Road to success : crucial factors in the innovation value chain

Siirretty Doriast

Suomen ja Yhdysvaltojen markkinointiviestinnän erot

Opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tutkia ja selvittää Suomen ja Yhdysvaltojen eroja markkinointiviestinnässä. Lähtökohtana oli saada selville, miten markkinointi poikkeaa kyseessä olevien maiden välillä ja syitä siihen, miksi markkinointi on niin erilaista. Työssä selvitetään, minkälainen markkinointi on sallittua ja kiellettyä kummassakin maassa. Opinnäytetyön teoriaosuus keskittyy markkinoinnin historiaan, sen vaikutuksiin ja kehitykseen. Opinnäytetyössä käydään läpi markkinointiviestinnän keinoja Suomessa ja Yhdysvalloissa. Työn tekeminen oli teoreettista tutkimustyötä, jota syvennettiin tekemällä haastatteluja suomalaisille kuluttajille, yrittäjille ja amerikkalaisille kuluttajille. Tutkimus toteutettiin kvalitatiivisena eli laadullisena tutkimuksena. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää haastatteluita hyödyntäen, miten ja minkälaisena suomalaiset ja amerikkalaiset kuluttajat kokivat toisen maan markkinointitavat. Työssä on hyödynnetty paljon kummankin maan tuomioistuimen langettamia päätöksiä, joiden pohjalta voi analysoida selvät erot maiden markkinoinnista. Tutkimuksesta kävi ilmi, että Yhdysvalloissa vertaileva mainonta on laajasti sallittua toisin kuin Suomessa. Haastattelun kohteena olevilla suomalaisilla kuluttajilla oli paljon erilaisia mielipiteitä siitä, miten he kokivat amerikkalaisen mainonnan. Yhtenä selvänä erona nousi esiin se, kuinka Suomessa mainonta on paljon eettisempää. Kummassakin maassa mainonta on erittäin tuote-keskeistä brändi-mainontaa.Marketing differences between Finland and United States This Bachelor’s thesis examines two different countries and their way to marketing products to the comsumers. The objective was to explore and explain the differences between Finnish and American marketing communications. The starting point was to find out how marketing differs between the countries concerned and the reasons why marketing is so different. The primary purpose is to explain what kind of marketing is permitted and prohibited in both countries. The theoretical part focuses on the history of marketing and its impacts, and development. Making work of theoretical research, which was deepened by interviews with Finnish consumers, entrepreneurs, and for American consumers. The study was conducted as a qualitative methods. The purpose of this study was to determine, using interviews, how and why the Finnish and American consumers felt the marketing practices of another country. This work has drawn a lot of both of the trials by court decisions, which can be analyzed on the basis of clear differences between these two countries in marketing. The investigation revealed that in the United States comparative advertising is permitted, unlike in Finland. In Finland marketing is more ethical. Also Finnish consumers reactions were suprising how they view American advertising as very negatively. Thesis was executed without no case company or commissioned by the company, despite of that this study has good connections to a working life. In addition thesis indicates readiness of students capable to understand how marketing function differently

