Kebijakan Pemberantasan Wabah Penyakit Menular: Kasus Kejadian Luar Biasa Demam Berdarah Dengue (Klb Dbd)

Dalam Rencana Pembangunan Nasional Jangka Panjang (RPJP) 2005-2025 disebutkan bahwa pembangunan sumber daya manusia diarahkan untuk terwujudnya manusia Indonesia yang sehat, cerdas, produktif dan masyarakat yang semakin sejahtera (Bappenas 2005). Melalui Program Indonesia Sehat 2010, gambaran masyarakat Indonesia di masa depan yang ingin dicapai adalah masyarakat yang antara lain hidup dalam lingkungan yang sehat dan mempraktekkan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (Depkes 2003). Lingkungan yang sehat termasuk di dalamnya bebas dari wabah penyakit menular. Dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Menengah (RPJM) 2004-2009, salah satu program di bidang kesehatan adalah pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyakit, termasuk wabah penyakit menular (Bappenas 2004c). Penanganan secara cepat terhadap wabah penyakit juga merupakan bagian dari peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan dasar yang menjadi satu dari tiga prioritas program 100 hari pertama Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu 2004-2009 di bidang kesehatan (Bappenas 2004a; Depkes 2005a)

Kampanye Publik Mendukung Kesetaraan Hak Konstitusional Perempuan dalam Proses Kebijakan Publik di Kota Tangerang

Buku ini berisi tentang dokumentasi kerja advokasi The Indonesian Institute, Center for Public Policy Research (TII) dalam melakukan program kampanye publik dengan tema besar “Mendukung Pluralisme Sosial dan Kesetaraan Hak Perempuan di Kota Tangerang”. TII melaksanakan program ini sejak bulan Mei 2009 hingga Juli 2010 dengan dukungan dari Program RESPECT, bersama dengan dua Mitra RESPECT lainnya, yaitu SETARA Institute dan PBHI Jakarta. Program kampanye publik TII di Kota Tangerang terkait tema ini dilakukan dalam empat rangkaian kegiatan, yaitu dua kali diskusi publik dan dua kali dengar pendapat umum, serta publikasi berupa buku tentang dokumentasi kegiatan kampanye publik TII di Kota Tangerang. Rangkaian kampanye publik untuk mendukung terwujudnya pluralisme sosial dan kesetaraan hak perempuan di Kota Tangerang ini dilakukan melalui penyebaran informasi dan diskusi tentang partisipasi masyarakat dan proses pembuatan kebijakan yang didorong ke arah penghargaan terhadap pluralisme sosial dan kesetaraan hak perempuan. Kampanye publik ini ditujukan pada target-target sesuai prinsip tiga pilar masyarakat madani, yaitu Pemerintah, Swasta, dan Masyarakat. Seperti diketahui, masing-masing pihak tersebut berkontribusi secara hak dan kewajiban dalam perwujudan masyarakat madani, termasuk apabila ingin diwujudkan pluralisme sosial dan kesetaraan hak perempuan. Untuk itulah, dalam setiap kegiatan kampanye tersebut, TII melibatkan narasumber dari Pemerintah Kota (BPMKB, Bappeda, dan Sekda), serta DPRD Kota Tangerang, selain dari kalangan akademisi, LSM, dan Mitra RESPECT. Para peserta pun beragam dari masyarakat umum, individu, pengajar, guru, buruh, aktivis perempuan, media, mahasiswa, dan sebagainya yang peduli akan isu ini. Buku ini ditujukan untuk target pembaca yang relevan, baik pembuat kebijakan secara khusus dan para pemangku kepentingan di Kota Tangerang secara khusus, dan target pembaca umum yang tertarik dan peduli akan topik ini. Kami harap kampanye publik TII di Kota Tangerang dapat dimanfaatkan baik dalam proses kebijakan maupun untuk kepentingan advokasi kebijakan publik, maupun referensi akademik maupun media massa. Dengan demikian, diharapkan agar upaya untuk mendorong kebijakan publik yang mendukung pluralisme sosial dan kesetaraan perempuan di Kota Tangerang khususnya, maupun di Indonesia umumnya dapat dilanjutkan oleh berbagai pihak, baik dari pembuat kebijakan maupun masyarakat sipil

A Very Large Number of GABAergic Neurons Are Activated in the Tuberal Hypothalamus during Paradoxical (REM) Sleep Hypersomnia

We recently discovered, using Fos immunostaining, that the tuberal and mammillary hypothalamus contain a massive population of neurons specifically activated during paradoxical sleep (PS) hypersomnia. We further showed that some of the activated neurons of the tuberal hypothalamus express the melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) neuropeptide and that icv injection of MCH induces a strong increase in PS quantity. However, the chemical nature of the majority of the neurons activated during PS had not been characterized. To determine whether these neurons are GABAergic, we combined in situ hybridization of GAD67 mRNA with immunohistochemical detection of Fos in control, PS deprived and PS hypersomniac rats. We found that 74% of the very large population of Fos-labeled neurons located in the tuberal hypothalamus after PS hypersomnia were GAD-positive. We further demonstrated combining MCH immunohistochemistry and GAD67 in situ hybridization that 85% of the MCH neurons were also GAD-positive. Finally, based on the number of Fos-ir/GAD+, Fos-ir/MCH+, and GAD+/MCH+ double-labeled neurons counted from three sets of double-staining, we uncovered that around 80% of the large number of the Fos-ir/GAD+ neurons located in the tuberal hypothalamus after PS hypersomnia do not contain MCH. Based on these and previous results, we propose that the non-MCH Fos/GABAergic neuronal population could be involved in PS induction and maintenance while the Fos/MCH/GABAergic neurons could be involved in the homeostatic regulation of PS. Further investigations will be needed to corroborate this original hypothesis

