IBE FS UPJ&Scaron;) Ko&scaron;ice.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Redescription.&lt;/b&gt; Body 2.1&ndash;2.4 mm long. White, without traces of pigmentation. Scales on antennae and legs absent; ventral side of manubrium with scales.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Head. Eyes absent. Dorsal macrosetae &lt;b&gt;R111&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;R&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;R0 R1 R2&lt;/b&gt;) + &lt;b&gt;R3 T P&lt;/b&gt;. Macrosetae ciliated (65&ndash;85 &mu;m) with blunt apex (dorsal ones) or sharply pointed (lateral ones); mesosetae finely ciliated (15&ndash;40 &mu;m, Fig. 1). Posterior row with finely ciliated and sharply pointed mesosetae (55 &mu;m). Short trichobothrium (35 &mu;m) situated laterally to ocular macroseta. Praelabral setae ciliated, labral setae smooth. Setal pattern of labrum: &lt;b&gt;4/554&lt;/b&gt;. Labium in adults with &lt;b&gt;M1M2reL1L2&lt;/b&gt; basal setae; &lt;b&gt;M1, M2, L1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;L2&lt;/b&gt; finely ciliated, seta &lt;b&gt;r&lt;/b&gt; strongly reduced, smooth (Fig. 2); in juveniles and subadults seta &lt;b&gt;e&lt;/b&gt; finely ciliated (i.e. &lt;b&gt;E&lt;/b&gt;) as others. Frontal row of labial setae smooth.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Thorax and abdomen (Figs 5, 6 and 9). Dorsal macrosetae: &lt;b&gt;/32/0201+3&lt;/b&gt;. Microsensillar formula 10/10100, microsensilla (&lt;b&gt;ms&lt;/b&gt;) strong and placed laterally (5 &mu;m), on Th.II and Abd.I anteriorly, on Abd.III posteriorly. Formula of smooth mesosetae 11/01133, mesosetae (&lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt;) progressively elongated from Th.II (10 &mu;m) to Abd.V (17 &mu;m). Smooth mesoseta on Th.II in anterior position placed laterally to &lt;b&gt;ms&lt;/b&gt;. Abd.IV with 3 smooth mesosetae, 2 anterior &lt;b&gt;as&lt;/b&gt; (medial and lateral) and 1 posterior &lt;b&gt;ps&lt;/b&gt;. Setal pattern of abdominal tergite II: &lt;b&gt;pABq1q2&lt;/b&gt; (Fig. 5); macroseta A 0.63% of the length of macroseta B (90 and 145 &mu;m, respectively). Abd.IV with 4 supplementary microsetae (blunt, ciliated) in front of anterior trichobothrium (microseta &lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt; present) and 3 such microsetae in front of posterior trichobothrium (Fig. 9 a, b). Medial macrosetae of Abd.IV: anterior &lt;b&gt;A4&lt;/b&gt; broad with blunt apex (190 &mu;m), medial &lt;b&gt;B5&lt;/b&gt; and posterior &lt;b&gt;B6&lt;/b&gt; more slender, equally long (300 &mu;m) with apex sharply pointed devoid of ciliation. Entire setal pattern of Abd.IV shown in Figs 9 a and 9b.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Appendages. Antennae longer than head (1280: 600 &mu;m). Antennal segments I: II: III: IV as 140: 300: 340: 500 (&micro;m); densely covered with ciliated meso- and macrosetae (25&ndash;70 &micro;m), numerous curved sensilla (15&ndash;20 &micro;m) and thin microsensilla (10&ndash;12 &micro;m). Ventral side of segments with groups of conical microsetae &lt;b&gt;cm&lt;/b&gt; (2.5 &micro;m; Figs 3 and 4). Apical bulb on Ant.IV absent, subapical organite not seen. Apical part of Ant. III with antennal organ consisting of 2 wrinkled, leaf-like sensory setae (10 &micro;m) partly hidden behind cuticular folds, 2 guard sensilla (10 &micro;m) and short rod (4 &micro;m; Fig. 4). Ant. III without additional leaf-like setae; several modified sensilla with thickened basal part (15 &micro;m): 3 ventral and 3&ndash;4 internal situated in vertical rows, and 5&ndash;6 dorsal grouped together. Apical part of Ant.II with 1 dorso-external leaf-like seta (10 &micro;m); segment externally with 4&ndash;5 sensilla with thickened base (15 &micro;m), internal side with 1 such seta. Ant.I with 3 dorsal and 3 ventral basal microsetae (8&ndash;10 &micro;m); ventrally with group of 8&ndash;14 thin microsensilla (10 &micro;m) and 8&ndash;10 smooth setae (20&ndash;25 &micro;m); 4&ndash;6 external sensilla (18&ndash;20 &micro;m), 1 or 2 of which thicker and shorter (14 &micro;m); (Fig. 3). Conical microsetae &lt;b&gt;cm&lt;/b&gt; (2.5 &micro;m) present on ventral side of Ant.II&ndash;IV, on Ant. I 3&ndash;4 such microsetae situated externally (Figs 3 and 4).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Unguis of legs I, II and III as 64, 62 and 60 &mu;m; tibiotarsi 25 &mu;m wide. Unguis with 2 short proximal (basal) teeth in 16% length and 1 short internal tooth in 26 % length of unguis (positions in % measured on leg I); 1 short external tooth (12 &mu;m); apical and lateral teeth on unguis absent (Fig. 8). Unguiculus 46 &micro;m long, external tooth absent. Tibiotarsal tenent hair pointed, 30 &micro;m long, inner macrosetae of tibiotarsi differentiated (except of proximal setae whorl)&mdash;thick, apically smooth, obliquely cut and sharply pointed (Fig. 8). Metatibiotarsus (leg III) with 1 differentiated internal seta placed in first whorl, smooth, pointed, rather long (50 &mu;m). Trochanteral organ (leg III) consists of 18&ndash;22 smooth setae (12&ndash;30 &mu;m; Fig. 7). Ventral tubus with 14&ndash;16 ciliated setae on lateral flap. Manubrial plaque on each side with 2 pseudopores, 2 internal and 2 external ciliated setae. Manubrium: dens: mucro as 410: 530: 30 (&micro;m). Apical part of dens (0.1 of the length) not crenulated. Mucro elongated with apical teeth apparently longer than anteapical one, 1 short basal seta reaching anteapical tooth.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Both sexes known.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; There are another two species of the genus &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella&lt;/i&gt; without eyes and identical macrosetae formula &lt;b&gt;R111/32/0101+3&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;i&gt;P. antennata&lt;/i&gt; Bonet, 1929 and &lt;i&gt;P. unguilonginea&lt;/i&gt; Jordana &amp; Beruete, 1983. Both represent cave adapted species distributed in karst of the Navarra province in Spain. They also share other characters with &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt;, i.e. supplementary microseta &lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt; on Abd.IV segment present, tenent seta on tibiotarsus pointed, and external tooth on unguiculus absent. However, &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; has different pattern of head macrosetae (&lt;b&gt;R0 R1 R2 R3 T P&lt;/b&gt;) compared to &lt;i&gt;P. antennata&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. unguilonginea&lt;/i&gt; (both with &lt;b&gt;R0 R1 R2 S T P&lt;/b&gt;). Other difference between &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; and both species from Navarra is in pattern of basal labial setae (&lt;b&gt;M1M2reL1L&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt; in &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt;; &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;1m 2rel1l&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt; in &lt;i&gt;P. antennata&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. unguilonginea&lt;/i&gt;). &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. antennata&lt;/i&gt; have very similar shape of unguis and unguiculus (unguis with short teeth - 2 proximal, 1 internal and 1 lateral). &lt;i&gt;P. unguilonginea&lt;/i&gt; has, in the contrary, apparently elongated and narrowed unguis with very short proximal teeth, and minute internal and lateral teeth. Presence of spiniform, smooth ventral seta on tibiotarsus of the third leg is common character for &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. unguilonginea&lt;/i&gt;, its status in &lt;i&gt;P. antennata&lt;/i&gt; being unknown.