541 research outputs found
Influence of Soya Oil Blended with Fish Oil on Growth Performance and Lipid Profile of Red Sea Bream Pagrus major
Continuous increase in fish feed prices due to deterioration of fish oil sources and quality catalyzes intensive research efforts to study alternatives for dietary fish oil such as soya oil. Being rich in linolenic acid (C18:2n-6), soya oil has a competitive edge as an arachidonic acid (ARA) precursor. A 50-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary soya oil as a substitute for fish oil on growth performance and lipid composition of juvenile red seabream, Pagrus major. Four types of iso-nitrogenous experimental diets formulated in this feeding trial consisted of 100% fish oil (10F), 80% fish oil and 20% soya oil (8F2S), 60% fish oil and 40% soya oil (6F4S), and finally, 40% fish oil and 60% soya oil (4F6S). All diets were fed to triplicate groups of 15 red seabream with an initial mean weight of 4.9 ± 0.1 g twice daily to apparent satiation. Our results demonstrated that inclusion of soya oil as a lipid source to partially replace fish oil in red seabream diet led to the highest body weight gain (BWG) in 10F (837.2 ± 2.2%), followed by 8F2S (786.9 ± 38.3%), 6F4S (764.6 ± 5.2%) and 4F6S (682.0 ± 17.2%), respectively, without any significant differences among 10F, 8F2S and 6F4S. Soya oil inclusion also gradually decreased BWG and specific growth rate (SGR); both BWG and SGR in 4F6S were significantly lower than other treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed intake (FI) showed no significant differences among treatments. Survival rate of all treatments exceeded 90% although the hepatosomatic index (HSI) in 4F6S was significantly higher than other treatments and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) increased gradually with a higher inclusion of soya oil. Lipid deposition in the whole body was the highest in fish fed with dietary 10F and decreased in relation to the elevated concentration of soya oil in diets. The ventral muscles had doubled the amount of lipid deposition as compared to dorsal muscles. Dominance of saturates among total fatty acid composition particularly C16:0, was similarly observed in the dorsal and ventral muscles as well as the liver. Saturates, monoenes, n-3 and ratio of n-3/n-6 observed have a similar gradient degradation in the dorsal and ventral muscles and the liver. An inverse relationship of inclusion level of soya oil on eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA) in both dorsal and ventral muscles including the liver was also observed. In conclusion, diets not exceeding 40% soya oil are suitable as fish oil replacement in the diet of juvenile red seabream without significantly affecting the overall growth performance of this fish. Keywords: Pagrus major, red seabream, soya oil, growth performances, lipid profile ABSTRAK Kenaikan harga makanan ikan yang berterusan akibat kekurangan sumber dan juga kualiti minyak ikan, telah menggalakkan lebih banyak penyelidikan untuk mengkaji minyak soya sebagai sumber alternatif kepada minyak ikan. Kekayaan sumber asid linolenik (C18:2n-6) telah menjadikan minyak soya sebagai pelopor kepada asid arakidonik (ARA). Satu kajian pemakanan selama 50 hari telah dijalankan untuk menilai kesan pemakanan dengan menggunakan minyak soya ke atas tumbesaran dan komposisi lemak dalam ikan merah, Pagrus major juvenil. Empat jenis diet kajian iso-nitrogenus telah diformulasikan dalam kajian ini; yang terdiri daripada 100% minyak ikan (10F), 80% minyak ikan dan 20% minyak soya (8F2S), 60% minyak ikan dan 40% minyak soya (6F4S), dan 40% minyak ikan dan 60% minyak soya (4F6S). Semua diet telah diberikan dua kali sehari sehingga kenyang kepada sejumlah 15 ekor ikan merah dengan purata berat awal 4.9 + 0.1 g secara triplikat. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa penggunaan minyak soya sebagai sumber lemak untuk menggantikan sebahagian sumber minyak ikan dalam ikan merah telah memberikan BWG dalam perlakuan 10F (837.2 + 2.2%), diikuti dengan 8F2S (786.9 + 38.3%), 6F4S (764.6 + 5.2%) dan 4F6S (682.0 + 17.2%), masing-masing, tanpa perbezaan yang bererti di antara perlakuan 10F, 8F2S and 6F4S. Penggunaan minyak soya juga mengurangkan BWG dan SGR secara perlahan-lahan; kedua-dua BWG and SGR dalam perlakuan 4F6S menunjukkan nilai rendah yang bererti berbanding perlakuan yang lain. Nisbah penukaran makanan (FCR) dan kadar pengambilan makanan (FI) telah menunjukkan tiada perbezaan yang bererti di antara semua perlakuan. Kadar kemandirian untuk semua perlakuan adalah melebihi 90% walaupun indeks hepatosomatik (HSI) dalam perlakuan 4F6S adalah lebih tinggi secara bererti berbanding perlakuan yang lain, dan serum glutamik-oksaloasetik transaminase (GOT) pula berkurangan dengan penambahan minyak soya. Pengumpulan lemak di keseluruhan tubuh adalah tertinggi