Dual gated PET/CT imaging of heart

Coronary artery disease (CAD) resulting from atherosclerotic arterial changes, plaques, is a progressive process, which can be asymptomatic for many years. Asymptomatic CAD can cause a heart attack that leads to sudden death if the vulnerable coronary plaque ruptures and causes artery occlusion. The plaque inflammation plays an important role in the rupture susceptibility. Reliable anticipation of rupture is still clinically impossible for a single patient. Detection of the vulnerable coronary plaques before clinical signs remains a significant scientific challenge where positron emission tomography (PET) can play an important role. The aim of this dissertation was to find out whether a small, coronary plaque size, heart structures could be detected by a clinically available positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) hybrid camera in realistically moving cardiac phantoms, a minipig model, and patients with CAD. Due to cardiac motions accurate detection of small heart structures are known to be problematic in PET imaging. Due to absence of commercial application at the beginning of the study, new dual gating method for cardiac PET imaging was developed and programmed that takes into account both contraction and respiratory induced cardiac motions. Cardiac phantom PET studies showed that small, active and moving plaques can be distinguished from myocardium activity and the gating methods improved the detection sensitivity and resolution of the plaques. In minipig and CAD patient cardiac PET studies small structures of myocardium and coronary arteries was detected more sensitive and accurately when using dual gating method than manufacturer gating methods. In cardiac patient PET study respiratory induced cardiac motions were shown to be linearly dependent with spirometry-measured respiratory volumes. Standard 3-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement can be filtered by anesthesia monitor to detect lung impedance signal. In cardiac patient PET study this lung impedance signal were applied for respiratory gating. In this study was observed that the 3-lead ECG derived impedance signal gating method detects respiratory induced cardiac motion in PET as well as other externally used respiratory gating methods. In summary, the dual gated cardiac PET method is more sensitive and accurate to detect small cardiac structures, as coronary vessel wall pathology, than the commercial methods used in the study.Sydämen kaksoisliiketahdistettu PET/CT kuvantaminen Ateroskleroottisten valtimomuutosten, plakkien, seurauksena asteittain kehittyvä sepelvaltimotauti voi olla vuosia oireeton. Oireeton sepelvaltimotauti voi aiheuttaa äkkikuolemaan johtavan sydäninfarktin, mikäli sepelvaltimon seinämäplakin repeytymisestä aiheutuu verisuonen tukkiva hyytymä. Tutkimuksissa on osoitettu, että plakin tulehduksella on merkittävä rooli repeytymisalttiudelle. Repeytymisen luotettava ennakointi on yksittäisen potilaan kohdalla edelleen kliinisesti mahdotonta. Tulehtuneiden ja repeytymisalttiiden sepelvaltimoplakkien toteaminen ennen kliinisiä oireita on edelleen merkittävä tieteellinen haaste, missä positroniemissiotomografia (PET) kuvantamisella voi olla merkittävä rooli. Väitöskirjan tavoitteena oli selvittää, voidaanko kliinisessä käytössä olevalla positroniemissiotomografia ja tietokonetomografia (PET/TT) yhdistelmäkameralla havaita pieniä, sepelvaltimoplakkien kokoisia, sydämen rakenteita koneellisesti toimivissa todenmukaisissa sydänmalleissa, eläinmallissa ja sepelvaltimotautia sairastavilla potilailla. Sydämen pienten rakenteiden tarkka havaitseminen PET/TTkameroilla on haasteellista sydämen liikkumisen vuoksi. Tutkimuksessa kehitettiin ja ohjelmoitiin uusi sydämen PET-kuvantamisen liiketahdistusmenetelmä, joka ottaa huomioon sekä sydämen supistusliikkeen että hengitysliikkeen vaikutuksen sydämen PET kuvantamissa. Koneellisilla sydänmalleilla osoitettiin, että PET on riittävän herkkä havaitsemaan pieniä ja liikkuvia radioaktiivisia ”sepelvaltimoplakkeja”, ja että liiketahdistusmenetelmät parantavat plakkien havaitsemisherkkyyttä ja tarkkuutta. Eläinmallissa ja sepelvaltimotautipotilailla kaksoisliiketahdistusmenetelmän herkkyys ja tarkkuus havaita pieniä sydänlihaksen ja sepelvaltimoiden rakenteita todettiin kaupallisia tahdistusmenetelmiä paremmaksi. Potilastutkimuksissa todettiin hengityksen aiheuttama sydämen liike PET-kuvissa lineaarisesti riippuvaiseksi spirometrialla mitattujen hengitystilavuuksien kanssa. Tavallisesta 3-johtoisesta sydänsähkökäyrästä voidaan anestesiamonitorin avulla suodattaa keuhkojen impedanssisignaalia. Hengitysliikkeen aiheuttama potilaiden sydämen liike PETkuvissa havaittiin yhtä hyvin käyttämällä tätä keuhkojen impedanssisignaalia kuin muita yleisesti käytettäviä ulkoisia hengitystahdistussignaaleja. Todetaan, että kaksoisliiketahdistettu sydämen PET-kuvantamismenetelmä on tutkimuksessa käytettyjä kaupallisia menetelmiä herkempi ja tarkempi havaitsemaan sydämen pieniä rakenteita sekä sepelvaltimon seinämän tulehdusplakkeja