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; has several other characters unique among species of the genus. For example 3&ndash;4 external conical microsetae, resembling rests of broken scales, are present on Ant.I segment. In the contrary to remnants of scales, these microsetae have regular sharp apex and apparent basal circle. Abd.IV tergum has 3 blunt and supplementary microsetae in front of posterior trichobothrium (instead of usually 2) and 2 anterior smooth mesosetae &lt;b&gt;as&lt;/b&gt;, medial and lateral (instead of only medial &lt;b&gt;as&lt;/b&gt;). Moreover, of medial macroseta the anterior one is placed in longitudinal row &lt;b&gt;A&lt;/b&gt; (position &lt;b&gt;A4&lt;/b&gt;). Medial macrosetae &lt;b&gt;B5&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;B6&lt;/b&gt; are rather long with apex unusually sharply pointed and devoid of ciliation.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution.&lt;/b&gt; The species was described by Stach (1929) from the Baradla Cave, a part of the Domica-Baradla cave system (approx. length 25 km) situated in the Slovak-Aggtelek Karst in the border region of Slovakia and Hungary. It was later detected also in the Szabads&aacute;g and B&eacute;ke caves in the same region (Loksa 1961, D&aacute;nyi 2011). Strouhal and Vornatscher (1975, p. 512) listed &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; in the catalogue of cave fauna of Austria. The species was considered to inhabit the B&auml;renh&ouml;hle Cave in NE Alps (Hartelsgraben near Hieflau, Austria). However, Christian (1987) stressed that conspecifity of Styrian taxon with &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; is unprobable. We also had possibility to study slide labelled as &rdquo;K&auml;rnten, Hartelsgrabenh&ouml;hle in Ges&auml;ure cca 1200 m, 1940, leg. H. Franz, &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; &ldquo; deposited in the Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Science, Krak&oacute;w. Unfortunately the slide contains only legs and antennae of several &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella&lt;/i&gt; specimens. However, the shape and composition of unguis is different from that of &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; (more slender shape, proximal teeth very short, internal and external teeth minute). Two slides of the same collection are labelled as &rdquo; Austria, Gasslh&ouml;hle bei Ebensee an Traun, det. Stach, &lt;i&gt;Lepidocyrtus&lt;/i&gt; (&lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella&lt;/i&gt;) &lt;i&gt;aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; &ldquo; with one specimen each. However, the status of the specimens does not allow observation of principal taxonomic characters, except for the shape and arrangement of unguis that is apparently different from that of &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; (more slender shape and ungual teeth as in previous case). Finally, the species has been reported also from Romania as a member of soil communities (Fiera 2007).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; represents an obligate cave species with endemic distribution restricted to the Slovak-Aggtelek Karst region located between Slovakia and Hungary. The species has been found to inhabit the Domica-Baradla cave system (type locality) and caves Ardovsk&aacute;, Drienka, Kr&aacute;snohorsk&aacute;, Majkova, Milada, Szabads&aacute;g and the Obrovsk&aacute; Abyss (Stach 1929, Dudich 1932, Loksa 1961, Kov&aacute;&ccaron; &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2005a, b, Pap&aacute;&ccaron; &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2006, 2007). Literature data referring the occurrence of &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; in caves or soils of other regions are un-probable and should be verified.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Troglobionts &lt;i&gt;P. unguilonginea&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. antennata&lt;/i&gt;, very similar by their morphology, inhabit caves of the Navarra region in northern Spain. Their distribution ranges are vicariant, the first species being restricted to Aralar ridge karstic area, the second one to adjacent Urbasa&ndash;South area, respectively. &lt;i&gt;P. aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;P. antennata&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. unguilonginea&lt;/i&gt; are example of parallelisms in evolution of subterranean species in different &rdquo; &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella&lt;/i&gt; &ldquo; lineages (Christiansen 1961). &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella aggtelekiensis&lt;/i&gt; may be considered as a form derived from older fauna of Tertiary origin based on its distribution restricted to caves, small (endemic) distribution range, level of troglomorphy and several conspicuous morphological characters.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Remarks to biology.&lt;/b&gt; Mixture of clay particles and fungal hyphae usually prevails in content of the gut. Moreover, we observed characteristic spores of micromycete genera &lt;i&gt;Alternaria&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Fusarium&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Ulocladium&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;Tetracoccosporium&lt;/i&gt; in the gut of several specimens (A. Nov&aacute;kov&aacute;, det.).&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Kováč, Ľubomír &amp; Rusek, Josef, 2012, Redescription of two troglobiotic species of the genus Pseudosinella Schäffer, 1897 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from the Western Carpathians, pp. 32-45 in Zootaxa 3341&lt;/i&gt; on pages 33-38, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/213677"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.213677&lt;/a&gt

Neelus klisurensis Kováč & Papáč, 2010, sp. nov.