dalam ikan yang diberi makanan 10F dan berkurangan dengan penambahan kepekatan minyak soya dalam diet. Kandungan lemak pada otot ventral juga telah meningkat sebanyak dua kali ganda berbanding dengan pada otot dorsal. Kandungan saturat dari jumlah komposisi asid lemak terutamanya C16:0 adalah lebih dominan pada otot dorsal, otot ventral dan hati. Saturat, monoene, n-3 dan nisbah n-3/n-6 telah menunjukkan kecerunan degradasi yang sama pada otot dorsal, otot ventral dan hati. Peningkatan minyak soya menyebabkan kesan songsang terhadap aras asid eikosapentanoik (EPA) and asid dokosaheksanoik (DHA) di kedua-dua otot dorsal dan ventral dan juga hati. Sebagai kesimpulan, diet yang mengandungi minyak soya tidak melebihi 40% adalah paling sesuai sebagai pengganti minyak ikan tanpa memberi kesan yang bererti kepada tumbesaran ikan merah juvenil. Kata kunci: Pagrus major, ikan merah, minyak soya, tumbesaran, profil lipid
Effects of organic plant oils and role of oxidation on nutrient utilization in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
The study compared the effect of four either fresh or force oxidized organic plant oils in diets for juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in which 47% of conventional LT fish meal protein was substituted by a mixture of 3 organic plant protein concentrates. Fish oil was completely substituted with either organic linseed oil; rape seed oil; sunflower oil or grape seed oil and evaluated based on feed intake, feed utilization, growth and digestibility. None of the plant oils affected feed intake and growth parameters. Organic plant oils had all a positive effect on lipid digestibility as compared with the fish oil based control diet, despite the very different FA profiles. The organic vegetable oils did not undergo autoxidation, as opposed to the fish oil control for which lipid digestibility was significantly negative influenced
Measurement of -ray production via neutron-O reaction using a 77 MeV quasi-monoenergetic neutron beam
Understanding of -ray production via neutron interactions on oxygen
is essential for the study of neutrino neutral-current quasielastic
interactions in water Cherenkov detectors. A measurement of -ray
production from such reactions was performed using a 77~MeV quasi-monoenergetic
neutron beam. Several -ray peaks, which are expected to come from
neutron- reactions, are observed and production cross sections
are measured for nine -ray components of energies between 2 and 8~MeV.
These are the first measurements at this neutron energy using a nearly
monoenergitic beam.Comment: 16 pages, 20 figures, 4 table
Self-shielding effect of a single phase liquid xenon detector for direct dark matter search
Liquid xenon is a suitable material for a dark matter search. For future
large scale experiments, single phase detectors are attractive due to their
simple configuration and scalability. However, in order to reduce backgrounds,
they need to fully rely on liquid xenon's self-shielding property. A prototype
detector was developed at Kamioka Observatory to establish vertex and energy
reconstruction methods and to demonstrate the self-shielding power against
gamma rays from outside of the detector. Sufficient self-shielding power for
future experiments was obtained.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure
Measurement of the solar 8B neutrino rate with a liquid scintillator target and 3 MeV energy threshold in the Borexino detector
We report the measurement of electron neutrino elastic scattering from 8B
solar neutrinos with 3 MeV energy threshold by the Borexino detector in Gran
Sasso (Italy). The rate of solar neutrino-induced electron scattering events
above this energy in Borexino is 0.217 +- 0.038 (stat) +- 0.008 (syst) cpd/100
t, which corresponds to the equivalent unoscillated flux of (2.4 +- 0.4 (stat)
+- 0.1 (syst))x10^6 cm^-2 s^-1, in good agreement with measurements from SNO
and SuperKamiokaNDE. Assuming the 8B neutrino flux predicted by the high
metallicity Standard Solar Model, the average 8B neutrino survival probability
above 3 MeV is measured to be 0.29+-0.10. The survival probabilities for 7Be
and 8B neutrinos as measured by Borexino differ by 1.9 sigma. These results are
consistent with the prediction of the MSW-LMA solution of a transition in the
solar electron neutrino survival probability between the low energy
vacuum-driven and the high-energy matter-enhanced solar neutrino oscillation
regimes.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, 6 table
Indications of Neutrino Oscillation in a 250 km Long-baseline Experiment
The K2K experiment observes indications of neutrino oscillation: a reduction
of flux together with a distortion of the energy spectrum. Fifty-six
beam neutrino events are observed in Super-Kamiokande (SK), 250 km from the
neutrino production point, with an expectation of .
