1,607 research outputs found
Dynamics of vital values of adolescents and a problem of corruption in post-soviet Russia
The purpose of the article is to show immanent interrelation between structure of terminal and tool vital values of adolescents of the Post-Soviet period and predisposition to perpetrate of corruption actions. Methods. The methods involve philosophical analysis, supervision, questioning under the formalized questionnaire, conversation, and longitudinal research. The program of research includes the questions connected with different aspects, factors and motives of valuable orientations of adolescents.Results. Results of longitudinal research (1998–2014) of dynamics of vital values of adolescents are presented. It is established that the structure of adolescent’s axio-sphere has radically changed for the studied period. In 1998, the most important life values were money, material well-being; in contrast to 2014 when the values are good health and love. Thus, there is a reorientation of adolescents from mercantile values to spiritual values. On the other hand, the system of instrumental values changes. In 90-s, the main means of achieving life goals were money, violence and helping of other people; it is in contrast to 2014 when teenagers are guided more by their own strength.Scientific novelty. It is for the first time shown that feature of vital values of modern city teenagers is inability of long expectation of realization of the vital purposes. It is burdened also by the fact that many vital values (education, health, love, friendship) turn into exchange values (costs) in modern capitalist society. Therefore teenagers prefer to use money as means of instant achievement of the purposes. These factors form real predisposition of adolescents to perpetrate corruption actions.Practical significance. The presented investigation can be interesting to parents, tutors of preschool institutions, teachers of schools, experts in the field of psychology, sociologists, lawyers, and law enforcement officers.Цель статьи – показать имманентную взаимосвязь между структурой терминальных и инструментальных жизненных ценностей подростков постсоветского периода и их предрасположенностью к совершению коррупционных действий. Методы исследования. В работе использовались такие методы, как философский анализ, наблюдение, анкетирование по формализованной анкете, беседа, лонгитюдное исследование. Программа исследования включала в себя вопросы, связанные с разными аспектами, факторами и мотивами ценностных ориентаций подростков. Результаты. Представлены результаты лонгитюдного исследования (1998– 2014 гг.) динамики жизненных ценностей подростков. Установлено, что структура их аксиосферы радикально поменялась за исследуемый период. Если в 1998 г. наиболее значимыми жизненными ценностями выступали деньги, материальное благосостояние, то в 2014 г. таковыми оказываются уже здоровье и любовь, т. е. происходит переориентация подростков с меркантильных ценностей на ценности духовного порядка. Вместе с тем меняется система инструментальных ценностей: если в 1990-х гг. основными средствами достижения жизненных целей выступали деньги, насилие и помощь других людей, то в 2014 г. подростки в большей степени рассчитывают на свои собственные силы. Научная новизна. Выяснено, что одной из психологических особенностей современных городских подростков является неспособность к длительному ожиданию реализации своих жизненных целей. Это отягощается тем, что многие жизненные ценности (образование, здоровье, любовь, дружба) в современном капиталистическом обществе превращаются в ценности меновые (имеющие конкретную стоимость). Поэтому подростки предпочитают использовать деньги как средство мгновенного достижения своих целей. Именно эти факторы и формируют реальную предрасположенность подростков к совершению коррупционных действий. Практическая значимость. Материалы статьи могут быть интересны родителям, воспитателям дошкольных учреждений, учителям школ, специалистам в области психологии, социологам, юристам, сотрудникам правоохранительных органов.Автор благодарит Е. Н. Кондрашова (Верхняя Салда), А. А. Артемову (Екатеринбург), Т. Н. Михайлова (Екатеринбург) и В. В. Медисона (Верхняя Салда) за обсуждение статьи и за высказанные конструктивные замечани
ПРИНЦИПИ КОНСТРУКЦІЇ З НАВІГАЦІЙНО-ПРИЗЕМЛЕНОЮ СИСТЕМОЮ ДЛЯ ЛІТАКІВ МІСЦЕВИХ АВІАЛІНІЙ
The variants of construction and use of surface and side radio equipment are considered in the article, the indexes of quality of the system are certain, priorities are placed for its different modifications.В статье рассмотрены варианты построения и использования систем наземного и бортового радиооборудования, расставлены приоритеты для различных ее модификаций.У статті розглянуті варіанти побудови і використання наземного і бортового радіоустаткування системи, розставлені пріоритети для різних її модифікацій
Karl Marx’ ecology: totalization of social metabolism
The purpose of this article is to attempt a conceptual reconstruction of Marx’s theory of social metabolism. The author shows that every living being exists due to the exchange of substances between itself and nature (the universal metabolism of nature). A specific human generic form of such metabolism is praxis that is, conscious transformative activity (social metabolism), the basic form of which is labor as an exchange between man/society and nature, mediated by production, technique and technology.