Framing the abduction of the Chibok schoolgirls in Helsingin Sanomat news

The objective of this thesis is to utilise the frame-building perspective to study how the Finnish newspaper Helsingin Sanomat framed the case of the Chibok schoolgirls who were abducted by the terrorist group Boko Haram in April 2014 in Nigeria. The data of this study is based on 105 news articles published by Helsingin Sanomat between April 2014 and December 2018. The structure of the thesis consists of four main sections. The first section focuses on mapping the case in the Nigerian context and providing information to understand the Nigerian situation with regard to its historical background, the rise of Boko Haram, and the case of the abducted Chibok girls. The second section focuses on the theoretical frameworks. News framing theory is an appropriate tool for studying media content that deals with terrorism. While the case consists of foreign news, there are also brief references to the theory of newsworthiness and foreign news transmission processes in the Finnish media. Also, the ambiguous relation between media and terrorism is addressed: terrorists need media for conveying information about their attacks, and correspondingly, their attacks serve as material for the news media. The third section focuses on terrorism and its victims, and its relation to conflict-related gender-based violence. In the Chibok schoolgirls’ case one perspective to violence is the concept of abduction. The fourth section focuses on the implementation of the frame building perspective to examine the selected Helsingin Sanomat news data. The study reveals that in reporting the Chibok schoolgirls’ case, Helsingin Sanomat favoured material from western news agencies and the most referred to news agencies were AFP and Reuters. Local Nigerian media was referred to as a source only in five of the news. The categorization of the quote source types reveals that Nigerian authorities dominated as sources for the citations in the news. From the news data a total of 12 frame theme categories are recognized and these categories are further organized into four main frame theme groups. In the group “Understanding the circumstances” the prevailing background information is the description of Boko Haram and the dichotomy of the country, but discussion of the ethno-religious historical background of the conflict remains limited. The second group “Government inactivity and politics” reveals that the news mainly concentrate on the negotiations and the international interventions to resolve the conflict between the Nigerian government and Boko Haram. The third group “Terrorism and violence” concentrates on the case of the Chibok schoolgirls, and the other attacks are described as chains of events. The Nigerian government’s role in the atrocities is recognized but not widely discussed. In the last frame theme group “Community and compassion” the communities’ active role in conflict resolution is recognized as the voice of the victims of Boko Haram. In general, the Chibok schoolgirls are depicted as a cohesive group which is subject to terrorism and collective violence. Despite the wide media coverage, the schoolgirls’ story is told by others in the news or via the reports of human rights organizations. The conflict in the country is depicted to be that between the Nigerian government and Boko Haram, although the unstable situation in the country has developed from a complex web of socio-cultural, economic, ethno-religious, and regional elements. The Chibok girls themselves, although referred to in the news, are mainly presented as victims whose own voice is hardly heard

Resilience and health-related quality of life in patients with pulmonary diseases receiving ambulatory oxygen therapy

Background: Pulmonary diseases affect health-related quality of life (HRQoL), but there are few data on patients' adaptation to a serious illness. This study assessed resilience and its associations with HRQoL, life satisfaction, anxiety and depression in patients with pulmonary diseases receiving ambulatory oxygen therapy. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, we enrolled 42 patients with pulmonary diseases receiving ambulatory oxygen therapy. The patients completed the following questionnaires at baseline and after one and three months; the Resilience Scale-25, the Life Satisfaction Scale-4, the 15D instrument of HRQoL, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST 2.0). To compare HRQoL, we recruited age- and gender-matched controls from the general population (n = 3574). The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with low resilience. Results: Half (42-48%) of the patients had low resilience, which was correlated with low HRQoL, low levels of life satisfaction and higher levels of anxiety and depression. Patients had very low HRQoL compared to controls. Dissatisfaction with life increased during the 3-months follow-up, but only a few patients had anxiety or depression. Patient satisfaction with assistive technology was high; the median QUEST 2.0 score (scale 1-5) was 4.00 at baseline, 3.92 at one month and 3.88 at three months. Conclusions: Resilience was low in half of the patients with pulmonary diseases receiving ambulatory oxygen therapy. Higher resilience was positively correlated with HRQoL and life satisfaction and negatively correlated with anxiety and depression.Peer reviewe