Neelus klisurensis sp. nov. Figs 17–30 Diagnosis. Posterior part of head behind antennae with mesosetae, dorsal side of hind abdomen covered with meso- and macrosetae. Prelabral/labral setae formula (p-, m-, a-row): 4 / 5, 5, 4. Anterior labral setae R 1 and R 2 thick, curved, R 1 medially with 2 strong teeth progressing ventrally, R 2 with external edge finely serrate in its distal half. Ventral side of head with posterior macrosetae of postmedian area smooth, straight, not thickened. Sensory field on thorax furnished with numerous surrounding spines and setae. Ant. I segment with 2 setae, external side of Ant. IV with 12 thin and curved macrosensilla finely blunt at the tip. Unguis extremely elongated furnished with 2 long lateral teeth and 1 inner tooth in distal 1 / 3, weak incision in basal 1 / 3 absent. Manubrium with 4 + 4 dorsal setae, dens with dorsal spines E 1 and J 1 modified. Mucro with both dorsal lamellae serrated, apparently split at the tip. Type material. Holotype: female on slide (No. VP–04–07), Serbia, western Kosovo, Prokletje Mts., Velika Klisura Cave, central part of the cave, aphotic zone, 400 m from the cave entrance, surface of the water pools, hand collecting, 4.ii. 2007, leg. V. Papá&ccaron;. Paratypes: 1 female and 2 juveniles on slides (No. VP–04–07), the same data as holotype. Type material (holotype and 1 paratype) saved in collection of the MNHN in Paris; 2 paratypes (juveniles) kept in the Department of Zoology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P. J. Šafárik University, Košice. Description. Body length up to 0.7–0.9 mm, habitus usual for the genus. Eyes absent, body colour white in ethylalcohol, without pigmentation. Cuticle finely granulated, integumentary channels on head and thorax not seen. Sensory fields. Sensory fields placed in small depressions each with secretory rod (8 µm), i.e. blunt, straight seta with basal part inserted in cuticle and placed in upper margin of field. Fields’ arrangement: (a) on head—anterior and posterior fields (20 x 12 µm; Fig. 17) each with secretory rod (12 µm) and 1 internal seta (18 µm); (b) large thoracal field (45 x 60 µm; Fig. 26) with secretory rod (16 µm), 3 curved spines (10 µm) arranged in triangle and 2 marginal external setae (20 µm each); above the field 1 macroseta (36 µm) and 7 arrowhead-like (rhomboid) spines (13–18 µm) situated in one row; below the field 1 strong pointed rod-like macroseta (36 µm), 2 macrosetae (35 and 45 µm, respectively), 1 central microseta (5 µm) and 1 curved sensillum (11 µm); (c) abdominal field (20 x 20 µm; Fig. 24) with secretory rod (10 µm), 1 curved spine (11 µm), 2 marginal setae (internal— 20 µm, external— 28 µm); (d) field at base of leg III (30 x 15 µm; Fig. 30) with secretory rod (10 µm), 2 curved spines (4 µm each) and 1 marginal external seta (15 µm); field at base of leg II not seen. Small sensory field on lateral part of abdomen above base of leg III with small sensory field furnished with short secretory rod (5 µm), stronger rod in cup-like depression above it absent. Head. Head 270 µm long (width not seen in adult specimens). Eyes absent. Dorsal side with smooth and pointed setae (Fig. 17), frontal ones longer (20–25 µm) than those posterior placed behind antennae (8–18 µm); in the frontal part 2 unpaired axial setae present. Labrum with 5,5, 4 setae, 4 prelabrals (Fig. 20). Pattern of labral setae: a-row 2 R 1 + 2 R 2, m-row m + 2 r 1 + 2 r 2 and p-row with 5 ordinary setae. Anterior labral setae R 1 and R 2 thick, curved; R 2 longer than R 1 (18 and 12 µm, respectively). Seta R 1 medially with 2 strong teeth progressing ventrally in about 120 o angle, R 2 with external edge finely serrate in its distal half. Medial setae (m-row) equal (18 µm), smooth, spine-like. Posterior setae (p-row) smooth, lateral ones thicker and longer than those axial (20 and 18 µm, respectively). Ventral side of head with 3 + 3 smooth postmedian macrosetae (Fig. 19): 2 + 2 anterior equally long (26 µm), 1 + 1 posterior slightly longer (28 µm) than anterior ones. Basomedian field of labium with 4 + 4 setae (Fig. 19), medial setae longer (26 µm) and thicker than others (15 µm); basolateral field with 2 + 2 setae (1 + 1 axial shorter). Maxillary palp simple, with 1 enlarged sublobal seta. Mandible normal, strong, with 5 apical teeth. Maxilla as in Fig. 18 a, b. Antennae. Ant. III–IV distinctly separated (Figs 21 and 22). Length of antennae 190 µm, ratio antenna/ head = 0.7. Length of Ant. I, II, III and IV as 17, 38, 60 and 75 µm. Ant. I furnished with 2 short setae (13 µm). Ant. II with 1 medial seta and 4 apical setae arranged in a whorl. Ant. III organ consists of 2 rather long sensory rods (25 µm), 2 long guard sensilla (32 µm) and short ventral spine-like seta (5 µm). Ant. IV with ordinary setae mostly on the internal side, external side with 12 thin and curved macrosensilla finely blunt at the tip (up to 38 µm); ventrally with 1 long and thick medial sensillum (27 µm) and 1 apical, basally thick shorter sensillum (14 µm) with abruptly narrowed and curved tip; dorsally with forked subapical seta (12 µm); subapically with 5 short setae (10 µm). Thorax and abdomen. Dorsal side of