Criticizing narrowly ecological, economic and purely industrial interpretations of the concept of social metabolism, reduced by modern ecological Marxists (P. Burkett, B. Clark, I. Mészáros, J. Moore, C. Royle, K. Saito, J. B. Foster) mostly to various aspects of the material-energy exchange between man (society) and nature, the author proves that K. Marx this form of social metabolism is fundamental for the existence of human society, but not the only one.
The author, relying on the entire corpus of texts by K. Marx, and using the methods of textual analysis, reconstruction and extrapolation, shows that in the process of unfolding labor metabolism, specific socio-anthropogenic “worlds” are formed, namely the world of nature, drawn into the sphere of human activity; the world of joint activity as the world of public relations and interpersonal communication; the world of material and spiritual culture; the inner world of the individual. In each of these “worlds” people carry out certain specific modifications of the generic praxis — material production, social activities for the reproduction of culture, social and interpersonal communication, and existential relations to the world. Each of these forms of praxis represents specific varieties of social metabolism within which such types of exchange are carried out as the exchange between man and nature (labor, material production), the exchange of activities between social groups in objective social relations, the exchange of emotions, likes / dislikes, knowledge, traditions, etc. in interpersonal communication and socialization processes.
From this analysis, it is concluded that social metabolism totally permeates all levels and structures of social and individual existence, linking them into an organic integrity — the social universe. Because of this, in the concept of Marx there is a totalization of the social universe. This radically distinguishes the ecology of K. Marx from all other forms of ecology, since it is not a doctrine of the interaction of society with nature (ecology) and not calls for environmental protection (environmental studies), but a general socio-praxeological doctrine of the world (internally connected social metabolism) in which man and society exist.
The relevance of the study lies in the fact that some of the reconstructed ecological ideas of K. Marx allow us to see that socio-metabolic processes occur not only between man and nature, but cover and permeate all structures and levels of the social universe. Therefore, modern environmental problems can only be solved in a comprehensive, systematic, total way: starting with environmental protection, rational use of natural resources and saving production and ending with sustainable social relations and what academician Dmitry Likhachev called the ecology of culture
Data-adaptive harmonic spectra and multilayer Stuart-Landau models
Harmonic decompositions of multivariate time series are considered for which
we adopt an integral operator approach with periodic semigroup kernels.
Spectral decomposition theorems are derived that cover the important cases of
two-time statistics drawn from a mixing invariant measure.
The corresponding eigenvalues can be grouped per Fourier frequency, and are
actually given, at each frequency, as the singular values of a cross-spectral
matrix depending on the data. These eigenvalues obey furthermore a variational
principle that allows us to define naturally a multidimensional power spectrum.
The eigenmodes, as far as they are concerned, exhibit a data-adaptive character
manifested in their phase which allows us in turn to define a multidimensional
phase spectrum.
The resulting data-adaptive harmonic (DAH) modes allow for reducing the
data-driven modeling effort to elemental models stacked per frequency, only
coupled at different frequencies by the same noise realization. In particular,
the DAH decomposition extracts time-dependent coefficients stacked by Fourier
frequency which can be efficiently modeled---provided the decay of temporal
correlations is sufficiently well-resolved---within a class of multilayer
stochastic models (MSMs) tailored here on stochastic Stuart-Landau oscillators.
Applications to the Lorenz 96 model and to a stochastic heat equation driven
by a space-time white noise, are considered. In both cases, the DAH
decomposition allows for an extraction of spatio-temporal modes revealing key
features of the dynamics in the embedded phase space. The multilayer
Stuart-Landau models (MSLMs) are shown to successfully model the typical
patterns of the corresponding time-evolving fields, as well as their statistics
of occurrence.Comment: 26 pages, double columns; 15 figure
Analytic approach to the evolutionary effects of genetic exchange
We present an approximate analytic study of our previously introduced model
of evolution including the effects of genetic exchange. This model is motivated
by the process of bacterial transformation. We solve for the velocity, the rate
of increase of fitness, as a function of the fixed population size, . We
find the velocity increases with , eventually saturated at an which
depends on the strength of the recombination process. The analytical treatment
is seen to agree well with direct numerical simulations of our model equations
Recombination dramatically speeds up evolution of finite populations
We study the role of recombination, as practiced by genetically-competent
bacteria, in speeding up Darwinian evolution. This is done by adding a new
process to a previously-studied Markov model of evolution on a smooth fitness
landscape; this new process allows alleles to be exchanged with those in the
surrounding medium. Our results, both numerical and analytic, indicate that for
a wide range of intermediate population sizes, recombination dramatically
speeds up the evolutionary advance
Data-adaptive harmonic analysis of oceanic waves and turbulent flows
