The youth in Kaliningrad, Gdansk and Klaipeda: geopolitical vision of the world, identity and images of the other

This work juxtaposes the analysis of the federal discourse on the exclave position of the Kaliningrad region in 1994-2012 based on the screening by the Nezavisimaya gazeta and the results of surveys of students at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University and the Universities of Gdansk and Klaipeda using a similar questionnaire. Students of all three universities show latent dissatisfaction with employment prospects, which is manifested in the declared intention to emigrate. The orientation of young residents of Kaliningrad and their peers from Gdansk and Klaipeda towards prevailing connections with Europe is complicated by the uncertainty of the EU-Russia relations. Young residents of Gdansk and Klaipeda reproduce dated stereotypes, and their interest in the Kaliningrad region is limited. However, as the experience of the other countries suggests, local border traffic between the Kaliningrad region and the neighbouring Polish voivodeships can contribute to the improvement of mutual images. Long-lasting eforts to diversify cooperation and promote a positive image of Kaliningrad in the neighbouring Polish regions can prove worthwhile. Apart from the measures aimed at strengthening the region's economic base, it is necessary to increase the symbolic capital of Kaliningrad to achieve harmonious development of Kaliningrad identity

Sudy of the Propagation of Decimeter Radiowaves in the Atmosphere of Venus with the Aid of AIS ''venera 4''

Radio wave propagation in Venus atmosphere based on approximating inhomogeneity of refractivit

The stress-strain state of the flat rope of hoisting engine with considering their technical state

Obtained an analytical dependence for determining the tensile forces acting in cables of the fl at rubberized rope. It takes into account the design of the hoisting engine – the deviations of generating line of the drum from a straight and of the possible break of the cable in rope. A comprehensive account of the impact of various factors on the stress-strain state of the rope allows determining the loss of tractive capacity in operation on the hoisting engine. The results should be taken into account in the design and operation of hoisting and transporting machines with fl at traction bodies

Domain structure and polarization reversal in ferroelectrics studied by atomic force microscopy

The ferroelectric domain structure and its dynamics under applied electric field have been studied with nanoscale resolution by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two mechanisms responsible for the contrast between opposite domains are proposed: large built-in domains are delineated in friction mode due to the tip–sample electrostatic interaction, and small domains created by an external field are imaged in topography mode due to piezoelectric deformation of the crystal. The ability of effective control of ferroelectric domains by applying a voltage between the AFM tip and the bottom electrode is demonstrated. It is experimentally confirmed that the sidewise growth of domain proceeds through the nucleation process on the domain wall

Domain structure and polarization reversal in ferroelectrics studied by atomic force microscopy

The ferroelectric domain structure and its dynamics under applied electric field have been studied with nanoscale resolution by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two mechanisms responsible for the contrast between opposite domains are proposed: large built-in domains are delineated in friction mode due to the tip–sample electrostatic interaction, and small domains created by an external field are imaged in topography mode due to piezoelectric deformation of the crystal. The ability of effective control of ferroelectric domains by applying a voltage between the AFM tip and the bottom electrode is demonstrated. It is experimentally confirmed that the sidewise growth of domain proceeds through the nucleation process on the domain wall

Синтез та N-алкілування діетил 4,7-дигідроазоло[1,5-a]піримідин-5,6-дикарбоксилатів

