Piriform cortex and anterior commissure development : role of SCHIP-1 protein

SCHIP-1 est une protéine cytoplasmique enrichie aux nœuds de Ranvier et aux segments initiaux des axones matures, où elle est associée à l’ankyrine G. SCHIP-1 est également exprimée dans le système nerveux central pendant le développement embryonnaire. Nous montrons ici que les souris mutées pour Schip1 présentent des anomalies morphologiques de la commissure antérieure formée par les axones du cortex piriforme, du noyau olfactif antérieur et de l’amygdale. Ces anomalies résultent de défauts de croissance et de guidage axonal in vivo au cours du développement. Les neurones du cortex piriforme d’embryons mutés présentent un retard d’initiation et de croissance axonales, et des anomalies de guidage axonal in vitro. Des expériences de vidéomicroscopie montrent que SCHIP-1 régule la réponse des cônes de croissance à la molécule de guidage EphB2, importante pour le développement de la commissure antérieure. Les souris mutées présentent en outre une diminution de l’épaisseur du cortex piriforme qui affecte spécifiquement les couches de neurones de projection. Cette diminution résulterait d’une augmentation de la mort cellulaire et non d’un défaut de génération ou de migration des neurones. De manière intéressante, ces anomalies morphologiques sont associées à des comportements anormaux qui pourraient reposer sur des défauts d’intégration des odeurs. Le cortex piriforme joue un rôle-clé dans la discrimination, l’association et l’apprentissage des odeurs. Les souris mutées pour Schip1 semblent donc être un modèle prometteur pour étudier la fonction du cortex piriforme ainsi que celle de la commissure antérieure, peu connues à ce jour.SCHIP-1 is a cytoplasmic component of nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments of mature axons, where it associates with ankyrinG. SCHIP-1 is also expressed in the CNS during mouse early embryonic stages. Here we report that Schip1 mutant mice display morphological abnormalities of the anterior commissure, which is composed of axons from piriform cortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, and amygdala. These abnormalities are due to impaired axon elongation and navigation in vivo during development. Piriform cortex neurons display axon initiation/outgrowth delay and guidance defects in vitro. Time-lapse imaging indicates that SCHIP-1 regulates the response of growth cones to EphB2, a guidance cue important for anterior commissure development. Besides, mutant mice display a reduced thickness of the piriform cortex, which affects projection neuron layers, and is likely to result from cell death rather than from impairment of pyramidal neuron generation or migration. Interestingly these morphological defects are associated with abnormal behavior related to defects in odor processing. The piriform cortex is thought to play a key role in odor discrimination, association and learning. Thus Schip1 mutant mice appear to be an interesting model to further characterize piriform cortex as well as anterior commissure functions, which are yet poorly known

Développement du cortex piriforme et de la commissure antérieure : implication de la protéine SCHIP-1

SCHIP-1 is a cytoplasmic component of nodes of Ranvier and axon initial segments of mature axons, where it associates with ankyrinG. SCHIP-1 is also expressed in the CNS during mouse early embryonic stages. Here we report that Schip1 mutant mice display morphological abnormalities of the anterior commissure, which is composed of axons from piriform cortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, and amygdala. These abnormalities are due to impaired axon elongation and navigation in vivo during development. Piriform cortex neurons display axon initiation/outgrowth delay and guidance defects in vitro. Time-lapse imaging indicates that SCHIP-1 regulates the response of growth cones to EphB2, a guidance cue important for anterior commissure development. Besides, mutant mice display a reduced thickness of the piriform cortex, which affects projection neuron layers, and is likely to result from cell death rather than from impairment of pyramidal neuron generation or migration. Interestingly these morphological defects are associated with abnormal behavior related to defects in odor processing. The piriform cortex is thought to play a key role in odor discrimination, association and learning. Thus Schip1 mutant mice appear to be an interesting model to further characterize piriform cortex as well as anterior commissure functions, which are yet poorly known.SCHIP-1 est une protéine cytoplasmique enrichie aux nœuds de Ranvier et aux segments initiaux des axones matures, où elle est associée à l’ankyrine G. SCHIP-1 est également exprimée dans le système nerveux central pendant le développement embryonnaire. Nous montrons ici que les souris mutées pour Schip1 présentent des anomalies morphologiques de la commissure antérieure formée par les axones du cortex piriforme, du noyau olfactif antérieur et de l’amygdale. Ces anomalies résultent de défauts de croissance et de guidage axonal in vivo au cours du développement. Les neurones du cortex piriforme d’embryons mutés présentent un retard d’initiation et de croissance axonales, et des anomalies de guidage axonal in vitro. Des expériences de vidéomicroscopie montrent que SCHIP-1 régule la réponse des cônes de croissance à la molécule de guidage EphB2, importante pour le développement de la commissure antérieure. Les souris mutées présentent en outre une diminution de l’épaisseur du cortex piriforme qui affecte spécifiquement les couches de neurones de projection. Cette diminution résulterait d’une augmentation de la mort cellulaire et non d’un défaut de génération ou de migration des neurones. De manière intéressante, ces anomalies morphologiques sont associées à des comportements anormaux qui pourraient reposer sur des défauts d’intégration des odeurs. Le cortex piriforme joue un rôle-clé dans la discrimination, l’association et l’apprentissage des odeurs. Les souris mutées pour Schip1 semblent donc être un modèle prometteur pour étudier la fonction du cortex piriforme ainsi que celle de la commissure antérieure, peu connues à ce jour

Cortical development : do progenitors play dice?

