Investigation of the Systems Сu(Ag)In5S8 − FeIn2S4

Використовуючи методи диференційно-термічного та рентгенофазового аналізів, досліджено фазові рів- новаги перерізів Сu(Ag)In5S8 – FeIn2S4. Сполуки СuIn5S8 та AgIn5S8 утворюють НРТР зі сполукою FeIn2S4. Пере- різ AgIn5S8 – FeIn2S4 є квазібінарним (І тип за класифікацією Розебома), СuIn5S8 − FeIn2S4 є частково квазібі- нарним, що зумовлено інконгруентним типом утворення СuIn5S8. Ці сполуки кристалізуються в структурному типі шпінели (ПГ Fd 3 m). Using differential thermal and X-ray phase analysis methods, phase equilibria at the Сu(Ag)In5S8 − FeIn2S4 section were investigated. Compounds СuIn5S8 and AgIn5S8 forms continuous solid solution series with FeIn2S4. The section AgIn5S8 − FeIn2S4 is quasi-binary (belongs to Roozeboom I type), section СuIn5S8 − FeIn2S4 is partially non-quasibinary due to the incongruent type of the formation of СuIn5S8. The all compounds has crystal structure of the spinel type (S.G. Fd3 m)

The Phase Equilibria in the Quasiternary System Ag 2 Se–Ga 2 Se 3 –ZnSe.

Система Ag2Se–Ga2Se3–ZnSe досліджувалася методами РФА та ДТА аналізу. Для даної системи характерна складна взаємодія фаз із утворенням твердих розчинів значної протяжності. Для системи Ag2Se–Ga2Se3–ZnSe характерне утворення твердого розчину значної протяжності на основі Ga2Se3. The system Ag2Se–Ga2Se3–ZnSe was probed the methods of RFA and DTA of analysis. For this system the characteristic difficult co-operating of phases is with formation of hard solutions of considerable slowness. For the system Ag2Se–Ga2Se3–ZnSe characteristic formation of hard solution of considerable slowness is on the basis of Ga2Se3

The Phase Equilibria in the Ag2S–In2S3–CdS System

Використовуючи ренгенофазовий метод, досліджено фазові рівноваги в системі Ag2S–In2S3–CdS при 870 К. Нових тетрарних сполук у системі не виявлено. Встановлено необмежений ряд твердих розчинів у системі AgIn5S8–CdIn2S4–In2S3 при 870 К. An isothermal section of the quasi-ternary system Ag2S–CdS–In2S3 at 870 K was investigated using X-ray phase analysis. No quaternary intermediate phase was found. A continuous solid solution series between In2S3, AgIn5S8 and CdIn2S4 was discovered

Crystall Structure Compounds Type Hg5C2X8 (C−Ga, In; X−S, Se, Te) and Solid Solution

Используя методы РФА та РСА анализов, изучена структура соединений состава Hg5C2X8 (C–Ga, In; X–S, Se, Te) и твердых растворов на их основе. Соединения Hg5Ga2Se8, Hg5In2Se8, Hg5Ga2Te8 та Hg5In2Te8 кристализируются в ПГ F 4 3m с параметром элементарной ячейки а = 1,16876(2) нм, 1,18876(2) нм, 1,24738(2) нм и 1,26723(2) нм соответственно. Using X-ray phase and X-ray structure analysis methods, crystal structure compounds type Hg5C2X8 (C–Ga, In; X–S, Se, Te) and solid solution were investigated. Compaunds Hg5Ga2Se8, Hg5In2Se8, Hg5Ga2Te8 and Hg5In2Te8 has crystal structure of the F4 3m with а = 1,16876(2) nm, 1,18876(2) nm, 1,24738(2) nm and 1,26723(2) nm

Errores de medicación en pediatría

Concerns regarding patient safety affect healthcare, and medication errors are the most frequent category of medical errors and linked with severe consequences. This study discusses epidemiologic characteristics of medication errors in pediatric patients and points out prevention strategies. Approximately 8% of the studies on the subject of medication errors identified in different national and international databases are distinctively related to the pediatric population. Children are vulnerable to medication errors due to intrinsic factors, such as proper anatomic and physiological characteristics; and due to extrinsic factors, with emphasis on the lack of public health politics and changes in the pharmaceutical industry to attend children's needs. The available evidences indicate, as imperative, the implementation of strategies to prevent medication errors, contributing to promote patient safety.La seguridad del paciente es un problema de salud pública y los errores con medicamentos son los más frecuentes y más graves. Este artículo describe características epidemiológicas de errores de medicación en áreas de atención pediátrica y algunas estrategias de prevención. Aproximadamente 8% de las investigaciones sobre errores de medicación identificadas en las bases de datos nacionales e internacionales se refieren específicamente a niños. Los niños tienen mayor vulnerabilidad a la ocurrencia de errores debidos a factores intrínsecos, con destaque para características anatómicas y fisiológicas, e extrínsecos, en particular con respecto a falta de políticas sanitarias y de la industria farmacéutica orientada a la atención de tales características. Evidencias muestran la necesidad de aplicar estrategias para prevenir errores de medicación, promoviendo la seguridad del paciente.A segurança do paciente constitui problema de saúde pública, e erros com medicamentos são os mais freqüentes e graves. O artigo apresenta características epidemiológicas dos erros de medicação em diferentes áreas de atendimento pediátrico, e aponta estratégias de prevenção. Aproximadamente 8% das pesquisas sobre erros de medicação identificadas em bases de dados nacionais e internacionais referem-se à população pediátrica. Crianças apresentam maior vulnerabilidade à ocorrência de erros devido a fatores intrínsecos, destacando-se características anatômicas e fisiológicas; e extrínsecos, relativos à falta de políticas de saúde e da indústria farmacêutica voltadas ao atendimento de tais especificidades. As evidências apontam para a necessidade de implementação de estratégias de prevenção de erros de medicação, contribuindo para promover a segurança do paciente.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de EnfermagemUNIFESP, Depto. de EnfermagemSciEL