It has been shown that the ternary condensation of oxaloacetic ester (diethyl 2-oxosuccinate), aromatic aldehydes and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole or 5-aminotetrazole in dimethylformamide results in formation of the corresponding diethyl 7-aryl-4,7-dihydroazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5,6-dicarboxylates. By 1H NMR spectroscopy (according to the data of the chemical shifts of C(2)H-protons for the corresponding N(4)H- and N(4)-methylderivatives of 7-phenyl-4,7-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5,6-dicarboxylate) it has been found that alkylation of 4,7-dihydro[1,2,4]azolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5,6-dicarboxylates in the acetonitrile–saturated water alkali system leads selectively to formation of N(4)-alkyl derivatives. Both the starting compounds obtained and their N(4)-methylsubstituted analogues together with relative diethyl 4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-on-5,6-dicarboxylates, 6-unsubstituted 4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-on-5-dicarboxylates and the derivatives of 6-COR-7-aryl-4,7-dihydro[1,2,4] triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines are the promising objects for studying benzyl C(7)-functionalization of 4,7-dihydroazolo 1,5-a]pyrimidines, as well as of reactions associated with the presence of double C=C-bonds activated by two electron withdrawing groups. Obtaining of the key N(4)H- and N(4)Me-derivatives of 7-phenyl-4,7-dihydro[1,2,4] triazolo- and tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-5,6-dicarboxylates also opens the way to the research of biological properties of the compounds of this class. It is noteworthy that being a three-component one the reaction studied, without any doubts, are appropriate for the synthesis of the derivatives of 7-aryl-4,7-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo- and tetrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines containing two electron withdrawing substituents in positions 5 and 6.Показано, что трехкомпонентная конденсация щавелевоуксусного эфира (диэтил 2-оксосукцината), ароматических альдегидов и 3-амино-1,2,4-триазола или 5-аминотетразола в диметилформамиде приводит к образованию соответствующих диэтил 7-арил-4,7-дигидроазоло[1,5-a]пиримидин-5,6-дикарбоксилатов. С помощью 1Н ЯМР-спектроскопии (по данным химических сдвигов сигналов протонов С(2)H для соответствующих N(4)H- и N(4)Ме-производных диэтил 7-фенил-4,7-дигидро[1,2,4]триазоло[1,5-a] пиримидин-5,6-дикарбоксилата) установлено, что алкилирование 7-арил-4,7-дигидроазоло[1,5-a]пиримидин-5,6-дикарбоксилатов в системе ацетонитрил-насыщенная водная щелочь селективно приводит к образованию N(4)-алкилпроизводных. Как полученные исходные соединения, так и их N(4)-метилзамещенные аналоги наряду с родственными диэтил 4-арил-3,4-дигидропиримидин-2(1Н)-он-5,6-дикарбоксилатами, 6-незамещенными этил 4-арил-3,4-дигидропиримидин-2(1Н)-он-5-карбоксилатами и производными 6-COR-7-арил-4,7-дигидро[1,2,4]триазоло[1,5-a]пиримидинов являются перспективными объектами для изучения бензильной С(7)-функционализации 4,7-дигидроазоло[1,5-a]пиримидинов, а также реакций, связанных с наличием двойной C=C-связи, активированной двумя акцепторными группами. Получение ключевых N(4)H- и N(4)Ме-производных 7-фенил-4,7-дигидро[1,2,4]триазоло- и тетразоло[1,5-a]пиримидин-5,6-дикарбоксилатов также открывает путь к биологическим исследованиям соединений этого класса. Заметим, что исследованная реакция, являясь трехкомпонентной, безусловно подходит для синтеза и исследования комбинаторных библиотек производных 7-арил-4,7-дигидро[1,2,4]триазоло- и тетразоло[1,5-a]пиримидинов, содержащих два электроноакцепторных заместителя в положениях 5 и 6.Показано, що трикомпонентна конденсація щавлевооцтового естеру (діетил 2-оксосукцинату), ароматичних альдегідів та 3-аміно-1,2,4-триазолу або 5-амінотетразолу в диметилформаміді призводить до утворення відповідних діетил 4,7-дигідроазоло[1,5-a]піримідин-5,6-дикарбоксилатів. За допомогою 1Н ЯМР-спектроскопії (за даними про хімічні зсуви сигналів протонів С(2)Н для відповідних N(4)H- та N(4)Me-похідних діетил 7-феніл-4,7-дигідро[1,2,4]триазоло[1,5-a]піримідин-5,6-дикарбоксилатів) вста-новлено, що алкілування 4,7-дигідроазоло[1,5-a]піримідин-5,6-дикарбоксилатів у системі ацетонітрилнасичений водний луг селективно призводить до утворення N(4)-алкілпохідних. Як отримані вихідні сполуки, так і їхні N(4)-метилзаміщені аналоги поряд зі спорідненими діетил 4-арил-3,4-дигідропіримідин-2(1Н)-он-5,6-дикарбоксилатами, 6-незаміщеними етил 4-арил-3,4-дигідропіримідин-2(1Н)-он-5-карбоксилатами та похідними 6-COR-7-арил-4,7-дигідро[1,2,4]триазоло[1,5-a]піримідинів є перспективними об’єктами для вивчення бензильної С(7)-функціоналізації 4,7-дигідроазоло[1,5-a]піримідинів, а також реакцій, пов’язаних з наявністю подвійного C=C-зв’язку, активованого двома акцепторними групами. Отримання ключових N(4)H- і N(4)Ме-похідних 7-феніл-4,7-дигідро[1,2,4]триазоло- та тетразоло[1,5-a]піримідин-5,6-дикарбоксилатів також відкриває шлях до біологічних досліджень сполук цього класу. Відзначимо, що досліджена реакція, будучи трикомпонентною, безумовно підходить для синтезу та дослідження комбінаторних бібліотек похідних 7-арил-4,7-дигідро[1,2,4]триазоло- та тетразоло[1,5-a]піримідинів, що містять два електроноакцепторні замісники у положеннях 5 та 6