We introduce new features of data-adaptive harmonic decomposition (DAHD) that are showcased to characterize spatiotemporal variability in high-dimensional datasets of complex and mutsicale oceanic flows, offering new perspectives and novel insights. First, we present a didactic example with synthetic data for identification of coherent oceanic waves embedded in high amplitude noise. Then, DAHD is applied to analyze turbulent oceanic flows simulated by the Regional Oceanic Modeling System and an eddy-resolving three-layer quasigeostrophic ocean model, where resulting spectra exhibit a thin line capturing nearly all the energy at a given temporal frequency and showing well-defined scaling behavior across frequencies. DAHD thus permits sparse representation of complex, multiscale, and chaotic dynamics by a relatively few data-inferred spatial patterns evolving with simple temporal dynamics, namely, oscillating harmonically in time at a given single frequency. The detection of this low-rank behavior is facilitated by an eigendecomposition of the Hermitian cross-spectral matrix and resulting eigenvectors that represent an orthonormal set of global spatiotemporal modes associated with a specific temporal frequency, which in turn allows to rank these modes by their captured energy and across frequencies, and allow accurate space-time reconstruction. Furthermore, by using a correlogram estimator of the Hermitian cross-spectral density matrix, DAHD is both closely related and distinctly different from the spectral proper orthogonal decomposition that relies on Welch’s periodogram as its estimator method. The turbulent oceanic flows consist of ubiquitous complex motions—jets, vortices, and waves—that co-exist on very different spatiotemporal scales but also without a clear scale separation, and it brings natural challenge to characterize the whole complexity across the scales. In particular, the study of temporal scales has got less attention than of spatial scales. To that effect, we offer fresh perspectives and novel insights by introducing new features of data-adaptive harmonic decomposition (DAHD) that are applied to analyze complex high-dimensional spatiotemporal datasets of oceanic flows, including a synthetic example of identifying coherent oceanic waves embedded in high-amplitude noise and turbulent flows simulated by a hierarchy of oceanic models. DAHD results reveal striking low-rank behavior and a sparse representation of complex, multiscale, and chaotic flows by a relatively few data-inferred spatial patterns evolving with simple temporal dynamics, as well as well-defined scaling behavior across temporal frequencies, such as exponential-like shape and power law
Analytical study of the effect of recombination on evolution via DNA shuffling
We investigate a multi-locus evolutionary model which is based on the DNA
shuffling protocol widely applied in \textit{in vitro} directed evolution. This
model incorporates selection, recombination and point mutations. The simplicity
of the model allows us to obtain a full analytical treatment of both its
dynamical and equilibrium properties, for the case of an infinite population.
We also briefly discuss finite population size corrections
DADA: data assimilation for the detection and attribution of weather and climate-related events
A new nudging method for data assimilation, delay‐coordinate nudging, is presented. Delay‐coordinate nudging makes explicit use of present and past observations in the formulation of the forcing driving the model evolution at each time step. Numerical experiments with a low‐order chaotic system show that the new method systematically outperforms standard nudging in different model and observational scenarios, also when using an unoptimized formulation of the delay‐nudging coefficients. A connection between the optimal delay and the dominant Lyapunov exponent of the dynamics is found based on heuristic arguments and is confirmed by the numerical results, providing a guideline for the practical implementation of the algorithm. Delay‐coordinate nudging preserves the easiness of implementation, the intuitive functioning and the reduced computational cost of the standard nudging, making it a potential alternative especially in the field of seasonal‐to‐decadal predictions with large Earth system models that limit the use of more sophisticated data assimilation procedures
A comparison of data-driven approaches to build low-dimensional ocean models
We present a comprehensive inter-comparison of linear regression (LR), stochastic, and deep-learning approaches for reduced-order statistical emulation of ocean circulation. The reference data set is provided by an idealized, eddy-resolving, double-gyre ocean circulation model. Our goal is to conduct a systematic and comprehensive assessment and comparison of skill, cost, and complexity of statistical models from the three methodological classes. The model based on LR is considered as a baseline. Additionally, we investigate its additive white noise augmentation and a multi-level stochastic approach, deep-learning methods, hybrid frameworks (LR plus deep-learning), and simple stochastic extensions of deep-learning and hybrid methods. The assessment metrics considered are: root mean squared error, anomaly cross-correlation, climatology, variance, frequency map, forecast horizon, and computational cost. We found that the multi-level linear stochastic approach performs the best for both short- and long-timescale forecasts. The deep-learning hybrid models augmented by additive state-dependent white noise came second, while their deterministic counterparts failed to reproduce the characteristic frequencies in climate-range forecasts. Pure deep learning implementations performed worse than LR and its simple white noise augmentation. Skills of LR and its white noise extension were similar on short timescales, but the latter performed better on long timescales, while LR-only outputs decay to zero for long simulations. Overall, our analysis promotes multi-level LR stochastic models with memory effects, and hybrid models with linear dynamical core augmented by additive stochastic terms learned via deep learning, as a more practical, accurate, and cost-effective option for ocean emulation than pure deep-learning solutions
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