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Pervaporation von Reinflüssigkeiten und binären Gemischen durch Membranen von Polybutylenterephthalat im Glasübergangsbereich

Unter Verwendung eines Gaschromatographen (GC) wurde ein Aufbau realisiert, der kontinuierlich die Pervaporation beider Komponenten von binären Alkohol-Wasser-Gemischen detektiert. An Membranen aus teilkristallinem Polybutylenterephthalat (PBT) mit einer Glasübergangstemperatur (Tg) von 47°C erfolgten Messungen im Temperaturbereich von 30°C bis 80°C mit variierenden Konzentrationen der Alkohole (Methanol, Ethanol, 1-Propanol, 1-Butanol und tert-Butanol). Bei Messungen mit reinen Alkoholen konnte die Messergebnisse (zeitlicher Verlauf des Permeentenflusses) nur unter Annahme von konzentrationsabhängigen Diffusionskoeffizienten verstanden werden. Mittels einer Finite-Elementen-Methode gelang es unter Variation der Konzentrationsabhängigkeit Modellrechnungen auszuführen, welche mit den experimentellen Befunden zur Übereinstimmung gebracht werden konnten. Resultat sind die Diffusionskoeffizienten der Alkohole in PBT sowie deren Konzentrationsabhängigkeiten. Diese Resultate werden anhand bestehender Theorien der molekularen Wechselwirkungen von Flüssigkeitsmolekülen in teilkristallinen Polymeren diskutiert – insbesondere im Bereich von Tg. Bei den Wasser-Alkohol-Gemischen wurden die komplexen Wechselwirkungen der Flüssigkeitsmoleküle mit dem Polymeren sichtbar. Das Diffusionsverhalten der Alkohole sowie dessen Konzentrationsabhängigkeit bleibt trotz Wassermoleküle in der Polymermembran unverändert. Die Diffusion der Wassermoleküle jedoch erfolgt beschleunigt, da die Alkoholmoleküle eine strukturelle Veränderung des Polymeren bewirken

Does venous blood gas analysis provide accurate estimates of hemoglobin oxygen affinity?

Alterations in hemoglobin oxygen affinity can be detected by exposing blood to different PO2 and recording oxygen saturation, a method termed tonometry. It is the gold standard to measure the PO2 associated with 50% oxygen saturation, the index used to quantify oxygen affinity (P50Tono). P50Tono is used in the evaluation of patients with erythrocytosis suspected to have hemoglobin with abnormal oxygen affinity. Since tonometry is labor intensive and not generally available, we investigated whether accurate estimates of P50 could also be obtained by venous blood gas analysis, co-oximetry, and standard equations (P50Ven). In 50 patients referred for evaluation of erythrocytosis, pH, PO2, and oxygen saturation were measured in venous blood to estimate P50Ven; P50Tono was measured for comparison. Agreement among P50Ven and P50Tono was evaluated (Bland-Altman analysis). Mean P50Tono was 25.8 (range 17.4-34.1)mmHg. The mean difference (bias) of P50Tono-P50Ven was 0.5mmHg; limits of agreement (95% confidence limits) were −5.2 to +6.1mmHg. The sensitivity and specificity of P50Ven to identify the 25 patients with P50Tono outside the normal range of 22.9-26.8mmHg were 5 and 77%, respectively. We conclude that estimates of P50 based on venous blood gas analysis and standard equations have a low bias compared to tonometry. However, the precision of P50Ven is not sufficiently high to replace P50Tono in the evaluation of individual patients with suspected disturbances of hemoglobin oxygen affinit

Gene autoregulation by 3' UTR-derived bacterial small RNAs

Negative feedback regulation, that is the ability of a gene to repress its own synthesis, is the most abundant regulatory motif known to biology. Frequently reported for transcriptional regulators, negative feedback control relies on binding of a transcription factor to its own promoter. Here, we report a novel mechanism for gene autoregulation in bacteria relying on small regulatory RNA (sRNA) and the major endoribonuclease, RNase E. TIER-seq analysis (transiently-inactivating-an-endoribonuclease-followed-by-RNA-seq) revealed similar to 25,000 RNase E-dependent cleavage sites in Vibrio cholerae, several of which resulted in the accumulation of stable sRNAs. Focusing on two examples, OppZ and CarZ, we discovered that these sRNAs are processed from the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the oppABCDF and carAB operons, respectively, and basepair with their own transcripts to inhibit translation. For OppZ, this process also triggers Rho-dependent transcription termination. Our data show that sRNAs from 3' UTRs serve as autoregulatory elements allowing negative feedback control at the post-transcriptional level

Laparoscopic versus open sigmoid resection for diverticulitis: long-term results of a prospective, randomized trial

Background: Elective laparoscopic sigmoid resection for diverticulitis has proven short-term benefits, but little data are available from prospective randomized trials regarding long-term outcome, quality of life, and functional results. Methods: Of 113 patients randomized to undergo laparoscopic (LAP) versus open (OP) sigmoid resection for diverticulitis, 105 (93%, LAP=54, OP=51) patients were examined and answered the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) questionnaire, with a median follow-up of 30 (range, 9-63) months after surgery. Results: Incisional hernias were detected in five (9.8%) patients in the OP group versus seven (12.9%) in the LAP group, P=0.84). Overall satisfaction with the operation on a scale of 0 (very poor) to 10 (excellent) was 9 (range, 2-10) in the OP group versus 9 (range, 2-10) in the LAP group (P=0.78). Median GIQLI score was 115 (range, 57-144) in the OP group versus 110 (range, 61-134) in the LAP group (P=0.17). Overall satisfaction with the cosmetic aspect of the scar on a scale of 0 (very poor) to 10 (excellent) was 8 (range, 1-10) in the OP group versus 9 (range, 0-10) in the LAP group (P=0.01). Finally, median hospital cost (including reoperations for hernias) was 11,606 (5,230-147,982) CHF in the LAP group versus 12,138 (6,098-39,786) CHF in the OP group (P=0.47). Conclusions: Both open and laparoscopic approaches for sigmoid resection achieve good long-term results in terms of gastrointestinal function, quality of life, and patients' satisfaction. Significant long-term benefits of laparoscopic surgery are restricted to cosmetic (ClinicalTrials.gov protocol #NCT00453830

Forests : the cross-linguistic perspective

Do all humans perceive, think and talk about tree cover (‘forests’) in more or less the same way? International forestry programs frequently seem to operate on the assumption that they do. However, recent advances in the language sciences show that languages vary greatly as to how the landscape domain is lexicalized and grammaticalized. Different languages segment and label the large-scale environment and its features according to astonishingly different semantic principles, often in tandem with highly culture-specific practices and ideologies. Presumed basic concepts like mountain, valley and river cannot in fact be straightforwardly translated across languages. In this paper we describe, compare and evaluate some of the semantic diversity observed in relation to forests. We do so on the basis of first-hand linguistic field data from a global sample of indigenous categorization systems as they are manifested in the following languages: Avatime (Ghana), Duna (Papua New Guinea), Jahai (Malay Peninsula), Lokono (the Guianas), Makalero (East Timor), and Umpila/Kuuku Ya’u (Cape York Peninsula). We show that basic linguistic categories relating to tree cover vary considerably in their principles of semantic encoding across languages, and that forest is a challenging category from the point of view of inter-cultural translatability. This has consequences for current global policies and programs aimed at standardizing forest definitions and measurements. It calls for greater attention to categorial diversity in designing and implementing such agendas, and for receptiveness to and understanding of local indigenous classification systems in communicating those agendas on the ground