The wide range of cell types produced by single progenitors in the neocortex of mice may result from stochastic rather than deterministic processes

Mapping the molecular and cellular complexity of cortical malformations

International audienceThe cerebral cortex is an intricate structure that controls human features such as language and cognition. Cortical functions rely on specialized neurons that emerge during development from complex molecular and cellular interactions. Neurodevelopmental disorders occur when one or several of these steps is incorrectly executed. Although a number of causal genes and disease phenotypes have been identified, the sequence of events linking molecular disruption to clinical expression mostly remains obscure. Here, focusing on human malformations of cortical development, we illustrate how complex interactions at the genetic, cellular, and circuit levels together contribute to diversity and variability in disease phenotypes. Using specific examples and an online resource, we propose that a multilevel assessment of disease processes is key to identifying points of vulnerability and developing new therapeutic strategies

Heterogeneous fates of simultaneously-born neurons in the cortical ventricular zone

Neocortical excitatory neurons belong to diverse cell types, which can be distinguished by their dates of birth, laminar location, connectivity, and molecular identities. During embryogenesis, apical progenitors (APs) located in the ventricular zone first give birth to deep-layer neurons, and next to superficial-layer neurons. While the overall sequential construction of neocortical layers is well-established, whether APs produce multiple neuron types at single time points of corticogenesis is unknown. To address this question, here we used FlashTag to fate-map simultaneously-born (i.e. isochronic) cohorts of AP daughter neurons at successive stages of corticogenesis. We reveal that early in corticogenesis, isochronic neurons differentiate into heterogeneous laminar, hodological and molecular cell types. Later on, instead, simultaneously-born neurons have more homogeneous fates. Using single-cell gene expression analyses, we identify an early postmitotic surge in the molecular heterogeneity of nascent neurons during which some early-born neurons initiate and partially execute late-born neuron transcriptional programs. Together, these findings suggest that as corticogenesis unfolds, mechanisms allowing increased homogeneity in neuronal output are progressively implemented, resulting in progressively more predictable neuronal identities

Transcriptional linkage analysis with in vivo AAV-Perturb-seq

The ever-growing compendium of genetic variants associated with human pathologies demands new methods to study genotype–phenotype relationships in complex tissues in a high-throughput manner 1,2. Here we introduce adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated direct in vivo single-cell CRISPR screening, termed AAV-Perturb-seq, a tuneable and broadly applicable method for transcriptional linkage analysis as well as high-throughput and high-resolution phenotyping of genetic perturbations in vivo. We applied AAV-Perturb-seq using gene editing and transcriptional inhibition to systematically dissect the phenotypic landscape underlying 22q11.2 deletion syndrome 3,4 genes in the adult mouse brain prefrontal cortex. We identified three 22q11.2-linked genes involved in known and previously undescribed pathways orchestrating neuronal functions in vivo that explain approximately 40% of the transcriptional changes observed in a 22q11.2-deletion mouse model. Our findings suggest that the 22q11.2-deletion syndrome transcriptional phenotype found in mature neurons may in part be due to the broad dysregulation of a class of genes associated with disease susceptibility that are important for dysfunctional RNA processing and synaptic function. Our study establishes a flexible and scalable direct in vivo method to facilitate causal understanding of biological and disease mechanisms with potential applications to identify genetic interventions and therapeutic targets for treating disease.ISSN:0028-0836ISSN:1476-468

Schwannomin-interacting Protein 1 Isoform IQCJ-SCHIP1 Is a Multipartner Ankyrin- and Spectrin-binding Protein Involved in the Organization of Nodes of Ranvier

International audienceThe nodes of Ranvier are essential regions for action potential conduction in myelinated fibers. They are enriched in multimolecular complexes composed of voltage-gated Nav and Kv7 channels associated with cell adhesion molecules. Cytoskeletal proteins ankyrin-G (AnkG) and βIV-spectrin control the organization of these complexes and provide mechanical support to the plasma membrane. IQCJ-SCHIP1 is a cytoplasmic protein present in axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier. It interacts with AnkG and is absent from nodes and axon initial segments of βIV-spectrin and AnkG mutant mice. Here, we show that IQCJ-SCHIP1 also interacts with βIV-spectrin and Kv7.2/3 channels and self-associates, suggesting a scaffolding role in organizing nodal proteins. IQCJ-SCHIP1 binding requires a βIV-spectrin-specific domain and Kv7 channel 1-5-10 calmodulin-binding motifs. We then investigate the role of IQCJ-SCHIP1 in vivo by studying peripheral myelinated fibers in Schip1 knock-out mutant mice. The major nodal proteins are normally enriched at nodes in these mice, indicating that IQCJ-SCHIP1 is not required for their nodal accumulation. However, morphometric and ultrastructural analyses show an altered shape of nodes similar to that observed in βIV-spectrin mutant mice, revealing that IQCJ-SCHIP1 contributes to nodal membrane-associated cytoskeleton organization, likely through its interactions with the AnkG/βIV-spectrin network. Our work reveals that IQCJ-SCHIP1 interacts with several major nodal proteins, and we suggest that it contributes to a higher organizational level of the AnkG/βIV-spectrin network critical for node integrity