Crossover from hydrodynamic to acoustic drag on quartz tuning forks in normal and superfluid 4He

We present measurements of the drag forces on quartz tuning forks oscillating at low velocities in normal and superfluid 4He. We have investigated the dissipative drag over a wide range of frequencies, from 6.5 to 600 kHz, by using arrays of forks with varying prong lengths and by exciting the forks in their fundamental and first overtone modes. At low frequencies the behavior is dominated by laminar hydrodynamic drag, governed by the fluid viscosity. At higher frequencies acoustic drag is dominant and is described well by a three-dimensional model of sound emission

Nanoscale resolution immersion scanning thermal microscopy

Nanoscale thermal properties are becoming of extreme importance for modern electronic circuits that dissipate increasing power on the length scale of few tens of nanometers, and for chemical and physical properties sensors and biosensors using nanoscale sized features. While Scanning Thermal Microscopy (SThM) is known for its ability to probe thermal properties and heat generation with nanoscale resolution, until today it was perceived impossible to use it in the liquid environment due to dominating direct heat exchange between microfabricated thermal probe and surrounding liquid that would deteriorate spatial resolution. Nonetheless, our theoretical analysis of SThM in liquids showed that for certain design of SThM probe with resistive heater located near the probe tip, their thermal signal is only moderately affected, by less than half on immersion in a dodecane environment. More significantly, its spatial resolution, surprisingly, would remain practically unaffected, and the thermal contact between the tip apex and the studied sample would be beneficially improved. Our experimental trials of such immersion SThM, or iSThM, were fully successful and here we report for the first time nanoscale SThM measurements of thermal conductivity of Ultra Large Scale Integration polymerceramic metal interconnects with the spatial thermal resolution down to 50 nm. Further studies of heat transport in nanoscale graphite flakes in iSThM suggested, in particular, that highly anisotropic thermal conductivity in graphene layers may play significant role in the nanoscale thermal transport in liquid environment. New iSThM opens a wide range of applications from noncontact measurements of thermal transport in semiconductor devices to exploring graphene energy storage, catalytic reactions and heat generation in biological systems

Measurements of vortex line density generated by a quartz tuning fork in superfluid 4^{4} 4 He

We present proof-of-concept measurements of the vortex line density generated by a quartz tuning fork resonator probed by the attenuation of second sound in superfluid 4He at 1.6 K. The force–velocity response of a quartz tuning fork operating at a frequency of 31 kHz exhibited the onset of extra damping at a velocity of 0.5 ms−1. Attenuation of the 5th resonant mode of second sound was observed at the same velocity, indicating the production of vortex lines. Our measurements demonstrate that an increase of the drag coefficient corresponds to the development of quantum turbulence