Twenty-nine one ring -like events are used to reconstruct the neutrino
energy spectrum, which is better matched to the expected spectrum with neutrino
oscillation than without. The probability that the observed flux at SK is
explained by statistical fluctuation without neutrino oscillation is less than
1%.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures embedded, LaTeX with RevTeX style, accepted for
publication in PRL on December 13, 200
Muon and Cosmogenic Neutron Detection in Borexino
Borexino, a liquid scintillator detector at LNGS, is designed for the
detection of neutrinos and antineutrinos from the Sun, supernovae, nuclear
reactors, and the Earth. The feeble nature of these signals requires a strong
suppression of backgrounds below a few MeV. Very low intrinsic radiogenic
contamination of all detector components needs to be accompanied by the
efficient identification of muons and of muon-induced backgrounds. Muons
produce unstable nuclei by spallation processes along their trajectory through
the detector whose decays can mimic the expected signals; for isotopes with
half-lives longer than a few seconds, the dead time induced by a muon-related
veto becomes unacceptably long, unless its application can be restricted to a
sub-volume along the muon track. Consequently, not only the identification of
muons with very high efficiency but also a precise reconstruction of their
tracks is of primary importance for the physics program of the experiment. The
Borexino inner detector is surrounded by an outer water-Cherenkov detector that
plays a fundamental role in accomplishing this task. The detector design
principles and their implementation are described. The strategies adopted to
identify muons are reviewed and their efficiency is evaluated. The overall muon
veto efficiency is found to be 99.992% or better. Ad-hoc track reconstruction
algorithms developed are presented. Their performance is tested against muon
events of known direction such as those from the CNGS neutrino beam, test
tracks available from a dedicated External Muon Tracker and cosmic muons whose
angular distribution reflects the local overburden profile. The achieved
angular resolution is 3-5 deg and the lateral resolution is 35-50 cm, depending
on the impact parameter of the crossing muon. The methods implemented to
efficiently tag cosmogenic neutrons are also presented.Comment: 42 pages. 32 figures on 37 files. Uses JINST.cls. 1 auxiliary file
(defines.tex) with TEX macros. submitted to Journal of Instrumentatio
Muon and Cosmogenic Neutron Detection in Borexino
Borexino, a liquid scintillator detector at LNGS, is designed for the
detection of neutrinos and antineutrinos from the Sun, supernovae, nuclear
reactors, and the Earth. The feeble nature of these signals requires a strong
suppression of backgrounds below a few MeV. Very low intrinsic radiogenic
contamination of all detector components needs to be accompanied by the
efficient identification of muons and of muon-induced backgrounds. Muons
produce unstable nuclei by spallation processes along their trajectory through
the detector whose decays can mimic the expected signals; for isotopes with
half-lives longer than a few seconds, the dead time induced by a muon-related
veto becomes unacceptably long, unless its application can be restricted to a
sub-volume along the muon track. Consequently, not only the identification of
muons with very high efficiency but also a precise reconstruction of their
tracks is of primary importance for the physics program of the experiment. The
Borexino inner detector is surrounded by an outer water-Cherenkov detector that
plays a fundamental role in accomplishing this task. The detector design
principles and their implementation are described. The strategies adopted to
identify muons are reviewed and their efficiency is evaluated. The overall muon
veto efficiency is found to be 99.992% or better. Ad-hoc track reconstruction
algorithms developed are presented. Their performance is tested against muon
events of known direction such as those from the CNGS neutrino beam, test
tracks available from a dedicated External Muon Tracker and cosmic muons whose
angular distribution reflects the local overburden profile. The achieved
angular resolution is 3-5 deg and the lateral resolution is 35-50 cm, depending
on the impact parameter of the crossing muon. The methods implemented to
efficiently tag cosmogenic neutrons are also presented.Comment: 42 pages. 32 figures on 37 files. Uses JINST.cls. 1 auxiliary file
(defines.tex) with TEX macros. submitted to Journal of Instrumentatio
Three flavor neutrino oscillation analysis of atmospheric neutrinos in Super-Kamiokande
We report on the results of a three-flavor oscillation analysis using
Super-Kamiokande~I atmospheric neutrino data, with the assumption of one mass
scale dominance (0). No significant flux change due to
matter effect, which occurs when neutrinos propagate inside the Earth for
0, has been seen either in a multi-GeV -rich sample
or in a -rich sample. Both normal and inverted mass hierarchy
hypotheses are tested and both are consistent with observation. Using
Super-Kamiokande data only, 2-dimensional 90 % confidence allowed regions are
obtained: mixing angles are constrained to and for the normal mass hierarchy. Weaker constraints,
and , are obtained
for the inverted mass hierarchy case.Comment: 7 figures, 3 table
Low-energy (anti)neutrino physics with Borexino: Neutrinos from the primary proton-proton fusion process in the Sun
The Sun is fueled by a series of nuclear reactions that produce the energy
that makes it shine. The primary reaction is the fusion of two protons into a
deuteron, a positron and a neutrino. These neutrinos constitute the vast
majority of neutrinos reaching Earth, providing us with key information about
what goes on at the core of our star. Several experiments have now confirmed
the observation of neutrino oscillations by detecting neutrinos from secondary
nuclear processes in the Sun; this is the first direct spectral measurement of
the neutrinos from the keystone proton-proton fusion. This observation is a
crucial step towards the completion of the spectroscopy of pp-chain neutrinos,
as well as further validation of the LMA-MSW model of neutrino oscillations.Comment: Proceedings from NOW (Neutrino Oscillation Workshop) 201
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