thorax and abdomen sparsely covered with ordinary setae (20 μm); hind part of abdomen with longer setae (30 μm), axially with macrosetae (30–40 μm; Fig. 24). Mid-abdomen dorsally with at least 2 pairs of swollen T-shaped microsensilla (6 µm; Fig. 25). Upper edge of prefurcal area with 1 + 1 short, sharply pointed and curved neosminthuroid setae (9 µm; Fig. 24). Abdominal segments V and VI cryptic. Genital plate not clearly seen in both adult females. Anal opening transversal; upper anal valve with 4 + 4 macrosetae (43 µm) and 1 unpaired posterior microseta (10 µm); lower anal valve only partly seen (Fig. 24). Appendages. Setae of leg I–III (Figs 28–30; longer setae in parenthesis): subcoxae I 1, 1(1), 3 (3); subcoxae II 1 (1), 1, 1; coxae 1, 1, 2; trochantera 3, 2, 4; femora 10, 10, 9 and tibiotarsi 13, 16, 15. Some of them as thin meso- or microsetae: leg I—coxa with 1, trochanter with 3, femur with 2; leg II—trochanter with 2; leg III—trochanter with 2. Tibiotarsal tenent seta pointed. Unguis narrow and extremely elongated, both unguis and unguiculus unequally long in leg I, II and III: unguis 74, 68 and 54 µm, respectively, unguiculus 22, 24 and 30 µm, respectively. Length ratio unguis I (inner margin) / Ti. I width (65 / 15 µm) = 4.3. Unguis furnished with 2 long lateral teeth and 1 inner tooth in distal 1 / 3, weak incision in basal 1 / 3 absent (Fig. 27). Unguiculus untoothed without apical filament. Tubus ventralis with 2 + 2 distal setae and posterior lobe. Retinaculum with 3 + 3 teeth, seta on corpus absent. Furca well developed (Fig. 23), length of manubrium, dens and mucro: 105, 140 and 87 µm, respectively. Manubrium dorsally with 4 + 4 setae, lateral ones (22 µm) slightly shorter than those axial (25 µm). Dens in basal part with 2 + 2 dorsal setae, lateral ones (28 µm) slightly shorter than those axial (32 µm); apically with 1 + 1 broad, blunt lateral spines and 1 medial sharp spine (10 µm; Fig. 23 a) on ventral side; distal part dorsally with 3 external (E 1 –E 3) and 2 internal (J 1 –J 2) spines (9 µm each), and 1 medial, subapical seta (20 µm). In modified spines E 1 and J 1 basal circle absent, both constisting of sharp spine behind the protective leaf-shaped blunt structure (Fig. 23 b). Mucro with both dorsal lamellae serrated, apparently split at the tip. Only females known. Etymology. The new species is named after the type locality, the Velika Klisura Cave situated in western Kosovo (Serbia). Biology. Gut with four broadened compartments (diverticula) was filled mainly with clay and organic particles, fungal hyphae were recognized in smaller extent. Distribution. Up till present Neelus klisurensis sp. nov. is known only from the Velika Klisura Cave situated in the Rugova Canyon near Peje town at foothill of the Lumbardska Planina. Its broader range covering another caves of the Lumbardska Planina or surrounding part of the Prokletje Mts. is highly probable. The species represents an obligate subterranean form (troglobiont), the obvious troglomorphic characters compared to other species of the genus show strong adaptations to cave life similar as in many other invertebrate inhabitants of caves of the Balkan Peninsula. Discussion. N. klisurensis sp. nov. is similar to N. koseli sp. nov. in the number of prelabral and labral setae and setal pattern of dorsal manubrial setae. N. koseli sp. nov. differs from other species of the genus by the presence of spine-like microsetae dorsally on hind part of abdomen and by number of setae in apical whorl on Ant. II segment (five and four setae, respectively). N. klisurensis sp. nov. differs from others of the genus by the presence of large sensory field on thorax with complex of modified surrounding setae. Both N. klisurensis sp. nov. and N. koseli sp. nov. exhibit clear morphological adaptation to life in subterranean environment, i.e. elongated ungua and unguicula on legs, the length ratio of unguis I/Ti. I width being 4.3 and 2.7, respectively. Moreover, N. klisurensis sp. nov. has longer thick sensillum on Ant. IV (27 and 23 µm, respectively) and more numerous macrosensilla on the same segment (12 and 8, respectively). For other diagnostic characters see Table 1.Published as part of Kováč, Ľubomír & Papáč, Vladimír, 2010, Revision of the genus Neelus Folsom, 1896 (Collembola, Neelida) with the description of two new troglobiotic species from Europe, pp. 36-52 in Zootaxa 2663 on pages 44-49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27629

Pseudosinella paclti Rusek 1961

&lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella paclti&lt;/i&gt; Rusek, 1961 &lt;p&gt;Figs 10&ndash;21&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella cavernarum&lt;/i&gt; (Moniez, 1893) in: Paclt (1957a, b)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Eyes and pigmentation absent. Labium with &lt;b&gt;M&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;1m 2rEL1L2&lt;/b&gt; basal setae, &lt;b&gt;r&lt;/b&gt; strongly reduced. Dorsal macrosetae: &lt;b&gt;R221/32/0201+2&lt;/b&gt;. Setal pattern of abdominal tergite II: &lt;b&gt;pABq1q2&lt;/b&gt;. Abd. IV with supplementary microseta &lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt; in front of anterior trichobothrium and 2+2 smooth mesosetae. Conical microsetae on antennal segments absent. Apical half of Ant.III segment with 8&ndash;9 additional leaf-like setae placed ventro-externally. Foot complex as in Figs 19&ndash;21. Unguiculus with well developed external tooth. Tibiotarsal tenent hair pointed. Trochanteral organ with 10&ndash;13 smooth setae.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type material.&lt;/b&gt; Holotype and two paratypes on permanent slide: Slovakia, Low Tatra Mts., Dem&auml;novsk&aacute; cave system, Dem&auml;novsk&aacute; slobody Cave (Dem&auml;novsk&aacute; Cave of Liberty), 27.xi.1956, leg. J. Paclt. Type material deposited in the Department of Entomology, Moravian Museum, Brno (Czech Republic).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Examined material from type locality.&lt;/b&gt; Slovakia, Dem&auml;novsk&aacute; jasky&ncaron;a slobody (Dem&auml;novsk&aacute; Cave of Liberty), &ldquo;Sie&ncaron; speleoterapie&rdquo; Hall, 15 specimens, collected on rotten wood and by pitfall trap, 11.v.&ndash;27.ix.2000, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; ibid., &ldquo;Mramorov&eacute; rie&ccaron;isko&rdquo; Passage, 7 specimens, pitfall trap, 11.v.&ndash;27.ix.2000, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; Dem&auml;novsk&aacute; jasky&ncaron;a mieru (Dem&auml;novsk&aacute; Cave of Peace), 5 specimens, collected on rotten wood and surface of water pool, 11.v.2000, leg.P. &Lcaron;upt&aacute;&ccaron;ik, A.Mock &amp; &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;. 6 specimens from type locality saved in collection of MNHN in Paris, 21 specimens saved in collection of IBE FS UPJ&Scaron;, Ko&scaron;ice.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Other examined material.&lt;/b&gt; Slovakia, Horehronsk&eacute; podolie Basin, Bystrianska Cave, &ldquo;Vstupn&aacute; chodba&rdquo; Passage, 4 specimens, collected on bat guano, 8.v.2002, leg. A. Mock &amp; &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; Ve&lcaron;k&aacute; Fatra Mts., Harmaneck&aacute; Cave, &ldquo;Rie&ccaron;i&scaron;te&rdquo; Passage, 8 specimens, collected on rotten wood and surface of standing water, 7.v.2002, leg. P. &Lcaron;upt&aacute;&ccaron;ik &amp; &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;, ibid. &ldquo;Bludn&yacute; d&oacute;m&rdquo; Dome, 3 specimens, pitfall trap, 7.v.&ndash;22.x.2002, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;; Kozie chrbty Mts., Va&zcaron;eck&aacute; Cave, &ldquo;Zr&uacute;ten&yacute; d&oacute;m&rdquo; Hall, 2 specimens, 17.v.2001, collected on rotten wood, leg. &Lcaron;. Kov&aacute;&ccaron;. Other material kept in collection of IBE FS UPJ&Scaron;, Ko&scaron;ice.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Redescription.&lt;/b&gt; Body 2.0&ndash;2.3 mm long. White, without traces of pigmentation. Scales on antennae and legs absent; on manubrium scales present on its ventral side.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Head. Eyes absent. Dorsal macrosetae &lt;b&gt;R221&lt;/b&gt; or &lt;b&gt;R&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;R0 R1 R2&lt;/b&gt;) + &lt;b&gt;R3 S T T&acute;P&lt;/b&gt; (setal notation after Jordana &amp; Baquero 2007). Macrosetae ciliated (75&ndash;80 &mu;m), with blunt apex (dorsal ones) or sharply pointed (lateral ones); mesosetae finely ciliated (20&ndash;35 &mu;m, Fig. 10). Posterior row with finely ciliated and sharply pointed mesosetae (45 &mu;m). Short trichobothrium (50 &mu;m) situated laterally to ocular macroseta. Praelabral and labral setae smooth, setal pattern of labrum: &lt;b&gt;4/554&lt;/b&gt;. Labium with &lt;b&gt;M&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;1m 2rEL1L2&lt;/b&gt; basal setae; &lt;b&gt;M1&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;E&lt;/b&gt;, &lt;b&gt;L1&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;L2&lt;/b&gt; ciliated, &lt;b&gt;M2&lt;/b&gt; smooth in adults (in juveniles ciliated), seta &lt;b&gt;r&lt;/b&gt; strongly reduced (Fig. 11). Frontal row of labial setae smooth.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Thorax and abdomen (Figs 14, 15 and 17). Dorsal macrosetae: &lt;b&gt;/32/0201+2&lt;/b&gt;. Microsensillar formula 10/10100, microsensilla (&lt;b&gt;ms&lt;/b&gt;) strong and placed laterally (6 &mu;m), on Th.II and Abd.I anteriorly, on Abd.III posteriorly. Formula of smooth mesosetae 11/01133, mesosetae (&lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt;) progressively elongated from Th.II (10 &mu;m) to Abd.V (14 &mu;m). Smooth mesosetae on Th.II in anterior position placed laterally to &lt;b&gt;ms&lt;/b&gt;. Abd.IV with 2 smooth mesosetae, 1 anterior (&lt;b&gt;as&lt;/b&gt;) and 1 posterior (&lt;b&gt;ps&lt;/b&gt;). Setal pattern of abdominal tergite II: &lt;b&gt;pABq1q2&lt;/b&gt; (Fig. 14); macroseta A 0.56% of the length of macroseta B (75 and 132 &mu;m, respectively). Abd.IV with 4 supplementary microsetae (blunt, ciliated) in front of anterior trichobothrium (microseta &lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt; present) and 2 such microsetae in front of posterior trichobothrium (Fig. 15). Medial macrosetae of Abd.IV &lt;b&gt;B4&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;B6&lt;/b&gt; with blunt apex, apically ciliated, equally long (190 &mu;m). Complete setal pattern of Abd.IV tergum provided in Figs. 17 a and 17b.