Biosorption and Biomineralization of U(VI) by the Marine Bacterium Idiomarina loihiensis MAH1: Effect of Background Electrolyte and pH

The main goal of this study is to compare the effects of pH, uranium concentration, and background electrolyte (seawater and NaClO4 solution) on the speciation of uranium(VI) associated with the marine bacterium Idiomarina loihiensis MAH1. This was done at the molecular level using a multidisciplinary approach combining X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS), and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). We showed that the U(VI)/bacterium interaction mechanism is highly dependent upon pH but also the nature of the used background electrolyte played a role. At neutral conditions and a U concentration ranging from 5·10−4 to 10−5 M (environmentally relevant concentrations), XAS analysis revealed that uranyl phosphate mineral phases, structurally resembling meta-autunite [Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 2–6H2O] are precipitated at the cell surfaces of the strain MAH1. The formation of this mineral phase is independent of the background solution but U(VI) luminescence lifetime analyses demonstrated that the U(VI) speciation in seawater samples is more intricate, i.e., different complexes were formed under natural conditions. At acidic conditions, pH 2, 3 and 4.3 ([U] = 5·10−4 M, background electrolyte = 0.1 M NaClO4), the removal of U from solution was due to biosorption to Extracellular Polysaccharides (EPS) and cell wall components as evident from TEM analysis. The LIII-edge XAS and TRLFS studies showed that the biosorption process observed is dependent of pH. The bacterial cell forms a complex with U through organic phosphate groups at pH 2 and via phosphate and carboxyl groups at pH 3 and 4.3, respectively. The differences in the complexes formed between uranium and bacteria on seawater compared to NaClO4 solution demonstrates that the actinide/microbe interactions are influenced by the three studied factors, i.e., the pH, the uranium concentration and the chemical composition of the solution.This work was funded by the grants CGL2009-09760 and CGL2012-36505 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), and RNM 3943 (Junta de Andalucía), Spain

Regulation of peripheral blood flow in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: clinical implication for symptomatic relief and pain management

Background. During the chronic stage of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), impaired microcirculation is related to increased vasoconstriction, tissue hypoxia, and metabolic tissue acidosis in the affected limb. Several mechanisms may be responsible for the ischemia and pain in chronic cold CPRS. Discussion. The diminished blood flow may be caused by either sympathetic dysfunction, hypersensitivity to circulating catecholamines, or endothelial dysfunction. The pain may be of neuropathic, inflammatory, nociceptive, or functional nature, or of mixed origin. Summary. The origin of the pain should be the basis of the symptomatic therapy. Since the difference in temperature between both hands fluctuates over time in cold CRPS, when in doubt, the clinician should prioritize the patient's report of a persistent cold extremity over clinical tests that show no difference. Future research should focus on developing easily applied methods for clinical use to differentiate between central and peripheral blood flow regulation disorders in individual patients

Intraocular pressure and ocular biometric parameters changes in migraine

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the intraocular pressure and ocular biometric parameters in migraine patients during acute migraine attacks and compare them with painless period and healthy controls using a new optical biometer AL-Scan. METHODS: In this prospective, case–control study, the axial length, corneal curvature radius, anterior chamber depth, central corneal thickness, and pupil size of 40 migraine patients during acute migraine attacks and painless period and 40 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were measured using a AL-Scan optical biometer (Nidek Co., Gamagori, Japan). All patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination before the measurements. IOP and biometer measurements were taken at the same time of day (10:00–12:00) in order to minimize the effects of diurnal variation. RESULTS: There was not a statistically significant difference in intraocular pressure between the migraine patients during acute migraine attacks (15.07 mmHg), painless period (14.10 mmHg), and the controls (15,73 ± 0,81). Also, the ocular biometric parameters did not significantly vary during the acute migraine attacks. CONCLUSIONS: Further studies are needed to evaluate the etiopathologic relationship between intraocular pressure and ocular biometric parameters and acute migraine attack

Predicting LIF Signal Strength for Toluene and 3-Pentanone under Engine-Related Temperature and Pressure Conditions

Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) imaging of mixing processes frequently employs 3-pentanone or toluene as a fluorescence tracer. The analysis of measured LIF signals typically requires corrections for the influence of temperature, pressure, and gas composition on the signal strength in cases where these variables are not constant for the process under study, e.g., in internal combustion engines. However, fluorescence quantum yield data at simultaneous high temperature and high pressure are not well characterized. Therefore, the ability of two fluorescence models to predict the signal strength for 3-pentanone and toluene, respectively, under those conditions has been evaluated through comparison to LIF measurements using 248 nm excitation in a motored optical engine. The temperature-pressure manifold that was covered ranges from 0.45 bar, 328 K to 8 bar, 600 K. A semi-empirical, photophysical model for 3-pentanone combines the effects of temperature, pressure, and excitation wavelength on fluorescence quantum yield. The qualitative influences of p and T reflect an increasing non-radiative decay rate with the excited electronic state's vibrational energy level and the tendencies of collisions to remove the excess vibrational energy. The model for toluene seeks to quantify the fluorescence quantum yield via the effects of intra-molecular deactivation as well as collisional deactivation dominated by molecular oxygen. Model-predicted LIF signal strengths for 3-pentanone did not capture the signal modulations measured under the engine conditions, but agreement was much better using predictions based directly on the measured temperature and pressure dependencies in cell experiments. The toluene LIF model is able to reproduce the observed LIF signal strength in the engine with good accuracy. It is shown that quantitative analysis of toluene LIF requires knowledge of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. Therefore, the frequently applied assumption that the toluene-LIF signal is proportional to the equivalence ratio is not correct for the range of pressures and temperatures typical for the compression stroke in internal combustion engines.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86747/1/Sick23.pd