Ryhmäkoon vaikutus oppimiskokemuksiin ja oppimistuloksiin Kaakkois-Suomen ammattikorkeakoulun sairaanhoitajakoulutuksessa

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli selvittää, oliko ryhmäkoolla merkitystä opiskelijoiden oppimistuloksiin ja oppimiskokemuksiin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten opiskelijat kokivat suurryhmäopetuksen ja miten se vaikutti heidän oppimiseen. Työssä tarkasteltiin myös ryhmän merkitystä AMK-tason opinnoissa ja erilaisten oppimistyylien vaikutusta ryhmätyöskentelyyn. Aihe oli ajankohtainen, sillä opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriön laatima toimintaohjelma kustannustehokkuuden lisäämisestä on vaikuttanut ryhmäkokojen suurentumiseen. Luokkia on yhdistetty suurluokiksi resurssi- ja rahakysymysten vuoksi. Talousahdinko on johtanut yli 1000 ammattikorkeakouluissa työskentelevän opettajan irtisanomiseen. Suurentuneiden ryhmäkokojen lisäksi opiskelijat joutuvat opiskelemaan itsenäisesti tärkeitä sisältöjä opetuksen vähenemisen vuoksi. Tutkimus on toteutettu kvantitatiivista ja kvalitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää hyödyntäen. Työssä tehtiin Webropol-kyselylomake, jossa oli 32 suljettua kysymystä ja 6 avointa kysymystä. Suljetut kysymykset analysoitiin tilastollisesti eli laskettiin prosentti- ja frekvenssijakaumat. Avoimet kysymykset analysoitiin induktiivista sisällönanalyysiä käyttäen. Kysely lähetettiin Kotkan, Kouvolan, Mikkelin ja Savonlinnan kampuksien ensihoitaja-, sairaanhoitaja- ja terveydenhoitajaopiskelijoille. Vastauksia kyselyyn tuli 244. Tulosten perusteella voidaan todeta, että suurryhmäopetus vaikuttaa negatiivisesti oppimiskokemuksiin ja oppimistuloksiin. Suurempi vaikutus on harjoitustuntien ryhmäkoolla kuin luento-opetuksen. Suurryhmässä on helpompi olla sivustaseuraaja kuin osallistua itse opetukseen. Etenkin hiljaisemmat persoonat jäävät äänekkäämpien persoonien taakse, eikä yksilöllinen opetus ole suurryhmässä mahdollista. Harjoitustunneilla kaikki eivät ehdi osallistumaan harjoituksiin suuren opiskelijamäärän vuoksi ja opiskelijalle jää opiskeltavasta aiheesta epävarma olo. Lisäksi keskittymiskyky häiriintyy, kun luokassa on paljon opiskelijoita yhtä aikaa. Opiskelijat kokevat, että opettajalla ei ole aikaa ohjata opiskelijoita ja kontaktin saaminen on vaikeaa. Opettaja ei pysty varmistamaan opiskelijoiden osaamista ja opettajien kiire ja stressi vie motivaatiota opetukseen panostamisesta.Abstract The purpose of this thesis was to find out whether group size was relevant to the student's learning outcomes and learning experiences. The aim of the study was to find out how students experienced large group teaching and how it affected their learning. The study also looked at the importance of the group at the Bachelor's degree studies and the impact of different learning styles on teamwork. The topic was current, as the action program on promoting cost-efficiency by the Ministry of Education and Culture has contributed to the increase in group sizes. Classes have been combined into larger classes due to resource and money issues. The economic downturn has led to the dismissal of more than 1000 teachers working in universities. In addition to the higher class sizes, students have to independently study important content due to a drop in teaching. The research has been carried out using quantitative and qualitative research methods. The work was done with a Webropol questionnaire with 32 closed questions and 6 open questionnaires. The closed questions were analyzed statistically, ie percentages were calculated and frequency gradients were added. Open questions were analyzed by using inductive content analysis. The questionnaire was sent to Kotka, Kouvola, Mikkeli and Savonlinna campuses for nursing, paramedic and public health nursing students. The research received 244 responses. It can be concluded from the results that large group teaching has a negative impact on learning experiences and learning outcomes. The impact is greater on training classes, than on lecture classes. It is easier to be a bystander in a large group, than to attend the lessons themselves. Especially quieter students remain behind the louder students, and individual teaching is not possible in the big crowd. In training classes, everyone can not participate in the exercises due to the large number of participants and the student remains unsure about the subject being taught. In addition, the concentration potential is disturbed when there are many students at the same time. Students understand that the teacher does not have time to guide the students and getting a contact is difficult. The teacher is unable to secure students’ knowledge and the teachers’ rush and stress takes motivation out of investing for teaching