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; Appendages. Antennae longer than head (925: 520 &mu;m). Antennal segments I: II: III: IV as 95: 240: 225: 365 (&micro;m); densely covered with ciliated meso- and macrosetae (35&ndash;70 &micro;m), numerous smooth microsetae (12 &micro;m), thin and curved sensilla (20&ndash;25 &micro;m), and thin, straight microsensilla (10 &micro;m). Apical bulb on Ant.IV absent; subapical organite as minute, fusiform rod (1.5 &micro;m). Apical part of Ant. III with antennal organ consisting of 2 wrinkled, leaf-like sensory setae (12 &micro;m), 2 guard sensilla (10 &micro;m) and short rod (4 &micro;m). Apical half of the segment with 8-9 additional leaf-like setae (12 &micro;m) placed ventro-externally; segment with row of 4 external sensilla with thickened base (12 &micro;m; Fig. 13). Ant.II apically with 2 dorso-external leaf-like setae (12 &micro;m). Ant.I with 3 dorsal and 3 ventral basal microsetae (6&ndash;8 &micro;m). Ventrally with a group of 10&ndash;12 thin, straight microsensilla (8&ndash;10 &micro;m) accompanied with 7&ndash;8 smooth setae (20&ndash;25 &micro;m) and 2 external sensilla (18&ndash;20 &micro;m; Fig. 12). Conical microsetae &lt;b&gt;cm&lt;/b&gt; on antennal segments absent.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Unguis (claw) of legs I, II and III 40 &mu;m long; tibiotarsi 20 &mu;m wide. Unguis with 2 proximal (basal) teeth in 15% length of different size, external one developed in form of wing tooth, 1 short internal tooth in 38 % length of ventral lamella (positions in % measured on leg I); apical, lateral and external teeth on unguis absent (Figs 19&ndash;21).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Unguiculus (30 &micro;m) with well developed external tooth situated in the middle of lamella. Tibiotarsal tenent hair acuminate, 28 &micro;m long, inner macrosetae of tibiotarsi differentiated (except of proximal setae whorl): thick, apically smooth, obliquely cut and sharply pointed (Figs 19&ndash;21). Metatibiotarsus (leg III) with 1 differentiated internal seta placed in the first whorl, smooth and pointed (35 &mu;m). Trochanteral organ (leg III) consists of 10&ndash;13 smooth setae (20&ndash;25 &micro;m; Fig. 18). Ventral tubus with 10 ciliated setae on lateral flap. Manubrial plaque on each side with 2 pseudopores, 2 internal and 3 external ciliated setae (Fig. 16). Manubrium: dens: mucro as 340: 360: 15 (&micro;m). Apical part of dens (0.15 of the length) not crenulated. Mucro elongated with apical teeth slightly longer than anteapical one, 1 short basal seta reaching anteapical tooth.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Both sexes known.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella paclti&lt;/i&gt; is similar to &lt;i&gt;P. pyrenaea&lt;/i&gt; Bonet, 1931 sensu Beruete and Jordana (2002), &lt;i&gt;P. subdobati&lt;/i&gt; Gisin &amp; Gama, 1970 and &lt;i&gt;P. jeanpierrei&lt;/i&gt; Beruete &amp; Jordana, 2002. All share pattern of body dorsal macrosetae (&lt;b&gt;R221/32/0101+2&lt;/b&gt;), although in &lt;i&gt;P. subdobati&lt;/i&gt; cephalic macrosetae have slightly different position, see Fig. 3 in Gisin and Gama (1970). Moreover, they share two other characters: pointed tibiotarsal tenent hair and Abd.IV tergum with supplementary microseta &lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt;. According to Gisin and Gama (1970) this seta on Abd.IV is absent in &lt;i&gt;P. p a c l t i&lt;/i&gt;. However, the study of &lt;i&gt;P. p a c l t i&lt;/i&gt; from the type locality (Dem&auml;novsk&aacute; cave system) revealed presence of the seta &lt;b&gt;s&lt;/b&gt; on Abd.IV in this species.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; The group of species also shares the same setal pattern on Abd.II (&lt;b&gt;pABq1q2&lt;/b&gt;). &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;paclti&lt;/i&gt; differs from other species by pattern of basal labial setae &lt;b&gt;M&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;1m 2rEL1L2&lt;/b&gt; (&lt;b&gt;M&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;1m 2rel1l&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt; in &lt;i&gt;P. subdobati&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;P. jeanpierrei&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;b&gt;m&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;1m 2rel1l&lt;/b&gt; &lt;b&gt;2&lt;/b&gt; in &lt;i&gt;P. pyrenaea&lt;/i&gt;). The other differences between four species are in modifications of shape and arrangement of unguis and unguiculus. In &lt;i&gt;P. p a c l t i&lt;/i&gt; unguis is relatively short with strong and unequal basal teeth of which external one is winglike, internal tooth is present and unguiculus has apparent external tooth (in other three species the tooth is absent). In the contrary, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;. &lt;i&gt;jeanpierrei&lt;/i&gt; shows higher level of troglomorphy in elongated antennae and elongated and narrowed unguis with reduced proximal teeth and a rounded expansion substituting internal tooth. And finally, &lt;i&gt;P.paclti&lt;/i&gt; is peculiar with 8&ndash;9 additional leaf-like setae in apical half of Ant.III (in &lt;i&gt;P. pyrenaea&lt;/i&gt; there is 1 and in &lt;i&gt;P. jeanpierrei&lt;/i&gt; 3 of such modified setae on the segment).