Folding of the apolipoprotein A1 driven by the salt concentration as a possible mechanism to improve cholesterol trapping

The folding of the cholesterol trapping apolipoprotein A1 in aqueous solution at increasing ionic strength is studied using atomically detailed molecular dynamics simulations. We calculate various structural properties to characterize the conformation of the protein, such as the radius of gyration, the radial distribution function and the end to end distance. Additionally we report information using tools specifically tailored for the characterization of proteins, such as the mean smallest distance matrix and the Ramachandran plot. We find that two qualitatively different configurations of this protein are preferred, one where the protein is extended, and one where it forms loops or closed structures. It is argued that the latter promote the association of the protein with cholesterol and other fatty acids.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures. To appear in "Selected Topics of Computational and Experimental Fluid Mechanics", Springer, J. Klapp, G. Ru\'iz, A. Medina, A. L\'opez & L. Di G. Sigalotti (eds.), 201

Stochastic Analysis of the SOS Response in Escherichia coli

BACKGROUND: DNA damage in Escherichia coli evokes a response mechanism called the SOS response. The genetic circuit of this mechanism includes the genes recA and lexA, which regulate each other via a mixed feedback loop involving transcriptional regulation and protein-protein interaction. Under normal conditions, recA is transcriptionally repressed by LexA, which also functions as an auto-repressor. In presence of DNA damage, RecA proteins recognize stalled replication forks and participate in the DNA repair process. Under these conditions, RecA marks LexA for fast degradation. Generally, such mixed feedback loops are known to exhibit either bi-stability or a single steady state. However, when the dynamics of the SOS system following DNA damage was recently studied in single cells, ordered peaks were observed in the promoter activity of both genes (Friedman et al., 2005, PLoS Biol. 3(7):e238). This surprising phenomenon was masked in previous studies of cell populations. Previous attempts to explain these results harnessed additional genes to the system and deployed complex deterministic mathematical models that were only partially successful in explaining the results. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we apply stochastic methods, which are better suited for dynamic simulations of single cells. We show that a simple model, involving only the basic components of the circuit, is sufficient to explain the peaks in the promoter activities of recA and lexA. Notably, deterministic simulations of the same model do not produce peaks in the promoter activities. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We conclude that the double negative mixed feedback loop with auto-repression accounts for the experimentally observed peaks in the promoter activities. In addition to explaining the experimental results, this result shows that including additional regulations in a mixed feedback loop may dramatically change the dynamic functionality of this regulatory module. Furthermore, our results suggests that stochastic fluctuations strongly affect the qualitative behavior of important regulatory modules even under biologically relevant conditions, thus emphasizing the importance of stochastic analysis of regulatory circuits

Medication errors in the Middle East countries: a systematic review of the literature

Background: Medication errors are a significant global concern and can cause serious medical consequences for patients. Little is known about medication errors in Middle Eastern countries. The objectives of this systematic review were to review studies of the incidence and types of medication errors in Middle Eastern countries and to identify the main contributory factors involved. Methods: A systematic review of the literature related to medication errors in Middle Eastern countries was conducted in October 2011 using the following databases: Embase, Medline, Pubmed, the British Nursing Index and the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature. The search strategy included all ages and languages. Inclusion criteria were that the studies assessed or discussed the incidence of medication errors and contributory factors to medication errors during the medication treatment process in adults or in children. Results: Forty-five studies from 10 of the 15 Middle Eastern countries met the inclusion criteria. Nine (20%) studies focused on medication errors in paediatric patients. Twenty-one focused on prescribing errors, 11 measured administration errors, 12 were interventional studies and one assessed transcribing errors. Dispensing and documentation errors were inadequately evaluated. Error rates varied from 7.1% to 90.5% for prescribing and from 9.4% to 80% for administration. The most common types of prescribing errors reported were incorrect dose (with an incidence rate from 0.15% to 34.8% of prescriptions), wrong frequency and wrong strength. Computerised physician rder entry and clinical pharmacist input were the main interventions evaluated. Poor knowledge of medicines was identified as a contributory factor for errors by both doctors (prescribers) and nurses (when administering drugs). Most studies did not assess the clinical severity of the medication errors. Conclusion: Studies related to medication errors in the Middle Eastern countries were relatively few in number and of poor quality. Educational programmes on drug therapy for doctors and nurses are urgently needed

Diffusion, Crowding & Protein Stability in a Dynamic Molecular Model of the Bacterial Cytoplasm

A longstanding question in molecular biology is the extent to which the behavior of macromolecules observed in vitro accurately reflects their behavior in vivo. A number of sophisticated experimental techniques now allow the behavior of individual types of macromolecule to be studied directly in vivo; none, however, allow a wide range of molecule types to be observed simultaneously. In order to tackle this issue we have adopted a computational perspective, and, having selected the model prokaryote Escherichia coli as a test system, have assembled an atomically detailed model of its cytoplasmic environment that includes 50 of the most abundant types of macromolecules at experimentally measured concentrations. Brownian dynamics (BD) simulations of the cytoplasm model have been calibrated to reproduce the translational diffusion coefficients of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) observed in vivo, and “snapshots” of the simulation trajectories have been used to compute the cytoplasm's effects on the thermodynamics of protein folding, association and aggregation events. The simulation model successfully describes the relative thermodynamic stabilities of proteins measured in E. coli, and shows that effects additional to the commonly cited “crowding” effect must be included in attempts to understand macromolecular behavior in vivo