Maturation of Oxycodone Pharmacokinetics in Neonates and Infants : a Population Pharmacokinetic Model of Three Clinical Trials

Purpose The aim of the current population pharmacokinetic study was to quantify oxycodone pharmacokinetics in children ranging from preterm neonates to children up to 7 years of age. Methods Data on intravenous or intramuscular oxycodone administration were obtained from three previously published studies (n = 119). The median [range] postmenstrual age of the subjects was 299 days [170 days-7.8 years]. A population pharmacokinetic model was built using 781 measurements of oxycodone plasma concentration. The model was used to simulate repeated intravenous oxycodone administration in four representative infants covering the age range from an extremely preterm neonate to 1-year old infant. Results The rapid maturation of oxycodone clearance was best described with combined allometric scaling and maturation function. Central and peripheral volumes of distribution were nonlinearly related to bodyweight. The simulations on repeated intravenous administration in virtual patients indicated that oxycodone plasma concentration can be kept between 10 and 50 ng/ml with a high probability when the maintenance dose is calculated using the typical clearance and the dose interval is 4 h. Conclustions Oxycodone clearance matures rapidly after birth, and between-subject variability is pronounced in neonates. The pharmacokinetic model developed may be used to evaluate different multiple dosing regimens, but the safety of repeated doses should be ensured.Peer reviewe

Resilience, pain, and health-related quality of life in gynecological patients undergoing surgery for benign and malignant conditions : a 12-month follow-up study

Background Gynecological surgery has many impacts on women's physical and mental health, and efforts to improve recovery from surgery are constantly under evaluation. Resilience is an ability to overcome stressors and adversities, such as traumas and surgeries. This study aimed to explore patients' resilience and psychological symptoms in relation to recovery, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and pain one year after gynecological surgery. Methods In a prospective cohort study, we enrolled consecutive elective gynecologic surgery patients who completed questionnaires before and at one year after surgery: the Resilience Scale-25, the 15D instrument of HRQoL (15D), the Life Satisfaction Scale-4, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Their mean 15D scores were compared to those of an age-matched sample of women from the general Finnish population (n = 2743). Results We enrolled 271 women who underwent gynecological surgery due to benign (n = 190) and malignant (n = 81) diagnoses. Resilience was equally high in women with benign and malignant diagnoses at both time points. Higher resilience associated with less pain, analgesic use, and better pain relief from the use of pain medication at 12 months after surgery. Pain intensity was similar in the two groups, but patients with benign diseases had less pain at 12 months than before surgery. Before surgery, patients' HRQoL was worse than that of the general population, but at 12 months the mean HRQoL of patients with benign diseases had improved to the same level as that in the general population but had decreased further in patients with malignant diseases. Anxiety was higher and life satisfaction was lower in patients with malignant diseases before surgery. At 12 months, anxiety had decreased in both groups, and life satisfaction had increased in patients with malignant diseases. Depression was similarly low in both groups and time points. Conclusions Resilience correlated with less pain one year after surgery. After surgery, HRQoL improved in patients with benign diseases but deteriorated in patients with malignant diseases. Patients with low resilience should be identified during preoperative evaluation, and health care professionals should give these patients psychological support to enhance their resilience. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov; registered October 29, 2019; identifier: NCT04142203; retrospectively registered.Peer reviewe