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;P. styriaca&lt;/i&gt; Neuherz &amp; Nosek, 1975 from Raudner Cave in Styria (Austria) is probably belonging to the same phyletic lineage with &lt;i&gt;P. paclti&lt;/i&gt; having similar pattern of dorsal macrosetae on thorax and abdomen (&lt;b&gt;R001/32/ 0201+2&lt;/b&gt;) and the shape and structure of unguis and unguiculus. However, in this species many important characters remained undescribed.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Distribution.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella paclti&lt;/i&gt; is inhabiting karstic caves of central part of the Western Carpathians, i.e. Low Tatra Mts. (Dem&auml;novsk&aacute; cave system, Ve&lcaron;k&aacute; Stani&scaron;ovsk&aacute; Cave), Horehronsk&eacute; podolie Basin (Bystrianska Cave), Str&aacute;&zcaron;ovsk&eacute; vrchy Mts. (D&uacute;pna diera Cave), Ve&lcaron;k&aacute; Fatra Mts. (Harmaneck&aacute; Cave), Kozie chrbty Mts. (Va&zcaron;eck&aacute; Cave) (Rusek 1961, Kov&aacute;&ccaron; &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2002, Mock &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2002). Recently, forms closely related to &lt;i&gt;P. p a c l t i&lt;/i&gt; have been discovered in the neighbouring karstic regions, e.g. in the Boba&ccaron;ka Cave, Mur&aacute;nska Plateau karstic region (Kov&aacute;&ccaron; &lt;i&gt;et al&lt;/i&gt;. 2002). Their taxonomic status is necessary to be specified since they potentially represent new troglobiotic &lt;i&gt;Pseudosinella&lt;/i&gt; species for science.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Kováč, Ľubomír &amp; Rusek, Josef, 2012, Redescription of two troglobiotic species of the genus Pseudosinella Schäffer, 1897 (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from the Western Carpathians, pp. 32-45 in Zootaxa 3341&lt;/i&gt; on pages 38-43, DOI: &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/213677"&gt;10.5281/zenodo.213677&lt;/a&gt

Revision of the genus Neelus Folsom, 1896 (Collembola, Neelida) with the description of two new troglobiotic species from Europe

Kováč, Ľubomír, Papáč, Vladimír (2010): Revision of the genus Neelus Folsom, 1896 (Collembola, Neelida) with the description of two new troglobiotic species from Europe. Zootaxa 2663: 36-52, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.27629

Isotomiella delamarei Barra 1968

Isotomiella delamarei Barra, 1968 Figs 8–11 Diagnosis. Body length 0.9–1.0 mm. Ventral side of head with integumentary channels. Ant. IV with 3 dorsointernal and 5 dorso-external subcylindrical sensilla in addition to 6 ovoid ones. Posterior margin of head without ciliated setae. Axial setae pattern 18,12 / 6,6 (8), 8,8 by half-tergum from Th. II to Abd. IV. Sensillar pattern 32 /00135 by half-tergum from Th. II to Abd. V+VI. Sensillum spl on Abd. V+VI 1.3 times of the length of unguis III. Ti. III with apical setae not thickened. Subcoxae furcalis anterior/posterior with 5–9 / 6–8 setae; manubrium with 2 + 2 ventro-apical setae; dens with 10–12 ventral and 4 dorsal setae; mucro strong, bidentate. Redescription. Body length 0.9–1.0 mm (adult females). Colour white, habitus short and thick, similar to I. alulu and I. nummulifer. Integument of Abd. IV–VI dorsally without craters, with primary granules only. Integumentary channels limited to the ventral side of head. Pseudopora indistinct. Head. Labral setae pattern 4 / 554. Labrum with 4 anterior spinules, 2 antero-lateral setae strongly thickened, chitinised and blunt. Axial seta of the second row neither thickened or sclerotized, other 6 labral setae of two distal rows moderately thickened, sclerotized and acuminate. External lobe of maxilla with bifurcate palp, without ciliated setae, and with 4 sublobal setae. Antennae (0.16 mm) 5.5 times shorter than body, shorter than head (0.19 mm). Length of Ant. I, II, III and IV as 24, 37, 40 and 59 μm. Ovoid sensilla S 1 -S 6 of Ant. IV subequal (7 μm; Fig. 8). Supplementary sensilla of Ant. IV subcylindrical, 3 dorso-internal and 7 dorso-external of which the one located at 1 / 2 the length of the segment clearly thicker than others. Ant. III organ with 2 small sensory rods, 3 short guard sensilla in position 1, 4 and 5 and an additional microsensillum s´. Ant. II with sensillum s´. Ant. I with 16–17 smooth ordinary setae, 2 basal microsetae and 2 unequal ventral sensilla S (8 μm) and s (4 μm). Ciliated setae on posterior margin of head absent. Terga. Axial setae pattern from Th. II to Abd. IV: 18,12 / 6,6 (8), 8,8. Macrosetae rather long, weakly ciliated, 1,1 /3,3,3,4 by half-tergum from Th. II to Abd. IV. On Th. II to Abd. III only smooth mesosetae present. On Abd. I macrosetae of the different length: Md 18 μm, Mdl 24 μm and Ml 30 μm; length of mesosetae of the posterior row 17–18 μm. On ventro-lateral part of Abd.II several setae of anterior rows absent. Abd.IV bearing ciliated setae in the posterior row. On Abd. V+VI macro- and mesosetae weakly ciliated, others smooth. Unpaired setae of Abd.V+VI: a0 strongly ciliated mesoseta (17 μm), m0 smooth macroseta (33 μm) and p0 strongly ciliated mesoseta (24 μm); the distance between m0 and p0 very short (4 μm). Sensillar formula of the minor - type: 32 /00135 (ms: 10 /00000; s: 22 /00135) by half-tergum from Th. II to Abd.V+VI. Sensillum sl 3 on Th. II in normal position (not migrated towards anapleurite). Sensillum spl of Abd.V long (28 μm), with thick basal part gradually narrowing towards its apex; sensilla sa, spi, spe shorter than sensilla of Abd.IV (9– 10 μm and 10–13 μm, respectively); sensillum sv short (8 μm; Fig. 9). Ventral anal valves each with 6 posterior setae of which one medial is smooth macroseta, others strongly ciliated mesosetae. Dorsal anal valve with 7 posterior setae of which p 1 is weakly ciliated macroseta, others strongly ciliated mesosetae (incl. p0). Appendages. Setae numbers from leg I to III (ciliated setae in parenthesis): anapleura 1 (1), 2 (1–2), 2; katapleura 1 (1), 5 (4), 6 (1–2); coxae 2, 10 (2), 12 (2); trochantera 10, 10, 10; femora 22, 23, 24 and tibiotarsi 26, 28, 30. Proximal whorl of Ti. I with 7 setae. On Ti. III no tenent hairs or thickened apical setae (Fig. 10). No spine-like setae on femora, tibiotarsi, coxae or pleura. Unguis and unguiculus (22 and 11 µm) of normal shape (not elongated); untoothed. Tubus ventralis with 5 + 5 distal, 3 + 3 anterior and 2 + 2 posterior setae. Retinaculum with 4 + 4 teeth and 1 seta on the rami. Subcoxae furcalis anterior with 5–9 setae (0–1 ciliated), subcoxae furcalis posterior with 6–8 setae (0–3 ciliated). Furcula short (0.15 mm) not reaching tubus ventralis. All setae on manubrium and dentes smooth. Manubrium (58 μm) with 2 + 2 ventro-distal setae placed in two longitudinal rows, ventro-proximal and lateral setae absent (Fig. 11). Dorsal setae on manubrium and dentes thin, ventral setae thicker. Dens short (80 μm), with 4 dorsal setae and 10–12 ventral setae of which distal strong one reaching the tip of mucro distinctly longer (20 μm) than the anteapical seta (8 μm). Mucro rather long (11 μm), bidentate with well developed apical tooth. Basal hooks of dens very strong. Only females known. Type material. Holotype (female) on slide (IPA 9 -AN 4), Gabon, Ipassa Plateau, primary forest, litter, 27.vi. 1966 J.A. Barra lgt.; 3 paratypes on slides (IPA 1 - AVCT 3, IPA 5 -E 4. IPA 7 -VM 6), ibid. 7.v., 7.vi. and 17.vi. 1966. Type material kept in the Laboratoire de Zoologie, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France. Other material. 1 specimen on slide (IPA 7 -VM 6), ibid., 17.6. 1966. Discussion. By the presence of 2 + 2 ventral manubrial setae and 2 mucronal teeth I. delamarei Barra, 1968 is related to I. spinifer Deharveng & Oliveira, 1990, I. nummulifer Deharveng & Oliveira, 1990, Isotomiella alulu Christiansen & Bellinger, 1992 and I. fellina Mendonça & Fernandes, 2003. Differential characters of the redescribed species and the closely related ones are listed in Table 1. The principal difference between I. delamarei and above mentioned species is the number of sensilla on segments Th.II–Abd.V (3,2 /0,0,1.3.5) that clearly indicates its phylogenetic affinity to I. minor species group.Published as part of Kováč, Ľubomír & Palacios-Vargas, José G., 2008, Redescription of Isotomiella alulu and I. delamarei (Collembola: Isotomidae) with notes on the systematics of the genus and new records from the Neotropics, pp. 1-17 in Zootaxa 1825 on pages 6-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.18308

Neelus

&lt;i&gt;Neelus&lt;/i&gt; sp. 1 &lt;p&gt;New species is known from a single cave. A single specimen revealed several important differences in comparison to other congeners. Labral chaetae: a1 basally forked and apically serrated, a2 finely serrated; posterior part of abdomen with tertiary rods and ordinary chaetae; Ant. I with 2 chaetae; Ant. II with with 1 medial chaeta and 5 apical chaetae arranged in a whorl; unguis elongated; manubrium posteriorly with 4+4 chaetae; large thoracal field (s.f. 3) with secretory rod, 3 large curved internal spines arranged in triangle, 2 marginal external chaetae above the field, 3 anterior and 3 posterior lanceolate spines, below the field 1 strong pointed macrochaeta, anteriorly with 1 strong pointed macrochaeta.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined.&lt;/b&gt; Croatia, Rijeka, Kostrena, &Scaron;pilja u uvali Predpe&cacute; Cave, 1 ex. on slide (No. CLL 2879), 23.i.2011, leg. M. Luki&cacute;.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Papáč, Vladimír, Lukić, Marko &amp; Kováč, Ľubomír, 2016, Genus Neelus Folsom, 1896 (Hexapoda, Collembola) reveals its diversity in cave habitats: two new species from Croatia in Zootaxa 4088 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on page 71, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4088.1.2, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/255700"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/255700&lt;/a&gt